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List of slave traders of the United States

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Mary A. Livermore was a private tutor at a Virginia plantation around 1840; she commissioned this illustration for her memoir. The accompanying text reads: "Do all slave-traders look alike?" inquired Mary. "All that I've ever seen, do. They're all long and gawky, an' have no hair on top o' their heads; an' they all squint or are cross-eyed; an' they're all bow-legged, or limp; an' they all spit in the fire, an' they've all had the small-pox, an' they all look jess like this fellar." We all laughed at Dick's graphic description. "Pray, how many slave-traders have you seen, in the course of your not very long life?" I asked. "There's been two here afore, an' there was one down to The Oaks, when we were there. Jim an' me talked with 'im. An' once when me an' Pa went to Boydon, I saw half a dozen of 'em, an' talked with 'em; they're mighty mean ornary men, slave traders are like this fellar, an' wear jess such baggy, butte' nut breeches, that don't fit 'em. I can tell if this fellar's a slave-trader, quick as wink, when I hear 'im talk."
When the Union Army entered Savannah, Georgia during the American Civil War, they occupied what is now called the John Montmollin Building; it had a large sign that read "A. Bryan's Negro Mart" and was described as having "handcuffs, whips, and staples for tying, etc. Bills of sale of slaves by hundreds, and letters, all giving faithful description of the hellish business."[1] The building became one of two schools for children of freedmen that were opened January 10, 1865. The schools had 500 students, and were operated by the Savannah Educational Association, which was "supported entirely by the freedmen, [and] collected and expended $900 for educational purposes in its first year of operation."[2]

This is a list of slave traders of the United States, people whose occupation or business was the slave trade in the United States, i.e. the buying and selling of human chattel as commodities, primarily African-American people in the Southern United States, from the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776 until the defeat of the Confederate States of America in 1865.

The Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves was passed in 1808 under the so-called Star-Spangled Banner flag, when there were 15 states in the Union, closing the transatlantic slave trade and setting the stage for the interstate slave trade in the U.S. Over 50 years later, in 1865, the last American slave sale was made somewhere in the rebel Confederacy.[3] In the intervening years, the politics surrounding the addition of 20 new states to the Union had been almost overwhelmingly dominated by whether or not those states would have legal slavery.[4]

Slavery was widespread, so slave trading was widespread, and "When a planter died, failed in business, divided his estate, needed ready money to satisfy a mortgage or pay a gambling debt, or desired to get rid of an unruly Negro, traders struck a profitable bargain."[5] A slave trader might have described himself as a broker, auctioneer, general agent, or commission merchant,[6] and often sold real estate, personal property, and livestock in addition to enslaved people.[7] Many large trading firms also had field agents, whose job it was to go to more remote towns and rural areas, buying up enslaved people for resale elsewhere.[3] Field agents stood lower in the hierarchy, and are generally poorly studied, in part due to lack of records, but field agents for Austin Woolfolk, for example, "served only a year or two at best and usually on a part-time basis. No fortunes were to be made as local agents."[8] On the other end of the financial spectrum from the agents were the investors—usually wealthy planters like David Burford,[9] John Springs III,[10] and Chief Justice John Marshall[11]—who fronted cash to slave speculators. They did not escort coffles or run auctions themselves, but they did parlay their enslaving expertise into profits. Also, especially in the first quarter of the 19th century, cotton factors, banks, and shipping companies did a great deal of slave trading business as part of what might be called the "vertical integration" of cotton and sugar industries.

Countless slaves were also sold at courthouse auctions by county sheriffs and U.S. marshals to satisfy court judgments, settle estates, and to "cover jail fees"; individuals involved in those sales are not the primary focus of this list. People who dealt in enslaved indigenous persons, such as was the case with slavery in California, would be included. Slave smuggling took advantage of international and tribal boundaries to traffic slaves into the United States from Spanish North American and Caribbean colonies, and across the lands of the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muskogee, Seminole, et al., but American-born or naturalized smugglers, Indigenous slave traders, and any American buyers of smuggled slaves would be included.

Note: Research by Michael Tadman has found that "'core' sources provide only a basic skeleton of a much more substantial trade" in enslaved people throughout the South, with particular deficits in records of rural slave trading, already wealthy people who speculated to grow their wealth further, and in all private sales that occurred outside auction houses and negro marts.[10] This list represents a fraction of the "many hundreds of participants in a cruel and omnipresent" American market.[12]

"Slave Trader, Sold to Tennessee" depicting a coffle from Virginia in 1850 (Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum)
Poindexter & Little, like many interstate slave-trading firms, had a buy-side in the upper south and a sell-side in the lower south[13] (Southern Confederacy, January 12, 1862, page 1, via Digital Library of Georgia)
Slave trading was legal in District of Columbia until 1850 and in the 15 so-called slave states (listed in order of admission to the Union): Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, South Carolina, Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Missouri, Arkansas, Florida, and Texas (Reynolds's 1856 Political Map of the United States, depicting Missouri Compromise line, et al., Library of Congress Geography and Map Division)
Lyrics to a "singularly wild and plaintive air" about the interstate slave trade, recorded in "Letter XI. The Interior of South Carolina. A Corn-Shucking. Barnwell District, South Carolina, March 29, 1843"[14] in William Cullen Bryant's Letters from a Traveler, reprinted in The Ottawa Free Trader, Ottawa, Illinois, November 8, 1856[15]

List is organized by surname of trader, or name of firm, where principals have not been further identified.

Note: Charleston and Charles Town, Virginia are distinct places that later became Charleston, West Virginia, and Charles Town, West Virginia, respectively, and neither is to be confused with Charleston, South Carolina.

We must have a market for human flesh, or we are ruined.

— Frederick Douglass, on the predominant message from the Southern states to the U.S. government before the American Civil War, The Frederick Douglass Papers, vol. II, p. 405

A

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B

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C

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"A Sailor's Notion" The Liberator, March 24, 1837

D–F

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Antebellum city directories from slave states can be valuable primary sources on the trade; slave dealers listed in the 1855 directory of Memphis, Tennessee, included Bolton & Dickens, Forrest & Maples operating at 87 Adams, Neville & Cunningham, and Byrd Hill
Slave depots, including ones owned by Mason Harwell and Thomas Powell, listed in the 1859 Montgomery, Alabama city directory
Slave dealers listed in the 1861 directory of New Orleans, Louisiana, including C. F. Hatcher, Walter L. Campbell, R. H. Elam, Poindexter & Little, C. M. Rutherford, and J. M. Wilson
Slave dealers listed in the 1861 Louisville, Kentucky, city directory, including Matthew Garrison and Tarleton and Jordan Arterburn
In 1860 the city of Macon, Georgia had a population of 8,000 and supported three slave depots (Digital Library of Georgia)

G

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This 1862 etching of the Louisville wharf shows the view slaves might have had of the city before beginning the steamboat journey to the slave markets of the Deep South
Bird's eye view of the city of Memphis, Tennessee 1870; the city's slave pens had mostly been clustered on Adams

H

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"Gen. Jackson, a Negro Trader" The Ariel, Natchez, September 8, 1828
  • Haden, Washington, D.C.[257]
  • Haden, Leon Co., Texas[258]
  • Alla Bam Bill Haden, North Carolina, Alabama, and Texas[259][260]
  • John Hagan and family, South Carolina[261] and New Orleans[262]
  • Hagar, Richmond[263]
  • Henry C. Halcomb, Atlanta, Ga.[41]
  • O. R. Haley, Mississippi[264]
  • Mr. Hall, Norfolk, Va. and Mississippi[265]
  • William W. Hall, Norfolk, Va.[266]
  • Thomas Hanly, Halifax Co., Va.[267]
  • Benjamin Hansford, Natchez[26]
  • Giles Harding, Natchez[268]
  • Jonathan Harding, Sumner Co., Tennessee, and Natchez[269]
  • James B. Hargrove,[270] E. P. Aistrop, & N. A. Mitchell, Lynchburg, Va.[271]
  • G. C. Harness, Potomac River and Natchez[272]
  • William L. Harper, Virginia and Jefferson County, Miss.[273]
  • Harris, Virginia[274]
  • Benjamin J. Harris, Richmond, Va.[275]
  • John Harris, Kentucky and possibly kidnapping in Richmond, Indiana[276]
  • John F. Harris, Natchez[26]
  • Harrison, Washington County, Ky.[277]: 110 
  • Hartzell and Douglass, Virginia, and Mobile, Ala.[278]
  • Hatch, Baton Rouge (?), Louisiana[279]
  • C. F. Hatcher, New Orleans[119]
  • J. T. Hatcher, New Orleans[280][60]: 49 
  • E. S. Hawkins, Nashville[281]
  • John Hawkins, Virginia & Robert Hawkins, Mississippi[282]
  • Robert C. Hawkins, Natchez[283]
  • William Hawkins[284]
  • Henry H. Haynes, Nashville[285][286]
  • James Hearn, South Carolina and Louisiana[287]
  • W. H. Henderson, Atlanta, Ga.[130]
  • William Henderson, Mobile, Ala.[288]
  • Bob Henry, North Carolina[259]
  • Henson, South Carolina and Georgia[289]
  • Ned Herndon, Mississippi[290]
  • Peter Herndon, Monroe Co., Miss.[291]
  • Herring, Vicksburg, Miss.[56]
  • Heway, North Carolina and Alabama[292]
  • Hewlett & Bright, New Orleans[293]
  • James Hibler, South Carolina and Alabama[294]
  • Peter Hickman, near Jonesboro, Tenn.[295]
  • Byrd Hill, Memphis[73] & William C. Hill, Memphis[296]
  • Charles Hill, Richmond[61]
  • Nathaniel Boush Hill[297] and Charles B. Hill, Richmond[175][119]
  • Hill & Powell, Memphis[191]
  • G. H. Hitchings, Nashville[281][285]
  • Samuel N. Hite, New Orleans[72][298]
  • Hockens, Missouri (?)[299]
  • Edward Home, Alexandria, Va.[87]
  • Alex. Hopkin, North Carolina and Georgia[300]
  • Judge Houston, Hopkinsville, Ky.[85]
  • Pleas Howard, Virginia[48]
  • Joe Hudson, Virginia and Alabama[301]
  • James Huie, South Carolina and New Orleans[302]
  • James Huie & Robert Huie[32]
  • James Huie and Josiah Huie, Rowan County, North Carolina[303][304]
  • Bob Huay, North Carolina[305]
  • J. Hull[12]
  • John W. Hundley, Natchez, Miss.[306]
  • Thomas Hundley, Halifax Co. Va. and New Orleans[307]
  • Alex. Hunter, Natchez[308]
  • Billy Hunter, Virginia and South Carolina[309]
  • John Hunter, Louisville[310]
  • Peter Hunter, near Lynchburg, Va.[311]
  • Pleasant Hunter, Natchez, Miss.[312]
  • Samuel Hunter, Maryland and Guilford Co., N.C.[313]
  • Tillman Hunt[314]
  • William Hunt[32]
  • Foster Hurst, New Orleans[315]

I–J

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"United States Slave Trade 1830" from Benjamin Lundy's Genius of Universal Emancipation depicted the rise of the coastwise slave trade between the Chesapeake Bay and the Mississippi watershed

K–L

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Lithographic illustration of chapter 30 from Uncle Tom's Cabin: "The Slave Warehouse"

M, Mc

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Frederic Bancroft noted that in many towns "the same man dealt in horses, mules and slaves."[366] ("Yazoo City Livery Stable: Horses, Mules, Negroes, &c, &c. bought and sold on commission." The Yazoo Democrat, March 18, 1846)
C. R. Bricken sold slave insurance, and listed a number of notable slave traders (including Seth Woodroof, Robert Lumpkin, Silas Omohundro, Hector Davis, Solomon Davis, and R. H. Dickinson) as references to whom "losses had been paid" (Richmond Enquirer, November 6, 1855)

N–O

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Traders including Shadrack F. Slatter, Walter L. Campbell, Joseph Bruin, and J. M. Wilson all used this site at Esplanade and Chartres (previously Moreau) in New Orleans at various times[119]

P

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R

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In 1831, the first title-band vignette for The Liberator depicted a slave auction under a horse market sign, a whipping post set up in front of the U.S. Capitol, and an Indian treaty discarded in the mud and forgotten[475]

S

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T–V

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"Slave Transfer Agencies" listed in an 1854 Southern business directory, including Thomas Foster in New Orleans, a C. M. Rutherford partnership, and G. M. Noel in Memphis
Eyre Crowe, "Slave sale, Charleston, S.C.," published in The Illustrated London News, Nov. 29, 1856: The flag tied to a post beside the steps reads "Auction This Day by Alonzo J. White". The other flag was rendered in red in a later oil painting of the same image. A red flag indicated to buyers that a slave sale was imminent. In 1856, Alonzo J. White, along with fellow slave traders Louis D. DeSaussure and Ziba B. Oakes, opposed a new South Carolina law requiring that slave sales take place indoors rather than on the streets. Their argument was that the law was "an impolitic admission that would give 'strength to the opponents of slavery' and 'create among some portions of the community a doubt as to the moral right of slavery itself.'"[530]
Boat landings at Vicksburg and Memphis photographed c. 1913, perhaps looking not so different from how they looked in their days as hubs of the interstate slave trade
"Thomson Negro Trader" had mail waiting for him in Little Rock, Arkansas, in November 1859

W–Y

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  • Wadkins, Virginia and Georgia[560]
  • Charles Waley, Potomac River and Natchez[272]
  • Mat Warner, Virginia and Georgia[561]
  • Walker, Virginia and North Carolina[562]
  • Walker, Virginia and Tuscumbia, Ala.[563]
  • Ben Walker[149]
  • Benjamin W. Walker, Jackson, Miss.[307]
  • Samuel Wakefield, Natchez[26]
  • A. Wallace, Memphis[564]
  • J. D. Ware, Memphis[126]
  • Morton Waring, Charleston[324]
  • Warwick, Nashville[133]
  • William Watkins, Atlanta, Ga.[489]
  • William T. Watkins[32]
  • J. Watson, Louisville, Ky.[164]
  • Richard Watson, Louisville, Ky. and New Orleans[565]
  • Addison Weathers[566]
  • Webb, Merrill & Co., Nashville [285]
  • A. Weisemann, New Orleans[31]
  • Joseph A. Weatherly[10]
  • Thomas C. Weatherly, South Carolina[10]
  • Weatherly, Breden & Bagget, Yazoo City, Miss.[567]
  • Weatherby, Augusta, Ga.[568]
  • Wetherby, Pigsah, Miss.[569]
  • James Whidby[570]
  • Alonzo J. White, Charleston
  • James White, New Orleans[571]
  • John White[572]
  • John R. White, St. Louis and New Orleans[573]
  • Maunsel White & Co., New Orleans[505]
  • Frank Whiterspoon, Missouri and Tennessee[574]
  • Joseph A. Whitaker, Rosehill, N.C.[5]
  • Whitaker & Turner, Atlanta, Ga.[130]
  • Whitfield, North Carolina[548]
  • Theodore A. Whitney, Charleston[575]
  • Moses J. Wicks, Aberdeen, Miss.[17]
  • Wilbur & Son, Charleston[491]
  • Wilkins, Virginia[576]
  • James P. Wilkinson[32]
  • David Williams and "Docr. flowers" [577]
  • Lewis E. Williams, Campbell Co., Va.[502]
  • Stokely Williams, Richmond[127]
  • Williams & Glover, Nashville[578]
  • Capt. Williamson, Virginia and Selma, Ala.[579]
  • Thomas Taylor Williamson, South Carolina and Louisiana[580]
  • James B. Williamson[32]
  • William Williamson[32]
  • J. M. Wilson, Baltimore and New Orleans[31][581]
  • Jerry Wilson, Tennessee[582]
  • William Winbush, Virginia[22]
  • Winfield, Mississippi[347]
  • Winston & Dixon, Georgia[583]
  • David Wise, New Orleans[218][584]
  • William Witherspoon, Memphis[73][170]
  • Joseph Woods[10]
  • Thomas Woods, North Carolina and Mississippi[585]
  • Seth Woodroof, Lynchburg, Va.[271][502][586]
  • John Woolfolk, Natchez, Miss.[587][32]
  • Joseph B. Woolfolk, Eastern Shore, Maryland, and Natchez[588][589]
  • Samuel Martin Woolfolk, Baltimore, New Orleans, and Natchez[590][589]
  • Woolfolk[591]
  • Woolfolks, Sanders & Overley[5] (Richard Woolfolk, Robert Sanders, and Thomas W. Overley)[592]
  • George Wylly, Savannah[402]
  • Mr. Wythe[593]
  • Absolom Yancey[32]
  • Charles Yancey and Jackson Yancey, Norfolk, Va. and Oxford, N.C.[594]
  • Mr. Yeatman, Virginia[595]
  • Charles Young, New Orleans[596]
  • J. Winbush Young, Virginia[597]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Charles Town, Virginia became Charles Town, West Virginia in 1863.

References

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  1. ^ CAMP (1865). The Camp of Freedom. A Plea for the Coloured Freedman. Reprinted from the "Eclectic" for April, 1865. George Watson. p. 7.
  2. ^ Blassingame, John W. (1973). "Before the Ghetto: The Making of the Black Community in Savannah, Georgia, 1865-1880". Journal of Social History. 6 (4): 463–488. doi:10.1353/jsh/6.4.463. ISSN 0022-4529. JSTOR 3786511.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Dew, Charles B. (2016). The making of a racist : a southerner reflects on family, history, and the slave trade. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. pp. 101–103, 117, 144 (last sale). ISBN 9780813938882. LCCN 2015043815.
  4. ^ Rothman, A. (April 1, 2009). "Slavery and National Expansion in the United States". OAH Magazine of History. 23 (2): 23–29. doi:10.1093/maghis/23.2.23. ISSN 0882-228X.
  5. ^ a b c d Sherwin, Oscar (1945). "Trading in Negroes". Negro History Bulletin. 8 (7): 160–166. ISSN 0028-2529. JSTOR 44214396.
  6. ^ Bancroft (2023), p. 96.
  7. ^ Bancroft (2023), p. 125.
  8. ^ Calderhead (1977), p. 197.
  9. ^ Purcell, Aaron D. (2005). "A Spirit for speculation: David Burford, Antebellum Entrepreneur of Middle Tennessee". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 64 (2): 90–109. ISSN 0040-3261. JSTOR 42631252.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Tadman, Michael (1996). "The Hidden History of Slave Trading in Antebellum South Carolina: John Springs III and Other "Gentlemen Dealing in Slaves"". The South Carolina Historical Magazine. 97 (1): 6–29. ISSN 0038-3082. JSTOR 27570133.
  11. ^ Westmoreland, Carl B. (2015). "Article 3: The John W. Anderson Slave Pen". Freedom Center Journal. 2015 (1). University of Cincinnati College of Law. ISSN 1942-5856.
  12. ^ a b Tadman, Michael (September 18, 2012). "Chapter 28. Internal Slave Trades". In Smith, Mark M.; Paquette, Robert L. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Slavery in the Americas. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199227990.013.0029.
  13. ^ Johnson (2009), p. 48.
  14. ^ "The Project Gutenberg eBook of Letters of a Traveller, by William Cullen Bryant". www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
  15. ^ "The Ottawa Free Trader 08 Nov 1856, page Page 1". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
  16. ^ a b c Stowe (1853), p. 353.
  17. ^ a b Stowe (1853), p. 357.
  18. ^ "Ran away in Jail". Richmond Enquirer. May 5, 1820. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
  19. ^ "Milley McKinney searching for her mother, father, brothers, and children · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  20. ^ a b c d e f Bancroft (2023), pp. 175–177.
  21. ^ "E. Smith searching for their unnamed brother · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  22. ^ a b "South Carolina—Barnwell District". The Charleston Mercury. January 14, 1846. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  23. ^ a b c d e Schermerhorn (2015), p. 116.
  24. ^ "Collier Mitchell seeking their relatives including their mother and father · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  25. ^ "Three Negro Men". The Liberator. September 21, 1833. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-12.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i "The Public Meeting". Mississippi Free Trader. April 26, 1833. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  27. ^ "$10 Reward". Vicksburg Whig. February 19, 1834. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  28. ^ "Mrs. Martha Smith seeking information about her sisters Phillis and Letitia · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  29. ^ "Was committed to the Jail of Adams County". The Natchez Weekly Courier. December 13, 1843. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  30. ^ a b "Slaves for Sale". The Times-Picayune. April 8, 1841. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-06-25.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "New Orleans, Louisiana, City Directory, 1861", U.S., City Directories, 1822-1995, pp. 83 (Buford), 280 (Little, slave dealer) 281 (Locket, negro trader), 305 (Martin), 489 (slave dealers), 2011 – via Ancestry.com
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as Pritchett, Jonathan B. (1997). "The Interregional Slave Trade and the Selection of Slaves for the New Orleans Market". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 28 (1): 57–85. doi:10.2307/206166. ISSN 0022-1953. JSTOR 206166.
  33. ^ a b Rothman, Joshua D. "Before the Civil War, New Orleans Was the Center of the U.S. Slave Trade". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2023-07-14.
  34. ^ "South Carolina, Sumter District". Camden Commercial Courier. May 12, 1838. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  35. ^ a b c d e f g Fitzpatrick (2008), p. 29.
  36. ^ Hedrick (1927), p. 92.
  37. ^ "Casualty". Weekly Raleigh Register. August 12, 1830. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  38. ^ a b Ball (2014), p. 238.
  39. ^ "The Kidnappers". The Baltimore Sun. October 20, 1842. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-08-12.
  40. ^ a b "Notice to Planters". The Weekly Telegraph. August 2, 1859. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  41. ^ a b "Williams' Atlanta Directory 1859–60" (PDF).
  42. ^ "Committed to Jail". Tuskegee Republican. May 22, 1856. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  43. ^ a b "(SLAVERY AND ABOLITION) Trade card for John W Chrisp Co Dea". catalogue.swanngalleries.com. Retrieved 2024-07-05.
  44. ^ "Rice C. Ballard Papers (UNC Libraries)". FromThePage.com. Retrieved 2023-08-04.
  45. ^ "Sheriff's Sale". The Democrat. September 3, 1845. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  46. ^ a b "Awful Murder". The Charleston Mercury. February 12, 1848. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  47. ^ a b "The two negroes". Tarboro Press. March 25, 1848. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  48. ^ a b "Susan Fearce looking for her parents Ben and Lucinda and her siblings · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  49. ^ "Pre-Printed Slave Sale". Rudin Slavery Collection.
  50. ^ a b c d e f g h i Sydnor (1933), p. 155.
  51. ^ "Was committed to the jail". The Independent Monitor. July 24, 1840. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
  52. ^ "Broadside for the auction of 10 enslaved families in New Orleans". National Museum of African American History and Culture. Retrieved 2023-08-28.
  53. ^ University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign via Illinois Digital Heritage Hub. "A broadside advertising an auction of enslaved men and a woman, 1856". Digital Public Library of America. Retrieved 2023-08-28.
  54. ^ Johnson (2009), p. 55.
  55. ^ "Illustration of American Slavery" Newspapers.com, The Liberator, November 23, 1849, http://www.newspapers.com/article/the-liberator-illustration-of-american-s/143993035/
  56. ^ a b c d Sydnor (1933), p. 156.
  57. ^ a b c d e Bellamy (1984), p. 305.
  58. ^ "Murder at Atlanta Georgia" Newspapers.com, Independent American, September 24, 1856, https://www.newspapers.com/article/independent-american-murder-at-atlanta-g/143865375/
  59. ^ a b "Eadie Tolson (formerly Eadie Dickens) seeking her sons John Chesterfield and William Henry · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  60. ^ a b c Finley, Alexandra J. (2020). An intimate economy: enslaved women, work, and America's domestic slave trade. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 101, 103. ISBN 978-1-4696-5512-3.
  61. ^ a b c d e Colby (2024), p. 33.
  62. ^ "Oct 30, 1844, page 2 - Portland Press Herald at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
  63. ^ "Runaway Negro in Russell Jail". Richmond Enquirer. December 6, 1842. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  64. ^ "Mississippi, as a province, territory, and state : with biographical notices of eminent citizens / by J.F.H. Claiborne. Vol. 1". HathiTrust. p. 359. hdl:2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t3st85d10.
  65. ^ "C. J. Blackman & Co". The Weekly Mississippian. August 19, 1853. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
  66. ^ "J. T. Henry searching the relatives of his mother July Henry (formerly July Farrow) · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  67. ^ a b c d Schipper, Martin, ed. (2002). A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of the Papers of the American Slave Trade, Part 1. Rice Ballard Papers, Series C: Selections from the Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Libraries (PDF). Lexis Nexis. pp. vii–viii. ISBN 1-55655-919-4.
  68. ^ "The Confession of the Murderers". The Times-Picayune. July 20, 1841. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  69. ^ "The Confession of the Negroes". Public Ledger. July 23, 1841. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-10-12.
  70. ^ a b c Colby (2024), p. 86.
  71. ^ Slave Dealer Advertising Cover - Oval Printed Corner Card. (n.d.). Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library; 13; 43. https://jstor.org/stable/community.21813341
  72. ^ a b c Jones-Rogers (2019), p. 120.
  73. ^ a b c d e f Mooney (1971), p. 50.
  74. ^ a b "George Peden seeking his mother Serlena and sister · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  75. ^ a b Colby (2024), p. 100.
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  232. ^ John Clark 619 W Market Slave Dealer, page 56 – William P Davis 212 Sixth 201 W Green Slave Dealer, page 69 – Matthew Garrison page 97 –William W Wilson page 265 – Louisville, Kentucky, City Directory, 1861
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  245. ^ a b "Gustus Ann Hamilton searching for her mother Nelly Beacheum, uncles Louis Beachem and Pompey Beachem, and sister Jane Beaches (2nd of 2 ads) · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  246. ^ "Sydney Elliott and Eliza Cannon searching for their sons Sidney and Harrison · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  247. ^ "Allen Curley (formerly Henry Herne) seeking his mother Kate Herne · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  248. ^ "Affray and murder". Cherokee Phoenix, and Indians' Advocate. September 23, 1829. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
  249. ^ "From the Mobile Register, June 21". The Evening Post. July 15, 1825. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
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  251. ^ a b "Notice". Richmond Enquirer. November 30, 1827. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
  252. ^ "Negroes! Negroes!". Natchez Daily Courier. November 11, 1853. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-08-21.
  253. ^ "Just Received: Two First Rate Lots of Negroes". The Natchez Bulletin. April 3, 1857. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-11.
  254. ^ "CASH FOR NEGROES". Virginia Free Press. December 7, 1837. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
  255. ^ "Umphry Brown seeking information of his family · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
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  257. ^ "Rosanna Patterson searching for her unnamed mother, as well as Sarah Paterson and Henry and George Holiday · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  258. ^ "Dovie Epps looking for their grandmother Ritter Payne · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  259. ^ a b c "Diana Johnson searching for numerous relatives including her father Jack Hellard · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  260. ^ "Dianna Johnson searching for her mother Hannah Hellard and siblings · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  261. ^ Johnson (2009), p. 47, 51.
  262. ^ Johnson (2013), p. 84.
  263. ^ "Henry Harbert searching for his mother Amy and siblings · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  264. ^ "O. R. Haley". Vicksburg Whig. May 24, 1832. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  265. ^ "Catherine Strong searching for her unnamed mother's family · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-01.
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  461. ^ "St. John's River, Florida: The Steamboat Era – Baya's Line" (PDF). debate.org.
  462. ^ "100 Likely Young Negroes". Mississippi Free Trader. October 20, 1847. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-08-21.
  463. ^ "Runaway" Newspapers.com, The Semi-Weekly Mississippi Free Trader, September 22, 1849, http://www.newspapers.com/article/the-semi-weekly-mississippi-free-trader/143996973/
  464. ^ "$100 Reward". Baton-Rouge Gazette. June 5, 1847. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  465. ^ "Superior Male Cook, at Private Sale". The Charleston Mercury. November 9, 1864. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-07-19.
  466. ^ Bancroft (2023), p. 295.
  467. ^ "Negroes for Sale". Southern Statesman. October 27, 1860. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
  468. ^ "Negroes Wanted and Boarded". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. May 6, 1847. p. 5. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
  469. ^ "Sam and Mary Jane". The Port Gibson Herald, and Correspondent. February 28, 1851. p. 2. Retrieved 2024-12-17.
  470. ^ "Alexandria Gazette 5 January 1860 — Virginia Chronicle: Digital Newspaper Archive". virginiachronicle.com. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
  471. ^ Sydnor (1933), pp. 154–155.
  472. ^ "Steamboat Convoy on fire and lost. 29 Apr 1849". Natchez Daily Courier. March 2, 1849. p. 2. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
  473. ^ a b Colby, Robert (2023). "Chapter 11: Waiting for Fevers to Abate: The Contagion and Fear in the Domestic Slave Trade". In Cooper, Mandy L.; Popp, Andrew (eds.). Business of Emotions in Modern History. London: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 219–239. doi:10.5040/9781350268876.ch-11. ISBN 978-1-3502-6249-2. OCLC 1294194709.
  474. ^ "Committed to the Jail of Amite County, Mississippi". Southern Planter. January 26, 1832. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  475. ^ "The Liberator" Genius of Universal Emancipation 1831-04: Vol 11 p 190. Internet Archive. Open Court Publishing Co. April 1831.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  476. ^ "Henry from Virginia". Hinds County Gazette. February 13, 1851. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-10-12.
  477. ^ "Gideon Austin searching for his relatives, including his sister Elsie Violet and brothers George and Anderson · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  478. ^ Williams (2020), p. 287.
  479. ^ "Gidden Alston (formerly Gidden Bartley) searching for his mother Lucy Bartley, father Richard Alexander, two sisters and six brothers · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  480. ^ "Negroes Wanted". Lynchburg Daily Virginian. December 17, 1852. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-11-27.
  481. ^ "Amy Frances Ushley Jordan (or Amy Butler) seeking her parents Henry and Nancy Draper · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  482. ^ "21085353 - Race and Slavery Petitions, Digital Library on American Slavery". dlas.uncg.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-17.
  483. ^ "Committed". Florence Gazette. July 11, 1860. p. 2. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
  484. ^ "Lewis of Tennessee". Columbus Democrat. December 16, 1837. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-10-12.
  485. ^ "Alcinda Thomas searching for her mother · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  486. ^ "Police Court". The Louisville Daily Courier. July 10, 1855. p. 8. Retrieved 2024-05-26.
  487. ^ Schermerhorn (2016), p. 220.
  488. ^ "Committed to the Jail". The Democrat. September 19, 1849. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
  489. ^ a b Garrett (2011), p. 495.
  490. ^ "Simon Moore searching for his mother Mittie Moore and sister Annie Nesby · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  491. ^ a b Colby (2024), p. 94.
  492. ^ "Brought to Jail". Weekly Columbus Enquirer. January 10, 1854. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
  493. ^ "Ten Dollars Reward". The North-Carolina Star. May 17, 1811. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  494. ^ "Henry White searching for the Samson Wilkerson family · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  495. ^ "Committed". The Weekly Advertiser. December 9, 1851. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  496. ^ "$20 Reward". The Weekly Mississippian. May 5, 1848. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-06-24.
  497. ^ "William Rochel". The Weekly Democrat. April 2, 1810. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-09-10.
  498. ^ Wilson (2009), p. 10.
  499. ^ a b "Awful Tragedy". The Louisville Daily Courier. February 21, 1848. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
  500. ^ "Richard Robinson seeking his wife Sinnie Robinson · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  501. ^ David Ross, 1861, 633 E Jefferson, Louisville, Kentucky, USA, Late Negro Trader in Louisville, Kentucky, City Directory, 1861 Ancestry.com. U.S., City Directories, 1822-1995[database on-line].
  502. ^ a b c "A Guide to the Lynchburg (Va.) Chancery Cause, Exrs. of Joseph Pettyjohn vs. Exr. of Seth Woodroof, 1904 Lynchburg (Va.) Chancery Cause, Exrs. of Joseph Pettyjohn vs. Exr. of Seth Woodroof, 1904 1904-065". ead.lib.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
  503. ^ "Letitia E. Rodgers searching for her brother Arthur Zacheriah Tolaver · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  504. ^ Stowe (1853), p. 343.
  505. ^ a b Purcell, Aaron D. (2005). "A Spirit for speculation: David Burford, Antebellum Entrepreneur of Middle Tennessee". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 64 (2): 90–109. ISSN 0040-3261. JSTOR 42631252.
  506. ^ "Nathan Thomas searching for his family · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  507. ^ "Aug 21, 1849, page 3 - The Sumter Banner at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
  508. ^ "Runaway Slave in Jail" Newspapers.com, True Democrat, February 21, 1855, https://www.newspapers.com/true-democrat-runaway-slave-in-jail/143864801/
  509. ^ "Notice". Weekly Raleigh Register. September 12, 1822. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
  510. ^ "John Walker looking for current wife Peggie and sons William, Samuel, and Miles and previous wife Cornelia · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  511. ^ "Brought to Jail in Bibb County". The Weekly Telegraph. September 10, 1850. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  512. ^ "Condemnation". The Charleston Daily Courier. June 6, 1826. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
  513. ^ "History of Monroe and Shelby counties, Missouri ... including a history of their townships, towns, and villages ... c.1". HathiTrust. p. 379. hdl:2027/chi.44765475. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
  514. ^ Williams (2020).
  515. ^ Johnson (2009), p. 41, 47.
  516. ^ "Groves v. Slaughter, 40 U.S. 449 (1841)". Justia Law.
  517. ^ Ball (2014), p. 336.
  518. ^ Colby (2024), p. 69.
  519. ^ Genius of Universal Emancipation 1830-01-22: Vol 4 Iss 20. Internet Archive. Open Court Publishing Co. January 22, 1830.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  520. ^ Racine, Philip N.; Racine, Francis M.; Smith, William James (2020). Backcountry slave trader: William James Smith's enterprise, 1844–1854. New studies in southern history. Lanham: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-1-4985-9083-9.
  521. ^ Plater, David D. (2015). The Butlers of Iberville Parish, Louisiana: Dunboyne Plantation in the 1800s. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-6128-9. Project MUSE book 48467.
  522. ^ "S - Letters Waiting". The Charleston Daily Courier. August 12, 1850. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-10-12.
  523. ^ "John, committed to jail in Warren County". Vicksburg Daily Whig. August 16, 1853. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-10-12.
  524. ^ Colby (2024), p. 92, 98.
  525. ^ "Runaway Negro in Jail". The Arkansas Gazette. July 21, 1830. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
  526. ^ "1826 Enslaved Revolt on Ohio River · Notable Kentucky African Americans Database". nkaa.uky.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
  527. ^ "Was committed to Chesterfield county jail". Richmond Enquirer. June 27, 1826. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
  528. ^ "Murder and Attempted Suicide". The Times-Picayune. November 11, 1857. p. 6. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
  529. ^ "To Hire, Sell and Rent". The Daily Constitutionalist and Republic. December 30, 1846. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-08-21.
  530. ^ Kytle & Roberts (2018), pp. 34–35.
  531. ^ Schermerhorn (2016), p. 218.
  532. ^ "10 Dollars Reward". Vicksburg Whig. May 28, 1835. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  533. ^ "Talbot". The National Era. June 2, 1853. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-08-03.
  534. ^ "Virginia Negroes for Sale". Piney Woods Planter. April 27, 1839. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-08-21.
  535. ^ "Alfred Buckner searching for his brother Horace Buckner · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  536. ^ "Yesterday Back, a slave of J. T. Taylor..." The Daily Delta. December 13, 1845. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  537. ^ "Amanda Allison (formerly Amanda Shaw) looking for her mother Ann Roscoe · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  538. ^ "For Sale". Mississippi Gazette. February 28, 1828. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-09-01.
  539. ^ "To the Public". The New Orleans Crescent. June 3, 1848. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
  540. ^ "James Hayes seeking his father Spring Hayes and mother Charity Hayes · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  541. ^ "Campbell Siler searching for their family · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  542. ^ "Mrs. Lucinda Hackett searching for her sister Amanda Jackson · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  543. ^ "Committed". Knoxville Register. June 20, 1823. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
  544. ^ "J. A. Dunigan seeking their mother Margaret and brother Bennie · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  545. ^ "Tiernan & Alexander". Mississippi Free Trader. January 10, 1819. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-12-08.
  546. ^ "Race and Slavery Petitions, Digital Library on American Slavery". dlas.uncg.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
  547. ^ "Boots and Ned". The Weekly Mississippian. July 22, 1842. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  548. ^ a b "Alarming Occurrence". Fayetteville Weekly Observer. May 20, 1824. p. 2. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  549. ^ "Negroes! Negroes!! For Sale". The Daily Constitutionalist and Republic. September 29, 1847. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-08-21.
  550. ^ "Committed to the Jail". The Democrat. November 26, 1842. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  551. ^ Libby (2004), p. 1244.
  552. ^ "Absconded". Natchez Gazette. December 25, 1819. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-12-08.
  553. ^ "Taken up and committed to jail". The Hillsborough Recorder. June 14, 1820. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
  554. ^ "Urley, a notorious negro trader and counterfeiter". Middlebury Free Press 1831-1837. September 8, 1835. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  555. ^ "Ellen Douglass searching for her brother George Irvin · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  556. ^ "Ellen Douglass searching for her brother George Irvin · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  557. ^ "Anthony Echoles searching for his mother Julia Echoles, two brothers, and sister · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  558. ^ "RANAWAY". Georgia Journal and Messenger. September 19, 1849. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  559. ^ Kendall (1939), p. 155.
  560. ^ "Jailor's Notice". Weekly Raleigh Register. April 20, 1839. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  561. ^ "Brought to Jail". The Daily Constitutionalist and Republic. August 10, 1860. p. 2. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  562. ^ "Mary Haynes searching for her relatives, including her mother Matilda and sister Bettie · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  563. ^ "Mrs. A. D. Townsend searching for her mother Sophia James and siblings · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  564. ^ "South Carolina Money". Memphis Evening Ledger. October 29, 1857. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
  565. ^ "Tragical Affair". The Louisville Daily Courier. December 1, 1851. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
  566. ^ "Stephen White (formerly Stephen Coffin) looking his sister Mary Ball · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  567. ^ "Runaways in Jail" Newspapers.com, Vicksburg Daily Whig, April 21, 1858, https://www.newspapers.com/article/vicksburg-daily-whig-runaways-in-jail/143865165/
  568. ^ "$50 Reward". The Daily Constitutionalist and Republic. June 22, 1847. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  569. ^ "Claiborne Co. Port Gibson". The Concordia Intelligencer. March 31, 1854. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  570. ^ "Notice". The North-Carolinian. December 16, 1843. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  571. ^ "Committed to the jail of Warren county". Vicksburg Whig. January 15, 1844. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  572. ^ "Jail of Mobile County". The Democrat. November 16, 1839. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  573. ^ Bancroft (2023), p. 378.
  574. ^ "Mary S. Montague (formerly Mary Susan Davis) searching for her aunt Nancy Davis · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  575. ^ Jones-Rogers (2019), p. 148.
  576. ^ "Titus Davis searching for his brothers Davie and Charles Davis · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  577. ^ Libby (2004), 764.
  578. ^ "Cash for Negroes". Nashville Union and American. October 6, 1852. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
  579. ^ "Mary Washington searching for her father David Roater, mother Bettie, and sisters Mary Ann and Margaret · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  580. ^ "$100 Runaway". Cahawba Democrat. June 16, 1838. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
  581. ^ "cash for negroes". The Baltimore Sun. January 17, 1860. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
  582. ^ "A. R. Rimawr seeking information about grandparents Randel and Rilda Rankins and extended family · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  583. ^ "Muscogee County". Daily Columbus Enquirer. November 1, 1856. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  584. ^ "David Wise of New Orleans". Anti-Slavery Bugle. March 1, 1856. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-05-24.
  585. ^ "Betty Allen searching for her father Bob Bannett and aunt Dinah · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  586. ^ Stowe (1853), p. 340.
  587. ^ "120 Negroes for Sale". Statesman and Gazette. February 7, 1827. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-08-21.
  588. ^ Calderhead (1977), p. 198.
  589. ^ a b "Negroes for Sale". Mississippi Gazette. November 14, 1829. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-08-15.
  590. ^ Lindsey, William D. (August 4, 2023). "Samuel Kerr Green (1790-1860): The Years Working on James Hopkins' Plantation in New Orleans, Early 1830s". Begats and Bequeathals. Retrieved 2023-09-30.
  591. ^ "Was committed to the jail of Hanover County". Richmond Enquirer. August 18, 1829. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
  592. ^ Schermerhorn (2015), pp. 50.
  593. ^ "North-Carolina Free Press 23 Apr 1830, page 4". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
  594. ^ "To the Public". Weekly Raleigh Register. May 7, 1824. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  595. ^ "Committed to the jail". The Tennessean. November 22, 1843. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  596. ^ "Committed on the 7th of October 1841". Baton-Rouge Gazette. November 20, 1841. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  597. ^ Colby (2024), p. 85.

Sources

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