History of the Mithila region
Mithila (IAST: mithilā, also known as Mithilanchal, Tirhut and Tirabhukti) is a geographical and cultural region located in the Indian subcontinent. The native language is known as Maithili and its speakers are referred to as Maithils.[1] The majority of the Mithila region falls within modern-day India, more specifically in the state of Bihar.[2] Mithila is bounded in the north by the Himalayas, and in the south, west and east by the Ganges, Gandaki and Mahananda respectively.[3][4] It extends into the southeastern Terai of Nepal.[5][6][7] This region was also called Tirabhukti, the ancient name of Tirhut.[8]
Names
[edit]Historically, the region was called by multiple names. The name Mithila is believed to be derived from the legendary King Mithi who established Mithilapuri.[9]
Among the twelve[citation needed] names of Mithila, including Tirhut and Tirabhukti, Brihada Vishnu Purana mentions the name Tirabhukti, which later became known as Tirhut in common use.[10][11][12] Tirabhukti is a Sanskrit compound word, a combination of tira ("shore") and bhukti (in the meaning of "limit").[13] The name Tirhut is preserved in Tirhuta script of the Maithili language and Tirhut division in the Mithila region (state of Bihar), comprising six districts Muzaffarpur, West Champaran, East Champaran, Vaishali, Sitamarhi and Sheohar.
Vijayakanta Mishra, an Indian scholar, in his book "Cultural Heritage of Mithila" stated that the word Tirabhukti which is mentioned in the text of Brihada Vishnu Purana became popular during the period of 4th- th centuries AD in the Indian subcontinent to denote the Mithila region. Later, the word Tirhut became common designation of the Mithila region for the administrative purposes. [10]
Ancient history
[edit]
King Mithi established Mithilapuri.[9] Since he was born out of the body of his father,[citation needed] he was called Janaka.
After this, the later kings of Mithila adopted the title Janaka. The most famous Janaka was Seeradhwaja Janaka, father of Sita. There were 52 kings in the dynasty of Janaka.[14]
The region was also known as Videha. The kingdom of Videha is mentioned for the first time in Yajurveda Samhita. Mithila, is mentioned in Buddhist Jatakas, the Brahamanas, the Puranas (described in detail in Brhadvisnu Purana) and various epics such as the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.
However, according to the Shatapatha Brahmana, a chieftain named Videgha Mathava migrated from the Saraswati Valley to Mithila during the Vedic period and established the Videha kingdom.[15]
A list of kings is mentioned in Mahabharata and Jatakas. All the kings either adopted the title Videha or Janaka.[9]
Vedic period, Videha Kingdom
[edit]During the Vedic period, Mithila was the centre of the Videha kingdom.[16]
c. 600 BCE–c. 300 BCE, Vajji Mahajanapada
[edit]Following the fall of the Videhas, Mithila came under the control of the Vajjika League which was a confederacy of clans the most famous of which was the Licchavi.[17] The capital was in the city of Vaishali in modern-day Bihar.[18] Mithila under Vajji was eventually conquered by the king of Magadha, Ajatashatru.
6th century to 11th century: Pala
[edit]Mithila was a tributary of the Pala Empire until the empire disintegrated in the 12th century.
11th century to 14th century: Karnata Dynasty
[edit]The Karnata dynasty was founded by Nanyadeva with the capital being in Simraungadh in Mithila.[19]
In the court of Harisimhadeva, the Royal Priest was Jyotirishwar, the author of Varna Ratnakar. Upon Ghiyasuddin Tughlak's invasion of Mithila (Tirhut), King Harisimhadeva, along with many Maithils, fled to Nepal and founded a new dynasty in Nepal.[20]
The dynasty had six kings of note:[21]
- Nanyadeva apart from being a great warrior, also had a keen interest in music. He classified and analyzed the Ragas and opines Madhya Laya is chosen for Hasya (humorous) and Sringar (libido) rasa, Bilambit is chosen for Karun (compassion) rasa and Drut is chosen for Veer (brave), Rodra (anger), Adbhut (marvellous) and Bhayanak (fearful) rasas. He wrote a treaty on music 'Saraswati Hridayalankar' which is preserved in the Bhandarkar Research Institute of Pune.[22] Nanya Dev is also considered to be the "forgotten King of Mithila".
- Gangadeva
- Narasimhadeva
- Ramasimhadeva
- Shaktisimhadeva
- Harisimhadeva was instrumental in initiating and implementing Panji Vyavastha or Panji Prabandha in Maithil Brahmins and Maithil Kayasthas (Karn Kayasthas). He was also ga reat patron of art and literature.
14th to 16th century: Oiniwar Dynasty
[edit]In 1325, following the collapse of the Karnat dynasty in 1324,[23] Nath Thakur became the first Maithil ruler. The dynasty that followed him was called Oiniwar Dynasty, an comprised a further 20 rulers.[24]
16th century to 20th century : Raj Darbhanga
[edit]The Khandwala dynasty ruled as the Raj Darbhanga, beginning with Mahesh Thakur, who died in 1558. The last ruler was Kameshwar Singh, whose reign from 1929 came to an end in 1947 with the independence of India, whe all the princely states merged with Union the of India.[citation needed]
See Also
[edit]- Ancient Mithila University
- Mithila State Movement
- Industrial ruins in Mithila region
- Raj Banauli
- Mithila Vishwavidyalaya Panchang
References
[edit]Notes
- ^ Jha, Makhan (1997). Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective. p. 27. ISBN 9788175330344. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
- ^ Mishra, V. (1979). Cultural Heritage of Mithila. Mithila Prakasana. p. 13. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ^ Jha, M. (1997). "Hindu Kingdoms at contextual level". Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective. New Delhi: M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 27–42. ISBN 9788175330344.
- ^ Mishra, V. (1979). Cultural Heritage of Mithila. Allahabad: Mithila Prakasana. p. 13. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ^ Ishii, H. (1993). "Seasons, Rituals and Society: the culture and society of Mithila, the Parbate Hindus and the Newars as seen through a comparison of their annual rites". Senri Ethnological Studies 36: 35–84.
- ^ Kumar, D. (2000). "Mithila after the Janakas". The Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 60: 51–59.
- ^ Radhakrishna Choudhary (1976). A Survey of Maithili Literature. ISBN 9789380538365. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
- ^ Yadav, Yogendra P. date missing. Reading Asia: New Research in Asian Studies; Frans Hüsken, Dick van der Meij; Chapter 12 – The Maithili Language at page 240
- ^ a b c Encyclopaedia of Hinduism. Nagendra Kumar Singh, p. 3239.
- ^ a b Mishra, Vijayakanta (1979). Cultural Heirtage Of Mithila. p. 15.
- ^ Sinha, Chandreshwar Prasad Narayan (1979). Mithila Under the Karnatas, C. 1097-1325 A.D. Janaki Prakashan.
- ^ Mishra, Yogendra (1981). History of Videha: From the Earliest Times to the Foundation of the Gupta Empire, A.D. 319. Janaki Prakashan.
- ^ Monier-Williams 1872, p. 376.
- ^ Dr. Kamal Kant Jha, Pt. Sri Ganeshrai Vidyabhushan, Dr Dhanakar Thakur. "A Brief History of Mithila State | Bihar Articles". Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2008.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Verma, Harsh (2013), "Leadership and Dharma: The Indian Epics Ramayana and Mahabharata and Their Significance for Leadership Today", Fictional Leaders, Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 182–201, doi:10.1057/9781137272751_13, ISBN 978-1-349-44498-4
- ^ Michael Witzel (1989), Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes ed. Caillat, Paris, pages 13, 17 116-124, 141-143
- ^ Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra (1972), Political History of Ancient India, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, pp. 106–113, 186–90
- ^ Milestones Social Science – 6 (History, Geography, Social and Political Life). p. 80. ISBN 9789325982666. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
- ^ Jha, Makhan (1991). Complex Societies and Other Anthropological Essays. p. 14. ISBN 9788170130703. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
- ^ "Mithila, Maithili and Maithil: the Field in Historical Context" (PDF). ShodhGanga. INFLIBNET. pp. 88–89, 101–102.
- ^ Jha, M. (1997). Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective. M.D. Publications. p. 153. ISBN 9788175330344. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
- ^ http://www.mithilaonline.com/music.html Archived 27 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine accessed on 25 January 2008
- ^ Jha, Makhan (1997). Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 52–53. ISBN 9788175330344.
- ^ Jha, Makhan (1997). Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 55–57. ISBN 9788175330344.
Sources
[edit]- Monier-Williams, M. (1872). "tira". A Sanskṛit-English Dictionary Etymologically and Philologically Arranged: With Special Reference to Greek, Latin, Gothic, German, Anglo-Saxon, and Other Cognate Indo-European Languages. Clarendon Press. Retrieved 14 December 2024.