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Mithila State Movement

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Mithila region in India
Proposed Mithila State Map

Mithila State Movement is a movement advocating a separate Mithila state in India. This movement gained momentum in 1902 AD when Sir George Grierson, an official of the British Indian government, prepared a map of Mithila state by conducting a language-based survey. In 1881 AD, the word Mithila was added to the dictionary of the British India government. According to the founder, president Dr. Dhanakar Thakur of the International Maithili Council in the proposed Mithila state, 24 districts of Bihar and six districts of Jharkhand, a total of 30 districts, have been included, which has a population of about 70 million. At the same time, the area is 70 thousand square km.[1]

History

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In 1912, when a new Bihar province was separating from the Bengal presidency, the people of Mithila demanded a separate Mithila state based on Sir George Grierson's language-based survey of 1902. But the demand was rejected by the British India government, which stated that in the future, Bihar would be divided into two more states, Odisha and Mithila.

Darbhanga Raj Fort of Mithila

In 1921, Maharaja Rameshwar Singh of Darbhanga Raj raised the demand for a separate state of Mithila based on the concept of creating “a series of self-governing provinces and principalities federated by one central government.” [2] In 1936, Odisha was separated from Bihar, but the demand of a separate Mithila state remained ignored.

India became independent in 1947, and from 1950 to 1956 many states were formed based on language, but a separate Mithila state was again ignored. The people of Mithila were aggrieved by this, and by 1950–1952, a movement developed. In 1952, Dr. Laxman Jha launched a major movement for a separate Mithila state. Later he worked only for Mithila-Maithili.[3][4] Mithila Kesari Late Janaki Nandan Singh raised the demand for a separate Mithila state and expressed opposition in the Congress party in 1954, handing over important documents for a separate Mithila state to the country's first Prime Minister, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, in 1956.[5][6]

In 1986, Janata MP Vijay Kumar Mishra revived the old demand for a separate Mithila state comprising the districts of Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga, Saharsa, Purnea, Bhagalpur and more of the district of North Bihar. The revival came in the form of a three-day rail roko agitation organised by him.[7] In March 1996, Mithila Rajya Sangharsh Samiti initiated a mass-contact campaign for the demand of a separate Mithila state, and in the month of July of the same year, Mithlanchal Vikas Congress demanded the formation of an Autonomous Development Council for Mithila.[8]

In 2000, Jharkhand was separated from Bihar, but the demand for a separate Mithila state again remained ignored.[9] In 2003, when the Maithili language was included in the eighth schedule of the Indian Constitution by the Atal Bihari Vajpayee's government, the then prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee had asked to Dr Baidyanath Chaudhary, the president of the organisation Akhil Bhartiya Mithila Rajya Sangharsh Samiti, whether Hanuman will not ask for Mithila state now. Then Dr Baidyanath Chaudhary said "Sir, if it was given to us all at once, we will not have to struggle further".[10] After the separation of Jharkhand state, the former Advocate General of Bihar, former Chairperson of the Bihar Legislative Council and BJP leader Pt. Tarakant Jha, announced the movement for a separate Mithila state on 4 August 2004 in a press conference. In 2007 he started a signature campaign to demand the creation of a separate state of Mithila for the people who speak Maithili. He said, "We will collect signatures of 10 million people in support of the demand for creation of a separate state of Mithila and submit it to the President of India".[11] After being expelled from the BJP, he continued to advocate the Mithila movement, but as soon as he became a member of the Legislative Council he put the movement on hold. He died in May 2014.

In 2008, JD(U) Party's state president Shravan Chaudhary said that his party favored the formation of a separate Mithila state with respect to 18 Lok Sabha and 108 assembly constituencies of North Bihar. According to him, this area is very backward since independence. Every year people of the area face flood situation, and industries in the region are also in ruins. Therefore, the formation of a separate Mithila state is the only solution for the development of this region.[12] On 20 August 2010, Maithil people in the aegis of Mithila Rajya Sangharsh Samiti led by Dr Baidyanath Chaudhary staged a strike at the premises of Jantar Mantar in the national capital New Delhi. In the strike some political leaders also participated. After the strike, they submitted a memorandum in the name of the then prime minister Dr Manmohan Singh for the demand of the formation of separate Mithila state. During the protest, the activists chanted the slogan "bhikh nahi adhikar chahi, hamra Mithila raj chahi" which translates as "We want rights not begging, we want Mithila state".[13] On 26 May 2012, Dr Dhanakar Thakur, the founder president of the Antrashtria Maithili Parishad said in a press release that in order to stop the Mithila state formation, an attempt was being made to divide Mithila under a conspiracy by giving names like Kosi, Seemanchal to its different regions. These regions are the part of Mithila. He also said that every year on 14 April Mithila Foundation Day is being celebrated.[1] In 2015, Cricketer-turned-BJP MP Kirti Jha Azad demanded a separate Mithila state for Maithils. According to him "Mithila should be a separate state if not a separate country". He raised this issue in the Parliament of India to fulfil the old dream of a separate Mithila state for Maithils in North Bihar.[14][15]

In 2018, former chief minister and chief opposition leader Rabri Devi favoured the demand of separate Mithila State for Maithili speaking in North Bihar at Bihar Legislative Council. She demanded with the chairperson of the council to create a separate Mithila state for Maithili-speaking people. The issue was raised after the demand of legal sanctity for the use of Maithili language in official works of the Bihar government by the then BJP MLC Suman Kumar's non-government resolution at the council.[16] In 2019, three BJP leaders, Gopal Ji Thakur MP from Darbhanga, Ashok Kumar Yadav MP from Madhubani and Sanjay Saraogi MLA from Darbhanga Nagar, raised the demand for a separate Mithila state at 47th Vidyapati festival celebration ceremony organized by Vidyapati Seva Sansthan and held in Darbhanga. They stated that they would take the state of Mithila by violence, as opposed to begging from the government.[17] Akhil Bhartiya Mithila Rajya Sangharsh Samiti had been continuously staging a strike for a separate Mithila state on the first day of every session of the Indian parliament for the previous several years. National President of the Akhil Bhartiya Mithila Rajya Sangharsh Samiti Dr. Baidyanath Chaudhary "Baiju Babu" said that without social, cultural, economic, political and linguistic independence of Mithila, development of the entire Mithila region is impossible.[9][18] On 18 July 2022, he said that the identity of Mithila is being disappeared in Bihar. Meanwhile, Mithila Rajya campaigners Pandit Ashok Jha, Praveen Narayan Choudhary, Jayanti Jha, Savita Mishra, Anju Jha and senior campaigners Pandit Harekant Jha said that Mithila has lost momentum and direction due to government negligence.  Education and health standards are falling sharply.  Major demands were put forward during the meeting including separate Mithila state, preservation and promotion of Maithili language, comprehensive development of Mithila and 35-point demands.  Also, permanent solution to floods by building dams in Nepal, AIIMS, IIT, IIM, Doordarshan in Maithili, establishment of IT park, establishment of High Court bench, prevention of migration and unemployment and creation of Mithila Regiment in the Army are prominent.  A memorandum was also submitted to the President, Prime Minister and Home Minister led by Madan Kumar Jha and Hiralal Pradhan.[19][20]

Mithila Student Union is the biggest students union in Mithila region of Bihar. They have started a movement for the separate Mithila state in India from the present Bihar on social media and mass contact campaigns. The organisation had planned a huge public protest on 21 August 2022 at Jantar Mantar in the national capital of India in New Delhi. The organisation held a huge mass public protest at Jantar Mantar. The public gathering at the protest demanded a separate Mithila state from the present Bihar state in India. In the protest people and young students from different districts of Mithila region arrived to took part in the protest.[21] The non resident Maithils in Delhi also took part in the protest. According to some media reports the protest for Mithila State carried out by the organisation is biggest students protest for the demand of separate Mithila state till now.[22][23] More than ten thousands of youths had reached at the Jantar Mantar in New Delhi. Several political figures were also seen at the protest, in which Aam Aadmi Party MLA Rituraj Jha and former MP Mahabal Mishra were prominent.[24] Similarly another mass gathering movement for the separate Mithila State was carried out at Gandhi Maidan in Patna on 4 December 2022 by the volunteers of the Mithila Student Union. The volunteers of the Mithila Students Union (MSU) took out a march to Raj Bhavan in Bihar capital. But the Bihar police stopped the march midway forcefully. The march was called off after the administration took a five-member delegation of the organisation to the Raj Bhavan, which submitted a memorandum to the officials present there. MSU president Amit Kumar Thakur said to media “We have submitted a memorandum at the Raj Bhavan so that our demand could reach the Centre and appropriate action is taken." He further added "According to the Niti Aayog the districts in the Mithila region are among the most backward in the country in almost all parameters. It has been neglected by the ruling parties since Independence,” Another leader Vidya Bhushan Rai told to online edition of The Telegraph that the economy, industries, agriculture, tourism, and education of Mithila region had been exploited and destroyed by the Bihar government. He also said “This despite the fact that it has been a seat of culture since ancient times to the British period. The region can fulfil all requirements to become a separate state, but has been ravaged by floods, poverty, unemployment and migration.”[25][26]

Akhil Bharatiya Mithila Rajya Sangharsh Samiti has started a footwalk campaign journey from 17 March 2023, which will cover around 700 kilometers in 70 days in the Mithila region. The journey started from Purnia district of the Mithila region. National Spokesperson cum Media Incharge Sushil Kumar Jha of the organisation said "We want a Mithila state. This will give us two airports, two AIIMS and two IITs. Similarly with the formation of Mithila state, all facilities like health, education, transportation and roads will start in the region".[27][28]

On 25 November 2024, a protest in the favour of separate Mithila state was organized at the premises of the Jantar Mantar in the national capital New Delhi by the residents of Mithila in the aegis of Akhil Bharatiya Mithila Rajya Sangharsh Samiti. The protest was led by Professor Amarendra Kumar Jha in which more than thousands activists participated.[29] On 27 November 2024, the former chief minister Rabri Devi has once again raised the demand for a separate Mithila state. She raised the demand of separate Mithila state at Bihar Legislative Council during the discussion on Maithili language in the House.[30][31][32][33] When the BJP legislative member Mr Hari Sahni of the council was praising the Narendra Modi government for realising the official Maithili version of the Indian Constitution, then the former chief minister Rabri Devi reacted and said “Giving respect to Maithili language is a good step, but Mithila State should also be formed.”[34] When some journalists approached her to asked questions on her demand for the statehood of Mithila, then she again repeated the demand of the Mithila state and said "Yes, I did say Mithila should be made a separate state. They were busy lauding the Centre and the Prime Minister for translation of Constitution, which is fine. But we need something more concrete".[35]

Uday Narayan Jha, the National Treasurer of the Mithila Student Union, said that our demand for formation of the separate Mithila state is an old demand, we would make it a big issue in 2025. Similarly the former director Dr Diwakar of A N Sinha Institute of Social Sciences at Patna said "We need good education and relief from floods. This movement is not new but is years old. When Bihar was formed, the movement had gained momentum. When Jharkhand was formed, the demand for Mithila state had gained momentum. Now many parties are supporting it". He also said "Tejashwi Yadav had recently announced the Mithilaanchal Vikas Parishad. The demand for Mithila state will definitely gain momentum in the coming days. Because the people living in the Mithila region are neglected and want development". Similarly BJP leader and MLA Haribhushan Thakur said that Rabri Devi should bring a proposal for the Mithila state, BJP would support it.[36] Congress leader and MLA Shakeel Ahmad said "Mithila is a very good and sweet language. The people there are also very good. The food there is also very good. Now Rabri Devi has raised the demand for Mithila state, so she is right".[37] National president Manoj Jha of the Mithila Loktantric Morcha, has expressed gratitude through a press release towards Rabri Devi for raising the voice for the demand of the proposed Mithila state once again.[38] On 1 December 2024, the Congress leader Jyoti Jha from Madhepura said in a press release "The demand for a separate Mithila state will prove to be a boon for the future generation. New opportunities for employment and business will be available. Maithili speaking people will prosper from all perspectives". He further said that once again the movement would be given a bigger form to demand separate Mithila state. He also said that the Maithili language was included in the Eighth Schedule, the constitution had been translated in Maithili language and now there is a need for a separate Mithila state.[39]

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The main role of Mithila State Movement is being done by 'Antarrashtriya Maithili Parishad', 'Mithila Rajya Nirman Sena', 'Sanyukta Mithila Rajya Sangharsh Samiti' 'Mithila Student Union' and The Pro Maithils.[40][41][42]

  • Akhil Bhartiya Mithila Rajya Sangharsh Samiti was established in 1994.[43] Jaikant Mishra along with Dr Baidhnath Chaudhary "Baiju", Dr Dhanakar Thakur and Amarnath Jha "Bakshi" formed the Mithila Rajya Sangharsh Samiti, so that Mithila State could be created for the people of North Bihar. Jaikant Mishra died in 2009. Presently[as of?] Dr Baidhnath Chaudhary "Baiju" is the founding member and national president of the organisation. He has been continuously staging strike for separate Mithila state on the first day of every session of the Indian parliament from the last several years.[clarification needed] The demonstration is generally organised at Jantar Mantar in the national capital New Delhi.[44] The fundamental agendas of the organisation are creation of the separate Mithila state in the Indian constitution, Maithili should be studied up to primary and secondary level, preservation and promotion of the Mithilakshar script.
  • Antarrashtriya Maithili Parishad ( अंतर्राष्ट्रीय मैथिली परिषद् ) was established on June 20, 1993, during the first international Maithili conference at Mecan Auditorium in Ranchi. Dr Dhanakar Thakur is the founder and national spokesperson of the council and Professor Kamal Kant Jha from Jayanagar is the central president of this council. This council is spread all over India and in 7 districts of Terai region of Nepal. 32 International Maithili Conferences, 7 Provincial Conferences and 80 Maithili Workers Training Camps have been organized by this organization. 25 subunits are working for the central program and expansion of the council. Among them, Mithila Rajya Sangharsh Samiti, Adarsh Mithila Party, Maithili Literary Forum, Mithila Muslim Manch, Yuva Manch, Mahila Manch etc. are prominent. The contribution of this council has been paramount in getting Maithili a place in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India and the second official language to Maithili in Jharkhand. Now the council is actively working on the separate Mithila state formation movement.[45]
  • Mithila Student Union is the largest student union in Mithila region of Bihar. It was established in 2015 to improve the education system, employment, migration issues, literacy, condition of health facilities, and scarcity of small-scale industries in the Mithila region. In the earlier years, the organisation demonstrated on the demand for Mithila Development Board. Nowadays the organisation has made creation of separate Mithila state as its major agenda. The organisation has launched hashtag trending for #MithilaRajya on the social medias like Twitter, Facebook etc. #MithilaRajya trended on 4 July 2022 at second position on Twitter by the organisation and people of Mithila. Similarly on 10 July 2022, #CreateMithilaRajya was trended at second position on Twitter.[46][47] In the leadership of founder member Anup Maithil, the organisation trended #MithilaRajya on the first position on Twitter on 21 August 2022. The organisation also held a huge public gathering protest at Jantar Mantar in New Delhi near the Parliament of India.[48][22][23] Anup Maithil said to media that “Bihar is our fake and false identity. We are not Biharis, we are Maithil”.[49][50]
  • Vidyapati Seva Sansthan
  • Mithila Rajya Nirman Sena is a social and political organisation which demands a separate Mithila State to be established in the Mithila region of Bihar. It has started a movement known as Mithila Renaissance Journey ( मिथिला पुनर्जागरण यात्रा ) to connect and reorganise the people of Mithila region in Bihar to get support for the formation of the proposed Mithila State in India. It stated on 26 November 2021 in the leadership of General Secretary Rajesh Kumar Jha. The journey is divided into five phases. The aim of the journey is to connect the people of the different parts of Mithila and to propagate the concept of the demand of separate Mithila State. The first target of the journey is to record Maithili as the mother language of the people of Mithila in the upcoming population census of India. The first phase of the journey started from Phulhar village of Madhubani district in Mithila. The second phase of the journey started on 2 January 2022 from the Ugratara Sthan Mandir at Mahishi in Saharsa district of Mithila region in Bihar. The major slogans of the journey were "ले जान कि दे जान" ( take life or give life ) and "जनगणना में मैथिली और संविधान में मिथिला" (Maithili in census and Mithila in constitution).[51] A National Seminar on Mithila State Movement was organized by the Mithila Rajya Nirman Sena in the auditorium of Maharaja Laxmiswar Singh Memorial College on Sunday in April 2022. According to General Secretary Rajesh Jha, the seminar was organized in four sessions. The theme of the first session of the seminar was the condition and direction of the Mithila State Movement. The theme of the second session was cultural integration of the Mithila state. In the third session, the topic of possibilities of economic development of Mithila was discussed.[52]
  • Mithila Rajya Sangharsh Morcha
  • Maithil Mahasabha was established in 1910 AD by Maharajadhiraj Rameshwar Singh of Darbhanga Raj. He raised the demand of separate Mithila state in 1921 AD.[53]
  • Maithili Sahitya Parishad is a social and cultural organisation in the Mithila region which promotes Maithili literature and demand for separate Mithila state. In 2022, a conference was held in the courtyard of Maithili Sahitya Parishad under the chairmanship of Dr. Shankar Jha. Chief speaker Professor Uday Shankar Mishra said that the Mithila movement does not have public support in India and Nepal. Chandresh said that the intellectuals of this place should come forward and go among the general public and explain the justification of separate Mithila state for all round development. Dr. Shankar Jha said that for the Mithila state movement, I will devote my whole body and money to it. Mithila state will be established very soon.[54]
  • Akhil Bharatiya Mithila Party

Major demands

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The major demands of the movement are

Slogans in the Movement

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"Bhikh naay odhikar chahi, hamra Mithila Rajya chahi"

"Badd Kelho Upekchhit Bybhaar

Aab naay rahbo Bihar ke Bhaag

Bihari naay Hummy Maithil Chhikiye

Mithila Rajya Chhai Hummar Maang"

"Sitaram Sitaram, Swarg se Sundar Mithila Dhaam"

"Maithil naay karho bahar mai kaaj, Odhikar mange mai kathi ke laaj?"[55]

Mithila Chitrakaari wala Bordered Maroon Gamchha = Maithil ke Pahichaan

"Bihar Maithil ke Biboshta Chhikai, Mithila Rajya ke Oboshakta Chhikai"[56]

"Ekta sankalp dhiyan mai, Mithila Rajya huy samvidhan mai"

"Jangarna mai Maithili Samvidhan mai Mithila"

Industrial ruins in Mithila

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Main article: Industrial ruins in Mithila region

In the earlier period, Mithila was full of industrial estates. There were many industries in the region in regime of Darbhanga Raj Kingdom. These industries were flourishing the economy of the region. After the independence of India, the rule of Darbhanga Raj Kingdom ended and then the industrial estates of the region started gradually closing due to the negligence of the central government as well as state government of Bihar. The region was full of many sugar mills, cotton mills, paper industries, chocolate factories and many more agricultural industries. In the last three decades,[clarification needed] due to the castism politics in Bihar by the leaders there, the agenda of industrial development got neglected and gradually industries got closed. Nowadays these industrial estates have become ruins. This led to the migrations of labours and human resources from the area to the metropolitan cities of the country.[57] The sugar mills of Sakari, Lohat, Raiyam and Samastipur was very famous in the country. Mithila was the bowl of sugar in India three decades ago. Hayaghat was famous for Ashok Paper Industry and similarly Pandaul was famous for Cotton mills. Purnea, Saharsa, Katihar, Muzaffarpur and, Darbhanga was famous for Jute industries since 1794 up to 1990.[citation needed]

Proposed Map of Mithila State showing the districts of the proposed state.

List of the districts in the proposed state

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Proposed Mithila State Map with Districts

Naugachhia, Sitamarhi, Madhubani, Darbhanga, Purnia, East Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Saharsa, Vaisali, Madhepura, Begusarai, Munger, Bhagalpur, Samastipur, Sheohar, Supaul, Araria, Katihar, Kishanganj, Banka, West Champaran, Khagaria, Jamui, Lakhisarai, Sheikhpura and some districts of the present Jharkhand which are Deoghar, Dumka, Pakur, Godda, Jamtara and Sahibganj. Currently Begusarai is industrial and financial capital of Bihar and economically one of the most prosperous region in Bihar and Mithila region. Begusarai is the Cultural capital of the Mithila. Sitamarhi is the birthplace of Goddess Sita of Mithila. Some scholars claimed Baba Baidyanath Dham as the part of ancient Mithila. According to Ramayana and Mahabharata the entire part of land from North Ganga to Himalaya and Gandak (Sadanira) is the part of Greater Mithila Kingdom. The Greater Mithila is also called as Videha in the ancient Vedic texts and Vajjika in democratic Mithila Empire after the end of Janaka period in Mithila Kingdom. In the period of Vajjika League the centre of Mithila was shifted to Vaishali.

Vaishali

In this period Buddhism flourished in the region of Vaishali. In the period of Nanyadeva, the centre of Mithila was at Champaran

Chankigarh, Champaran
Janaki garh, Chankigarh, Champaran

. In the period of Mahesh Thakur, the centre of Mithila was at Madhubani and Darbhanga. The last kingdom of Mithila was Darbhanga Raj Kingdom. This kingdom ended after the independence of India. The Kingdom got merged into the Union of India in 1947 and became the part of present Bihar state demanding the separate Mithila State for Indian part of Mithila.

Tourism in Mithila

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Janaki Kund, Birthplace of Sita, Parauna Dham, Sitamarhi, Mithila

Mithila is the part of Ramayana, Mahabharata and ancient Indian philosophy. Mithila has tremendous opportunity to start up religious tourism in India. There are many ancient sites in the region which has potential for religious tourism to flourish but due to negligence of Bihar government this tourism have not flourished yet. Baliraajgadh is a very ancient site in Mithila but it has yet not been come out on Tourism site by the government there. Rajnagar is a very beautiful city of Mithila. It was built by Maharajadhiraja Rameshwar Singh of Khandwala dynasty of Mithila. The ruins of the Rajnagar Kingdom has a lot of opportunity to start tourism for Film City but it is yet neglected by the government there. Janaki Kund at Purauna Dham in Sitamarhi is the birthplace of Sita. This place has lots of potential to bring Hindu pilgrims from across the world. But the local government has not branded this site as tourist centre, so the site is suffering from negligence.

Ruins of Rajnagar Kingdom in Mithila

References

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