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Kulshedra

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Bolla" redirects here. For other uses, see Bolla (disambiguation).
When the weather turns foul, black clouds gather and heavy storms break, kulshedra is believed to be in the vicinity. A drangue can counter her destructive power driving the storms away.[1]

The kulshedra or kuçedra is a water, storm, fire and chthonic demon in Albanian mythology and folklore, usually described as a huge multi-headed female serpentine dragon.[2][1] She is the archetype of darkness and evil, the complementary and opposing force to drangue, the archetype of light and good. The kulshedra is believed to spit fire, cause drought, storms, flooding, earthquakes and other natural disasters against mankind.[3][4]

In Albanian mythology she is usually fought and defeated by a drangue, who is a semi-human winged divine hero and protector of mankind, the most widespread Albanian culture hero.[3] Heavy thunderstorms are thought to be the result of most of their battles.[5] Others include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and cyclones. In Albanian traditions kulshedra is also fought and defeated by other celestial heroes and heroines, like the Daughter of the Moon and the Sun (E Bija e Hënës dhe e Diellit) who tries to protect her loved one by using her light powers, or other heroic characters marked in their bodies by the symbols of celestial objects,[6] such as Zjermi (lit. "the Fire"), who notably is born with the Sun (Dielli) on his forehead.[7]

The legendary battle of a heroic deity associated with thunder and weather – like drangue – who fights and slays a huge multi-headed serpent associated with water, storms, and drought – like kulshedra – is a common motif of Indo-European mythology.[8] The original legend may have symbolized the Chaoskampf, a clash between forces of order and chaos.[9] In Albanian mythology the legendary battle between drangue and kulshedra is the most famous representation of the dualistic struggle between good and evil, light and darkness,[10] a conflict that symbolises the cyclic return in the watery and chthonian world of death, accomplishing the cosmic renewal of rebirth.[11][2]

In northern beliefs, the kulshedra can take possession of the sun and moon.[4] In southern beliefs, she is described as an enormous female serpent who surrounds the world. According to this version, if she were ever to touch her tail with her mouth, she could destroy the whole world.[3] It is said that she requires human sacrifices for accepting to postpone the natural disasters and catastrophes.[2] Every year she asked for a specific number of young boys and girls from villages (each version has a different number) and every year they never came back until she fought the daughter of the Moon and Sun who ended it for once and for all

According to folk beliefs, the kulshedra's earlier stage is the bolla, which takes the form of demonic serpent possessing both chthonic and aquatic attributes. The bolla's eyes remain shut for the whole year except on Saint George's Day, when it gazes at the world and upon which it will devour any human on sight. The bolla will eventually develop into a kulshedra if it should manage to live for the prescribed number of years without being seen by a human. The bollar and errshaja are considered intermediate forms of this serpent as it goes through a series of metamorphoses. These terms also signify serpents; the term bullar merely being a synonym for bolla in Southern Albania.[12] In some regions the kulshedra is depicted like a female eel, turtle, frog, lizard or salamander.[2][4] There are many tales of brave villagers who dared kill them in their sleep before they became a greater risk.

The kulshedra can also appear disguised as a woman, who keeps her true nature hidden (the devil in disguise). As a semi-human divine figure, she holds also positive qualities that emerge indirectly from Albanian folk tales, beliefs and rituals. It is said that the village where the kulshedra lives has great prosperity in agriculture and livestock. Indeed she absorbs by her breath foodstuffs from everywhere, and her village thrives, while the affected villages become poor and do not prosper. The children of Kulshedra are known as Shlligas and are known to cause storms everywhere they appear. According to folk beliefs people used to practice sacrifices to her so she could bring them good and stop any harmful action.[13]

Names

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The term bolla derives from Proto-Albanian *bālwā.[14][15] It could also be of Pre-indo-European origins alongside Ancient Greek πελώριον (pelórion).[16][17]

Kulshedra (kulshedër; def. kulshedra) or kuçedër (def. kuçedra) derives from the Latin chersydrus, roughly meaning an "amphibious snake".[4][18][19]

The term bullar is given as a Southern Albanian variant by some sources.[20]

Physical appearance and attributes

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Bolla

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The bolla is said to remain closed-eyed until Saint George's Day, where it peers into the world, and will devour any human that approaches it. It is explained in folklore that Saint George had cursed the beast to be forever blind except on his feast day.[17][20]

Kulshedra

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Kulshedra is generally considered to be a female dragon, like a multi-headed serpent form,[4] but it is known to have pendulous drooping breasts touching the ground,[4] thus some German commentators have stated she might be also regarded as a hag.[19][21] Kulshedra is furthermore said to be covered in wooly red hair, have a long tail, and have seven to twelve heads. It is also said to spit fire.[4][3] Kulshedra's milk and urine are both considered poisonous.[22] Kulshedra can also appear in the guise of a human female;[4] its appearance in an ordinary woman's guise known locally for example in Dukagjini, Kosovo.[23] It may also appear in the form of a female lizard, turtle, frog, or salamander.[4][23]

At the same time, kulshedra is widely considered to be a storm demon.[22][5] Kulshedra is believed to cause drought and other water-related issues for humanity such as torrents, tempests,[5] water shortages,[19] big storms, flooding, or other natural disasters.[3][4] Often to placate it, a human sacrifice must be made, as witnessed in the tale of the hero Qerosi ("Scurfhead").[19][24]

In southern beliefs, she is described as an enormous female serpent who surrounds the world. According to this version, if she were ever to touch her tail with her mouth, she could destroy the whole world.[3] In northern beliefs, the kulshedra can take possession of the sun and moon. To frighten the evil demon, the Albanian tribesmen used to shoot in the sky or provoke great noise with metal objects, even by ringing the church bells.[4]

"The male form, called Kulshedër, acts as a devil".[19]

Metamorphosis

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According to folk belief, a snake after living a certain number of years will metamorphosize into a bolla and eventually become the monstrous kulshedra.[20][17] The belief that an ancient snake becomes a dragon is not unique to Albanian culture, and similar beliefs can be found for example in Hungary and Romania, as pointed out by Robert Elsie.

In the Kosovan city of Prishtina, the kulshedra begins life as a being invisible to mankind for the first twelve years of its life, after which it turns into a bolla ("a kind of serpent"), and afterwards it sprouts wings, becomes hairy, and begins to combat the drangue (dragúa).[25] But the folklore of Malësia and the Northern Mountain Range in Albania provides a more complex life cycle: when the serpent manages to live fifty years without being noticed by anyone, it becomes a bullar, a reptile that feeds milk to snakes, from which these snake derive their venom. If it lives another fifty years without being seen, it becomes an ershaj which coils around its human victim's neck, punctures his chest and eats the heart. When an ershaj (er̄šaj) lives for another century unseen, it finally becomes a kulshedra.[26]

In Tirana, kulshedra was said to begin life as a being hiding in a dark hole which became a snake after six months; the snake must grow an additional six months before it exhibited the behavior for which it could be properly called a kulshedra.[25] Among the Albanian Kastrati tribe, it was believed that a snake sighted by a wren lost its ability to transform into a kulshedra.[17]

Mythology

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Dualistic worldview, cosmic renewal

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Albanian beliefs, myths and legends are organized around the dualistic struggle between good and evil, light and darkness, which cyclically produces the cosmic renewal.[27]

The most famous Albanian mythological representation of the dualistic struggle between good and evil, light and darkness, is the constant battle between drangue and kulshedra,[28] a conflict that symbolises the cyclic return in the watery and chthonian world of death, accomplishing the cosmic renewal of rebirth.[29] The legendary battle of a heroic deity associated with thunder and weather – like drangue – who fights and slays a huge multi-headed serpent associated with water, storms, and drought – like kulshedra – is a common motif of Indo-European mythology.[8] The original legend may have symbolized the Chaoskampf, a clash between forces of order and chaos.[9] In Albanian tradition the clash between drangue and kulshedra, light and darkness, is furthermore seen as a mythological representation of the cult of the Sun (Dielli) and the Moon (Hëna), widely observed in Albanian traditional tattooing.[30]

In Albanian mythology and folklore, the supremacy of the deity of the sky over that of the underworld is symbolized by the victory of celestial divine heroes against kulshedra (often described as an earthly/chthonic deity or demon). Those celestial divine heroes are often drangue (the most widespread culture hero among Albanians), but also E Bija e Hënës dhe e Diellit ("the Daughter of the Moon and the Sun") who is described as pika e qiellit ("drop of the sky" or "lightning") which falls everywhere from heaven on the mountains and the valleys and strikes pride and evil,[31] or other heroic characters marked in their bodies by the symbols of celestial objects,[6] such as Zjermi (lit. "the Fire"), who notably is born with the Sun on his forehead.[7]

Battles with Dragùa

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See also: Drangue

Dragùa, sometimes called drangue or drangoni,[5] is the male conqueror of the female monster kulshedra, whom he must fight to the death in collective beliefs.[3] Their prime aim in life is to combat and slay Kulshedras. They thus spend much of their youth exercising and running around, so as to learn how to avoid kulshedra's urine and milk. When they sense a Kulshedra approaching, dragùas "go completely berserk and their souls depart from their bodies in preparation for the coming battle".[32] When a human is attacked the dragùa will "fly to their assistance and slay kulshedra by pelting it with cudgels, ploughs, yokes, lances and stones, and even with uprooted trees and houses. Such attacks are seen by humans as lightning". Heavy thunderstorms are thought to be the result of the battle.[5]

The dragùas, even as infants, use the cradle to shield themselves from kulshedra's attacks, which consist of her urine and poisonous milk from her breasts. They also use this cradle as a weapon.[33][34]

In the Northern Albania, the two are envisioned as battling perpetually in the bend of the Drani River in the Northern Mountain Range. But some folklore speaks of the dragùa accomplishing kulshedra's destruction by drowning, and in Central Albania, the hero is said to have drowned her, knocking her unconscious by throwing trees and boulders at her, and afterwards drowning her in Shkumbin, a river in central Albania.[3]

Dragùas are not the only beings said to have defeated Kulshedra. There are multiple folktales (see: Folktales and other stories with Kulshedra) in which saints[35] and folktale heroes not identified as dragùa have defeated Kulshedra.[36]

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18th-century icon of Saint George and the Dragon by Çetiri brothers, from Ardenica Monastery, now in the National Museum of Medieval Art in Tirana.

Saint George and Saint Elias (originally the Old Testament prophet Elijah) both have stories in which they fight (and defeat) a Bolla/Kulshedra. Saint Elias, in particular, is identified in some regions with the Dragùa and is also a weather god and provides protection against storms and fire.[17][35]

Some folktales involving the slaying of a Kulshedra include:[36]

Other mentions of Bolla/Kulshedra

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On the Greek island Poros, once inhabited by a majority of Arvanites, the term Bullar is still used to describe water snakes, and in northern Albania, both Bolla and Bollar are used to describe grass snakes.[17]

In Dungeons & Dragons, it is a level 22 Solo Brute that sometimes forms pacts with other demons or other powerful monsters of chaos and evil.[38]

See also

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Sources

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b Doja (2005), p. 451–453.
  2. ^ a b c d Tirta 2004, pp. 121–132.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Doja (2005), p. 451.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Elsie (2001a), "Kulshedra", A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology, and Folk Culture, pp. 153–156.
  5. ^ a b c d e Durham, M. Edith (1910), "High Albania and its Customs in 1908", The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 40: 456 (453–472), doi:10.2307/2843266, hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t2697dj8z, JSTOR 2843266
  6. ^ a b Tirta 2004, pp. 72, 127–128.
  7. ^ a b Schirò 1923, pp. 411–439.
  8. ^ a b West (2007), pp. 358–359.
  9. ^ a b Watkins 1995, pp. 299–300.
  10. ^ Lelaj 2015, p. 97; Elsie 1994, p. i; Poghirc 1987, p. 179
  11. ^ Doja 2005, pp. 449–462.
  12. ^ Elsie 2001a, pp. 46–47, 74–76, 153–156.
  13. ^ Tirta 2004, pp. 123–125.
  14. ^ Price 2000, p. 21
  15. ^ Price, Glanville (2000). Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe. Wiley-Blackwell; 1 edition
  16. ^ DEX & balaur.
  17. ^ a b c d e f Elsie (2001a), "Bolla", A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology, and Folk Culture, pp. 46–47.
  18. ^ Fishta, Elsie & Mathie-Heck (2005), p. 435.
  19. ^ a b c d e Lurker, Manfred [in German] (2015). "kulshedra". A Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Devils and Demons. Routledge. p. 197. ISBN 978-1-136-10620-0.
  20. ^ a b c Lurker, Manfred [in German] (2015). "Bolla". A Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Devils and Demons. Routledge. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-136-10620-0.
  21. ^ Röhrich, Lutz (1991), Folktales and Reality, Indiana University Press, p. 153, ISBN 0-253-35028-X
  22. ^ a b Doja (2005), p. 453.
  23. ^ a b Doja (2005), p. 454.
  24. ^ Uhlisch, Gerda (1987), Die Schone der Erde, p. 154, cited by Elsie.[4]
  25. ^ a b Lambertz (1922), pp. 10, 102–103 and Doja (2005), p. 454 citing it.
  26. ^ Lambertz (1922), pp. 10–11 (repr. 1973) cited by Doja (2005), p. 454 and Elsie (2001a), p. 47
  27. ^ Lelaj 2015, p. 97; Doja 2005, pp. 449–462; Elsie 1994, p. i; Poghirc 1987, p. 179
  28. ^ Lelaj 2015, p. 97; Pipa 1993, pp. 253–254.
  29. ^ Doja 2005, pp. 449–462; Tirta 2004, pp. 121–132; Lelaj 2015, p. 97.
  30. ^ Lelaj 2015, p. 97.
  31. ^ Shuteriqi 1959, p. 66.
  32. ^ Fishta, Elsie & Mathie-Heck (2005), p. 415.
  33. ^ Doja (2005), p. 452.
  34. ^ Elsie, Robert (2001a), "Dragua", A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology, and Folk Culture], pp. 74–76.
  35. ^ a b Elsie, Robert (2000), "The Christian Saints of Albania". Balkanistica. 13: 43, 45.
  36. ^ a b Elsie (2001b), Albanian Folktales and Legends
  37. ^ Sako, Zihni; et al. (Komisjoni i folklorit) (1954). Pralla popullore shqiptare (in Albanian). N.SH.B. Stabilimenti "Mihal Duri", Tiranë: Instituti i Shkencave. pp. 66–71.
  38. ^ "Monday Monster: Kulshedra | Kobold Press". koboldpress.com. Retrieved 2017-04-11.

Bibliography

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