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Green Bus Lines
Former Green Line Q40 MCI Classic in South Jamaica, Queens
ParentGTJ Reit Incorporated
Founded1925
Defunct2006
Headquarters165-25 147th Avenue
Springfield Gardens, NY 11434-5295

Green Bus Lines, also referred to as Green Lines, was a private bus company in New York City. It operated local service in Queens and express service to Manhattan until January 9, 2006, when the city-operated MTA Bus Company took over its routes. It was managed most recently by Jerome Cooper (1928–2015).

Green Bus Lines routes primarily operated in the Jamaica, Ozone Park, Howard Beach, South Jamaica, and the Rockaways areas of Queens, along with service to the passenger and cargo areas of John F. Kennedy International Airport.[1][2] At the time of its closure, Green Lines operated more local and limited bus routes than any other private company in the city.[1]

Stockholders of Green Bus Lines also held control of other private bus companies in Queens and Brooklyn as Transit Alliance. These companies were Triboro Coach, Jamaica Buses, and Command Bus Company, all of which were absorbed into the MTA Regional Bus operations.[3][4] The company reorganized as GTJ Reit Inc., a real estate investment trust, shortly after MTA takeover.

History

[edit]

The company was incorporated on April 3, 1925, by William Cooper and Martin Klein to provide local service in certain boroughs. Cooper originally began operating a single bus line, a portion of today's Q8 101-Jerome Avenue route, in 1922.[5] The company was formed from several independently-operated bus lines, whose owners operated the buses, and would become stockholders and employees in Green Lines.[5][6][7][8]

The company acquired several Manhattan routes (including M22, M50, M79, M86, and M96) in 1933, but these were transferred to the Comprehensive Omnibus Corporation in 1935 and New York City Omnibus Corporation in 1936.[9] That year, Green Lines took over the operations of Liberty Bus, and the borough's bus system was divided into four lettered "zones", with each zone being served exclusively by one bus company.[10][11][12][13] Green Lines was awarded the rights to all of "Zone C" in southern Queens, which included Woodhaven, Richmond Hill, Ozone Park, Howard Beach, and the Rockaways.[10][11] With that move, Green Lines assumed the operations of seven other companies in the region.[6][7][10][14] Green also acquired the Manhattan and Queens Bus Corporation, which had operated the ex-Manhattan and Queens Traction Company Queens Boulevard Line into Manhattan (the Q60) since 1937, in 1943.[15]

Green stockholders acquired two other transit companies that continued to operate independently: Triboro Coach Corporation in October 1947, and Jamaica Buses in April 1949.[4][5] Jointly these three companies formed Command Bus Company in 1979 to take over the routes that had been previously operated by Pioneer Bus Corporation, which went out of the transit bus business following a bitter strike earlier in 1979.[4]

The QM23 was started in the 1950s to replace Long Island Rail Road service to the Brooklyn Manor station on the Rockaway Beach Branch.[16] It was discontinued in 2010. Four more express routes began operation in the 1970s.

Bus routes

[edit]

Just prior to MTA Bus takeover, Green Bus lines operated the following routes, which mostly continued to be based in Far Rockaway Bus Depot and John F. Kennedy Bus Depot.[17] Hubs for Green Lines operations included 165th Street Bus Terminal in Jamaica, the Mott Avenue subway station in Far Rockaway, and several stations on the IND Queens Boulevard Line.[2][18][19][20][21]

Route Terminal A Major streets of travel Terminal B Notes
Queens Local
Q6 Jamaica
165th Street Bus Terminal
Bays 14, 15, 16 		Jamaica Avenue, Sutphin Boulevard,
Rockaway Boulevard, North Boundary Road 		JFK International Airport
North Boundary Road and Eastern Road, and USPS Airport Mail Facility
  • Originally operated by Queens Bus Corporation, it first operated on July 19, 1922.
  • Extended to 165th Street Terminal ca. 1989.[18]
  • Q6 Limited-stop service added by MTA on April 19, 2010.[22][23]
  • Does not serve passenger terminals.
Q7 City Line, Brooklyn
Euclid Avenue and Pitkin Avenue
at Euclid Avenue ( A  ​ C  trains) 		Pitkin Avenue, Rockaway Boulevard, 150th Street JFK International Airport
148th Street and South Cargo Road
  • Originally operated by the Ruoff Brothers, it started service on October 5, 1921 as DP&S Route 66.
  • Does not serve passenger terminals.
Q8 Jamaica
165th Street Bus Terminal
Bay 17 and 18 		Jamaica Avenue, 101st Avenue, Fountain Avenue Spring Creek, Brooklyn
Gateway Center Mall
  • Service started on April 15, 1933.
  • Extended to 165th Street Terminal ca. 1989[18]
  • Extended from City Line at Euclid Avenue to Spring Creek at Gateway Drive and Erskine Street on June 29, 2008.[24]
  • Extended to new bus terminal at Gateway Center North on August 31, 2014.[25]
  • Alternate rush hour buses terminate/start at Euclid Avenue and Pitkin Avenue( A  ​ C  trains)
Q9 Jamaica
165th Street Bus Terminal
Bay 19 and 20 		Jamaica Avenue, Supthin Boulevard,
Liberty Avenue, 135th Street (Northbound),
Van Wyck Expressway Service Road
(Southbound), Lincoln Street. 		South Ozone Park
Rockaway Boulevard and Lincoln Street
  • Originally operated by Ludwig Billow, it started service on May 1, 1920, as DP&S Route 55.
  • Extended to 165th Street Terminal ca. 1989[18]
Q9A Jamaica
165th Street Bus Terminal 		Lincoln Street, Linden Boulevard, Merrick Boulevard South Ozone Park
Rockaway Boulevard and Lincoln Street
  • Under MTA, became Q89 on April 7, 2008.[26][27]
  • Discontinued June 27, 2010 due to budget crisis.[28]
  • Operated one trip per hour in each direction between 10 AM and 5 PM weekdays;[2][27][29] only bus route in New York City to not serve any subway or rail stations along its route.[21]
Q10 Kew Gardens
80th Road and Kew Gardens Road
at Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike ( E  ​ F   <F>  trains) 		Lefferts Boulevard, Rockaway Boulevard, 130th Street, Van Wyck Expressway Service Road JFK International Airport
Terminal 5
  • Originally operated by Richmond Hill Bus, service began on April 29, 1929, as DP&S Route 53.
  • Acquired by Green Bus Lines on November 25, 1936.
  • Expanded to Idlewild Airport in 1947.
  • Q10A existed between 1990 and 1996.
  • JFK Terminus moved to Terminal 5 on May 30, 2012, due to construction at Terminal 4.[30]
  • Some daytime trips operate only between Kew Gardens and South Ozone Park, and do not enter the airport.
  • Local/Limited to JFK Airport's Central Terminal Areas
Q11 Elmhurst
Queens Boulevard and Woodhaven Boulevard
at Woodhaven Boulevard ( E  ​ F  ​ M  ​ R  trains) and Queens Center Mall 		Woodhaven Boulevard, Cross Bay Boulevard, then:
  • Toward Old Howard Beach: 160th Avenue, 99th Street
  • Toward Hamilton Beach: 104th Street.
  • Originally operated by Liberty Bus, service was started in 1918, as DP&S Route 64.
  • Acquired by Green Bus Lines in the early-1930s.
  • Weekday rush hours, some southbound service terminates at Pitkin Avenue and Cross Bay Boulevard in Ozone Park.
  • Overnight service to Old Howard Beach and Hamilton Beach eliminated September 12, 2010;[31] service to Hamilton Beach after 10:00 PM eliminated on July 1, 2012.[32][33][34]
  • Overnights, the southern terminal is at Pitkin Avenue and Cross Bay Boulevard.
Q21 Woodhaven Boulevard, 155th Avenue, 157th Avenue, Cross Bay Boulevard Howard Beach
164th Avenue and 92nd Street
  • Originally owned by Queens Auto Traction, service began in 1923.
  • Operates via Lindenwood between Howard Beach and Ozone Park via 157th Avenue.[32]
  • Formerly ran from Liberty Avenue to Rockaway Park;[21] extended along Woodhaven Boulevard on August 31, 2008.[35][36]
  • Rerouted from Rockaway Park to Arverne on January 8, 2012.[37][38][39]
  • Truncated from Arverne to Howard Beach in July 2012 (Rockaway service replaced by Q52).[32][37]
Q21A Far Rockaway
Mott Avenue and Beach 20th Street
at Far Rockaway – Mott Avenue ( A  train) 		Edgemere Avenue, Cross Bay Boulevard, Pitkin Avenue, Linden Boulevard East New York, Brooklyn
Livonia Avenue and New Lots Avenue
at New Lots Avenue ( 2  ​ 3  ​ 4  ​ 5  trains)

[40]

Discontinued in 1990, due to poor ridership.
Q22 Beach Channel Drive, Rockaway Beach Boulevard Roxbury
Beach 169th Street and Rockaway Point Boulevard
Q22A Mott Avenue Bayswater
  • Discontinued in 2008. Operated by Green Bus Lines until MTA takeover in 2005.[2][21][29]
  • Operated one morning trip to Mott Avenue and one afternoon trip to Bayswater only.[2][21][29]
Q35 Midwood, Brooklyn
Avenue H and Flatbush Avenue
at Flatbush Avenue ( 2  ​ 5  trains) 		Flatbush Avenue, Newport Avenue Rockaway Park
Beach 116th Street and Newport Avenue
Q37 Kew Gardens
Union Turnpike and Kew Gardens Road
at Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike ( E  ​ F   <F>  trains) 		Park Lane South, 111th Street, 135th Avenue South Ozone Park
135th Road and 131st Street
  • Originally operated by General Omnibus Company, service began in January 1939.
  • Extended from Jamaica Avenue to Kew Gardens on November 23, 1941.[42]
  • Daily service via Aqueduct Racetrack added in 2011.
Q40 Jamaica
Sutphin Boulevard and Hillside Avenue
at Sutphin Boulevard ( F   <F>  train) 		Sutphin Boulevard, Lakewood Avenue, 142nd Street South Jamaica
135th Avenue and 143rd Street 		Originally operated by Midland Coach, service began on February 5, 1934.
Q41 Jamaica
165th Street Bus Terminal
Bay 22 and 23 		127th Street, 109th Avenue, Cross Bay Boulevard Howard Beach
164th Avenue and 92nd Street
  • Originally operated by Courier Bus Company, service began on July 10, 1934.
  • Extended from Guy R. Brewer Boulevard-Archer Avenue to 165th Street Terminal ca. 1989[18]
Q60 East Midtown, Manhattan
Second Avenue and 60th Street 		Queensboro Bridge, Queens Boulevard, Sutphin Boulevard South Jamaica
109th Avenue and 157th Street
  • Service started on April 17, 1937 to replace Queens Boulevard Line streetcar.
  • Overnight service added in August 2007.
  • Alternate daytime and early evening buses terminate/start at Sutphin Boulevard ( E ​ ​ J  ​ Z  trains, LIRR, AirTrain)
Queens-Manhattan express
QM15 Midtown Manhattan
6th Avenue 		Manhattan: 34th Street, 6th Avenue, 57th Street
Queens: Woodhaven Boulevard, Cross Bay Boulevard 		Howard Beach
157th Avenue and 102nd Street
  • Lindenwood/Woodhaven-Cross Bay Express
  • No Sunday service.
  • Off-peak service ends at 157th Avenue and 92nd Street near Cross Bay Boulevard instead of 102nd Street.
  • Last dropoff is at 57th Street.
  • Service is supplemented by the BM5.
QM16 Manhattan: 34th Street, 6th Avenue, 57th Street
Queens: Cross Bay Boulevard, Rockaway Beach Boulevard 		Jacob Riis Park
Parking lot
  • Rockaway Park Express
  • Now Neponsit/Rockaway Park Express
  • Service north of 157th Avenue in Howard Beach, via Lindenwood and along Woodhaven and Cross Bay Boulevards[43][44] eliminated on July 3, 2006.[45]
  • Extended from Rockaway Park to Neponsit on September 4, 2007,[46][47] then Roxbury at Fort Tilden on April 18, 2011,[46][48] before being truncated to Jacob Riis Park in December 2011 to accommodate customer parking.[49]
  • Last dropoff is at 57th Street.
QM17 Manhattan: 34th Street, 6th Avenue, 57th Street
Queens: Cross Bay Boulevard, Beach Channel Drive, Seagirt Boulevard 		Far Rockaway
Far Rockaway-Mott Avenue subway station
( A  train)
  • Far Rockaway Express
  • Service north of 157th Avenue in Howard Beach, via Lindenwood and along Woodhaven and Cross Bay Boulevards[43][44] eliminated on July 3, 2006.[45]
  • Last dropoff is at 57th Street.
QM18 Manhattan: 34th Street, 6th Avenue, 57th Street
Queens: Queens Boulevard, Lefferts Boulevard, 135th Avenue 		South Ozone Park
130th Street and 150th Avenue
  • South Ozone Park Express
  • Extended along 135th Avenue in spring 2008.
  • Last dropoff is at 57th Street.
QM23 Midtown Manhattan
33rd Street and 7th Avenue
at Penn Station 		Manhattan: 34th Street
Queens: Woodhaven Boulevard, Jamaica Avenue 		Woodhaven
102nd Street and Jamaica Avenue
  • Brooklyn Manor Express
  • Discontinued June 27, 2010 due to budget crisis

Depots

[edit]
See also: Bus depots of MTA Regional Bus Operations

Original Idlewild depot

[edit]

Green Bus Lines' first southeast Queens depot (also known as Cornell Park) was located at 149th Street and 147th Avenue (148-02 147th Avenue)[50] in what was then South Ozone Park, Queens.[51] The facility, which contained an office building and a bus garage, opened in May 1939 at a cost of $250,000.[52] This area has since been de-mapped and is now on the grounds of John F. Kennedy International Airport.

Second Idlewild/JFK depot

[edit]
Main article: JFK Depot

Green Lines' second southeast Queens garage was located in Jamaica at 147th Avenue and Rockaway Boulevard (165-25 147th Avenue)[15] near JFK Airport.[1] The depot was built from 1951 to 1952 at the cost of $500,000.[53] It was the primary storage and maintenance facility for the company.[1] It is now the John F. Kennedy Depot (or JFK Depot) of MTA Bus.[15][54]

40°39′41″N 73°46′26″W / 40.661348°N 73.773916°W / 40.661348; -73.773916

Rockaway Garage

[edit]
Main article: Far Rockaway Depot

Green Lines operated a facility on the Rockaway Peninsula, situated on Rockaway Beach Boulevard and Beach 49th Street (49-19 Rockaway Beach Boulevard)[15][55] in the neighborhood of Arverne.[1] It was sometimes referred to as the "Rockaway Garage".[55] A satellite facility, it primarily housed buses serving the Rockaways and southern Queens, performing light maintenance work.[1][15] It is now MTA Bus' Far Rockaway Depot.[54]

40°35′35″N 73°46′47″W / 40.592950°N 73.779614°W / 40.592950; -73.779614

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f Urbitran Associates, Inc (May 2004). "NYCDOT Bus Ridership Survey and Route Analysis Final Report: Chapter 3 Transit System Characteristics" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Analysis of Routes and Ridership of a Franchise Bus Service: Green Bus Lines" (PDF). utrc2.org/. City College of New York. October 2000. Retrieved September 30, 2015.
  3. ^ Lueck, Thomas J. (April 23, 2005). "City to Buy Private Bus Company for Service in Three Boroughs". The New York Times. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  4. ^ a b c "Company Profile". Jamaica Buses, Inc. Archived from the original on January 25, 2006. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  5. ^ a b c "Big Bus System Started on Shoestring". Long Island Star-Journal. Fultonhistory.com. January 17, 1955. p. 31. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
  6. ^ a b "Green Line, Started by Jobless War Vets, Absorbed 7 Companies Under Mayor's Plan". Long Island Daily Press. Fultonhistory.com. April 8, 1937. p. 1. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
  7. ^ a b "Jobless Vets Started Green Bus Lines". Long Island Daily Press. Fultonhistory.com. April 8, 1937. p. 20. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
  8. ^ "The Green Bus Strike: It Jeopardizes Public Service". Long Island Daily Press. Fultonhistory.com. October 24, 1939. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
  9. ^ "Local Bus Companies of Manhattan". May 17, 2006. Archived from the original on May 17, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  10. ^ a b c "Bus Routes Changed By Zone Plan; Some Riders to be Forced to Transfer; Committee Takes Corona Line From North Shore, Gives It to Tri-Boro". Long Island Daily Press (Long Island Sunday Press). No. 316. Fultonhistory.com. January 12, 1936. p. 4. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
  11. ^ a b "Bus Franchises For Queens Are Granted by City: 12-Year Old Problem Is Solved by Action of Board of Estimate". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. September 24, 1936. Retrieved January 1, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. ^ Roess, Roger P.; Sansone, Gene (August 23, 2012). The Wheels That Drove New York: A History of the New York City Transit System. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 270. ISBN 9783642304842.
  13. ^ "Bus Committee Tries Again To Fix Up Jamaica Zone: Report on Queens Situation Published in Fall". Long Island Daily Press (Long Island Sunday Press). No. 316. Fultonhistory.com. January 12, 1936. p. 1. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
  14. ^ "Bus Committee's Report". Long Island Daily Press (Long Island Sunday Press). No. 316. Fultonhistory.com. January 12, 1936. p. 8. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
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  16. ^ Roger P. Roess; Gene Sansone (August 23, 2012). The Wheels That Drove New York: A History of the New York City Transit System. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 416–417. ISBN 978-3-642-30484-2.
  17. ^ Green Bus Lines, Inc. (accessed January 19, 2007)
  18. ^ a b c d e "Queens Merchants Win More Bus Service". The New York Times. March 17, 1989. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
  19. ^ "165th Street Mall Improvement Association Annual Report – Fiscal Year 2009" (PDF). 165th Street Mall. 165th Street Mall Improvement Association. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
  20. ^ Lucev, Emil (June 18, 2010). "Historical Views of the Rockaways: The old Far Rockaway Station Plaza, Mott and Central Avenues, 1922". rockawave.com. The Wave. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
  21. ^ a b c d e "Queens Bus Map" (PDF). nycityhealth.com. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 1999. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 16, 2015. Retrieved July 6, 2015.
  22. ^ "mta.info | Planned Service Changes". April 27, 2010. Archived from the original on April 27, 2010. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  23. ^ "Bus Company Committee Meeting February 2010" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. February 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 25, 2010. Retrieved March 9, 2016.
  24. ^ "2008 Annual Report Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the Year Ended December 31, 2008" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. December 31, 2008. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
  25. ^ "Upcoming 2014 Bus Service Improvements Include New Routes, Extensions: $4.9 Million in Enhancements Planned for Routes in All Five New York City Boroughs". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. August 26, 2014. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
  26. ^ MTA Bus Company Service Advisories (Metropolitan Transportation Authority; April 2008)
  27. ^ a b "Q89 Bus Schedule" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 30, 2015. Retrieved September 30, 2015.
  28. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20101218020202/http://www.mta.info/news/pdf/MTAB_Revised_Service_Changes.pdf 2010 budget cut information-MTA Bus Company, archived February 25, 2011
  29. ^ a b c "Queens Bus Map: Notes" (PDF). mta.info. December 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 23, 2003. Retrieved July 6, 2015.
  30. ^ "mta.info | Planned Service Notices: JFK Airport Terminal 4 Bus Stop Relocation". May 31, 2012. Archived from the original on May 31, 2012. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
  31. ^ "MTA Bus Service Changes". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. June 2011. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  32. ^ a b c "Planned Service Changes: Effective Sunday, July 1, 2012". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2012. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
  33. ^ "Goldfeder Asks MTA For Q53 Public Input". Wave of Long Island. May 25, 2012. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
  34. ^ Gendron, Roger (June 8, 2012). "MTA Q11 Hamilton Beach service change". Leader-Observer. Archived from the original on December 31, 2015. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
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  37. ^ a b Rafter, Domenick (May 18, 2012). "Queens Tribune – DOT Eyes New Bus Route To Rockaways". Arverne by the Sea. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  38. ^ Briano, Nicholas (November 18, 2011). "MTA Creating Arverne Bus Service". Wave of Long Island. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
  39. ^ "Planned Service Changes: Q21 Rerouted to Arverne and Introduction of Weekday Peak Period Limited-Stop Service". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on July 13, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  40. ^ Roberts, Richard (April 12, 1985). "THE BEST PLACES TO PERCH TO SEE THE BIRDS CHECK IN". The New York Times. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
  41. ^ a b New York Times, Rockaway Bus Line Extends Service, July 3, 1937, page 17
  42. ^ "Bus Route Is Extended" (PDF). The New York Times. November 19, 1941. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  43. ^ a b "Appendix B: Route Profiles" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
  44. ^ a b Weir, Richard (May 2, 1999). "NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT: FAR ROCKAWAY; Express Bus? Not by a Long Stretch, Riders Say". The New York Times. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  45. ^ a b "Fewer Stops On MTA Rockaway Express Buses". The Wave of Long Island. August 11, 2006. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  46. ^ a b Queens Courier Staff (April 19, 2011). "NEWS BRIEFS". Queens Courier. Archived from the original on October 7, 2015. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
  47. ^ Rosenberg, Miriam (August 24, 2007). "Extended Route For QM16 Bus Announced". Wave of Long Island. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
  48. ^ "Bus Timetable: QM16/QM1& Spring 2011" (PDF). arvernebythesea.com. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Spring 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 16, 2015. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  49. ^ McCarthy, Ellen (December 16, 2011). "Move QM 16 Back". Wave of Long Island. Archived from the original on October 7, 2015. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
  50. ^ "Green Bus Lines, Inc. Keeps PACE with the...World of To-Morrow!". The Leader-Observer. Fultonhistory.com. April 27, 1939. p. 13. Retrieved March 27, 2016.
  51. ^ Moscow, Henry (July 21, 1947). "500 Queens Bus Drivers Stay Out; Mayor, Defied, Calls them 'Outlaws'". New York Post. Fultonhistory.com. p. 5. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
  52. ^ "Snipping $250,000 Worth of Ribbon". Long Island Daily Press. Fultonhistory.com. May 29, 1939. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
  53. ^ "Building Plan Filed" (PDF). The New York Times. May 4, 1951. Retrieved December 17, 2015.
  54. ^ a b Silverman, Norman (July 26, 2010). "The Merger of 7 Private Bus Companies into MTA Bus" (PDF). apta.com. American Public Transportation Association, Metropolitan Transportation Authority (New York). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 16, 2015. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  55. ^ a b Green Bus Lines (November 2, 1944). "Greasers". The Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. p. 7. Retrieved March 27, 2016.
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