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2013 Iranian presidential election

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2013 Iranian presidential election
← 2009 14 June 2013 2017 →
Turnout72.71%
 
Nominee Hassan Rouhani Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf Saeed Jalili
Party MDP PJP FIRS
Alliance Reformists Principlists Principlists
Popular vote 18,613,329 6,077,292 4,168,946
Percentage 50.71% 16.56% 11.36%
 
Nominee Mohsen Rezaee Ali Akbar Velayati
Party RFI FFLIL
Alliance Principlists Principlists
Popular vote 3,884,412 2,268,753
Percentage 10.58% 6.18%
Winning candidate by district
Rouhani: violet; Ghalibaf: yellow; Jalili: red; Rezaee: blue
President before election

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
ABII

Elected President

Hassan Rouhani
MDP

Presidential elections were held in Iran on 14 June 2013. Hassan Rouhani was elected in the first round with over 50% of the vote. Tehran Mayor Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf finished second with 17% of the vote.[1] Voter turnout was 73%.

The Guardian Council screened 680 registered candidates, approving eight to run in the election; Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf, Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel, Ali Akbar Velayati, Saeed Jalili, Mohsen Rezaee, Mohammad Gharazi, Hassan Rouhani and Mohammad Reza Aref. Haddad-Adel and Aref later withdrew from the race in the days leading up to the election. Incumbent President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was not able to run for re-election as he was limited to two terms or 8 years in office under the Iranian constitution.

Electoral system

[edit]
A man in Sarakhs casts his vote.

The President of Iran is the country's highest directly elected official, the chief of the executive branch, and the second most important position after the Supreme Leader. Duties are similar to heads of governments in other countries, except that the armed forces, Chief judiciary system, state television, and other key governmental organizations are under the control of the Supreme Leader of Iran. It is also an informal custom that cabinet ministers for sensitive departments like foreign relations and intelligence are coordinated with the Supreme Leader.

The president is elected using the two-round system. To win in the first round, a candidate must receive more than 50% of all votes cast (both valid and invalid).[2]

Any Iranian citizen born in Iran, believing in God and the official religion of Iran (Islam), who has always been loyal to the Constitution and is above 21 years of age may register as a presidential candidate. An institution called the Election Monitoring Agency (EMA) and managed by the Guardian Council vets registered candidates (in the 2009 election 36,000 people signed up as candidates) and selects a handful to run in the election. The Guardian Council does not announce publicly the reason for rejections of particular candidates although those reasons are explained to each candidate. Females who register as candidates have invariably been excluded from standing for election by the council.[3][4]

Electoral law

[edit]

One of the issues that has been raised in the pre-election debate over electoral reforms, especially regarding enforcement, situations of candidates. Executive of elections under previous law was ministry of interior (Government) and there were statements about changing of maintaining law. In addition, the law provided that the candidates must be political men and the meaning of men was not known. The changes began after the protests to the previous election. According to Iranian law, candidates more than 75 years old are eligible to run but their health issues must be checked by the Guardian Council.

The new act of the elections was approved by the parliament on 17 December 2012 and was signified by speaker of the parliament, Ali Larijani, to the president for official implementation.[5][6] Some of the changes are explained:

Act Before After (changed)
18 / 31
  • Ministry of Interior must announce the results
  • Ministry of Interior is the only official reference of the election.
  • Electoral Commission will announce the results after the Ministry of Interior confirmation*.
  • Ministry of Interior, under the Electoral Commission are the official references of the election.
64
  • Debates can be recorded.
  • Debates must be live.
  • If extortion about one candidate, he has the mandate to defend him/herself in next programs.

Timeline

[edit]
  • 7 May – The official registration of candidates began at the ministry of interior.[7]
  • 11 May – The time for registration was ended at 18:00 IRDT.
  • 21 May – The final list of candidates was announced by the Minister of Interior, Mostafa Mohammad Najjar. A number of 8 candidates are eligible to participate in the election.[8]
  • 24 May – Official propagation campaigns for the final candidates began.
  • 13 June – End of campaigns.
  • 14 June – Election date.
  • 15 June – Official results announced by Interior Ministry with Hassan Rouhani elected as the seventh President of Iran.
  • 25 June – Guardian Council confirmed the election results.
  • 1 August – President-elect met with Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei.
  • 3 August – Inauguration of new president, replacing Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.

Electoral Commission

[edit]

For the first time in the history of Iranian presidential elections, a commission of eleven persons (three legal, seven experts, and one from parliament) supervised the elections.[9][10]

Candidates

[edit]
See also: List of candidates in the 2013 Iranian presidential election

Registration for candidates took place from 7 to 11 May 2013.[11][12] Registered candidates' qualifications were then reviewed by the Guardian Council.[13] On 21 May 2013 eight candidates were approved for placement on the ballot. BBC News commented that all eight approved candidates were "considered hardline conservatives," with reformist candidates, notably former president Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, having been barred from standing.[14] In contrast, Lebanon's Daily Star newspaper described attempts by former presidents Rafsanjani and Mohammad Khatami to unite behind one or the other of two "reformist candidates," Hassan Rouhani and Mohammad Reza Aref.[15] Two of the eight, Aref and Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel, withdrew from the race on 10 and 11 June.[16][17]

Name Party Slogan Political background

Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf[18] 		Population For Progress and Justice
Change, Life, People
A glorious Iran 		Ghalibaf has been Mayor of Tehran since 2005. During the Iran–Iraq War, he was chief commander of Iran's Imam Ridha troops in 1982 and of its Nasr Troops from 1983 to 1984. After the war he became managing director of Khatam al-Anbia, an engineering firm controlled by the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps and also commander of the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force, in 1996. In 2000, he became chief of the Iranian Police Forces. He was also a candidate in 2005 presidential election.

Mohammad Gharazi[19] 		Independent
Government against Inflation 		Gharazi was Minister of Petroleum from 1981 to 1985 and Minister of Posts from 1985 to 1997. He was a member of the Iran's Parliament from 1980 to 1984 and Governor of Khuzestan from 1979 to 1980.

Saeed Jalili[20][21] 		Front of Islamic Revolution Stability
Hayat-e-Taiba 		Since 2007 Jalili has been Secretary of the Supreme National Security Council and therefore Iran's chief nuclear negotiator. He was previously Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2005 to 2007.

Mohsen Rezaee[22] 		Resistance Front of Islamic Iran
Say hello to life 		Rezaee has been Secretary of the Expediency Discernment Council since 1997. From 1981 to 1997 he was chief commander of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps. He has run for the presidency twice, in 2005 and 2009.

Hassan Rouhani[23] 		Moderation and Development Party
(Endorsed by Council for Coordinating the Reforms Front)
Government of Prudence and Hope 		Rouhani has been a member of the Assembly of Experts since 1999, head of the Center for Strategic Research since 1992, and a member of the Expediency Discernment Council since 1991. He has also served on the Supreme National Security Council since 1989; he was secretary of the council and therefore Iran's chief nuclear negotiator from 1989 to 2005. Rouhani was a member of Iran's parliament from 1980 to 2000, also serving as Deputy Speaker of the parliament from 1992 to 2000.

Ali Akbar Velayati[20][24] 		Front of Followers of the Line of the Imam and the Leader
(Endorsed by Society of Seminary)
Complementarity Government 		Velayati was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1981 to 1997 and Deputy Minister of Health from 1980 to 1981. He was a member of the Parliament from 1980 to 1981.

Withdrawn

[edit]

During the electoral campaign

[edit]

The following two candidates registered for the election and their nominations were approved by the Guardian Council, but withdrew their candidacies during the electoral campaign.

  • Mohammad Reza Aref, First Vice President (2001–2005) (endorsed Hassan Rouhani).
  • Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel, Speaker of the Parliament (2004–2008) (endorsed Conservative candidates; Progression Alliance).
Name Party Slogan Political background Endorsed

Mohammad-Reza Aref[25][26] 		Omid Iranian Foundation
Livelihoods, decent and honest life with dignity and rationality 		Aref was First Vice President of Iran from 2001 to 2005 in the second term of Mohammad Khatami. Livelihoods, decent and honest life with dignity and rationality. He previously served as Minister Information and Communications Technology and head of Management and Planning Organization in Khatami's first cabinet.He is also an electrical engineer and a professor at University of Tehran and Sharif University of Technology. He withdrew his candidacy on 11 June in order to give the reformist camp a better chance to win. Hassan Rouhani

Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel[27][28] 		Society of Devotees of the Islamic Revolution None Haddad-Adel, an Iranian parliamentarian who chaired it from 2004 to 2008 was one of Progression Alliance candidates. He was also president of Academy of Persian Language and Literature. He withdrew on 10 June in favor of a principlist candidate. Principlist candidates

Before the electoral campaign

[edit]

The following candidates registered for the election campaign but withdrew their candidacies before the electoral campaign.

Rejected

[edit]

The following candidates registered for the election but their nominations were rejected by the Guardian Council. All thirty registered female candidates were promptly disqualified on constitutional grounds.[37]

Declined

[edit]

The following people did not register for the election and declined to enter the race.

Endorsements

[edit]

While Rouhani is a high-ranking member of the Combatant Clergy Association,[66] his candidacy in the election was not supported by CCA which has conservative tendency.[67] He was supported by some moderate and reformist parties such as Moderation and Development Party and Islamic Iran Participation Front as well as Iranian reform movement's umbrella organization, Council for coordinating the Reforms Front. Rouhani's motto in the election is "E'tedal" which is translated to "Moderation" and he is described as a moderate politician by some western sources.[68][69]

Campaign

[edit]
Politics of Iran
Government of Islamic Republic of Iran
Leadership
Executive
Legislative
Judicial
Supreme Councils
Local governments
Elections
Political parties and factions
Inside government
Reformists
Principlists
Outside government
Monarchism
Liberalism
Nationalism
Pan-Iranism
Socialism
Intellectual backdrop
Foreign relations
Related topics

Debates

[edit]
Main article: Iranian presidential election debates, 2013

From 25 May to 12 June 2013, each of the eight final candidates has the right to use National TV and Radio (IRIB) for their presidential election campaigns. In total, each candidate will use 405 minutes on Public TV and 285 minutes on Public Radio. This time comprises the candidates' own campaign programs as well as participation in the specific discussion shows. In addition, there will be three main live group debates on TV. The debates are held in three chapters: the first was held on 31 May, and second on 5 May and third on 7 May between all eight candidates. They differed from the previous election debates, which were held person-by-person. The 2013 debates and TV shows are moderated by Morteza Heidari and Hassan Abedini.[74]

The following table shows the programme details and the time schedule for each candidate in Iranian Public TV. The times given are the local time (UTC +4:30 IRDT).[75]

Program title Channel & Time Repetition time 25 May
Sat 		26 May
Sun 		27 May
Mon 		28 May
Tue 		29 May
Wed 		30 May
Thu 		31 May
Fri 		1 June
Sat 		2 June
Sun
With Camera IRIB1, 20:00–20:30 — Rezaei Jalili Velayati Rouhani Ghalibaf Haddad Aref Gharazi
Special talk IRIB2, 22:45–23:30 — Jalili Velayati Rouhani Ghalibaf Aref Rezaei Gharazi Haddad
Reply Iranian abroad JJ1, 23:30–00:30 — Gharazi Aref 1 Haddad Jalili Velayati Rouhani Aref Ghalibaf Rezaei
Debate 1 IRIB1, 16:00–19:30 IRIB4, 21:00–00:30 All
Program title Channel & Time Repetition time 3 June
Mon 		4 June
Tue 		5 June
Wed 		6 June
Thu 		7 June
Fri 		8 June
Sat 		9 June
Sun 		10 June
Mon 		11 June
Tue 		12 June
Wed
Reply the experts IRIB4, 18:10–19:10 — Gharazi Haddad Rouhani Jalili Ghalibaf Aref Rezaei Velayati
Reply the youth IRIB3, 19:10–20:10 — Aref Ghalibaf Velayati Rezaei Haddad Gharazi Jalili Rouhani
Documentary 1–2 IRIB1, 20:10–20:40 JJ1, 23:30–24:00 Rezaei Velayati Ghalibaf Aref Jalili Rouhani Haddad 2 Gharazi
The talk IRINN, 22:30–23:00 — Rouhani Jalili Gharazi Haddad Velayati Rezaei Aref 2 Ghalibaf
Documentary 1–2 IRIB1, 23:30–24:00 JJ1, 00:30–01:00 Jalili Rouhani Haddad Gharazi Rezaei Velayati Ghalibaf Aref 2
Debate 2–3 IRIB1, 16:00–19:30 IRIB4, 21:00–00:30 All All

1 The first one-hour TV program of Mohammad-Reza Aref was cut after 15 minutes and did not continue.[76][77] Later, the program was completely shown again on Friday, 31 May 2013.[78]
2 Haddad and Aref's programs were not shown because they withdrew.[79]

State limits on the campaign

[edit]

On 9 June Brigadier General Seyyed Masoud Jazayeri, Deputy Chief of Joint Armed Forces Headquarters and head of the Defense Propaganda Headquarters, "warned" a "few of the candidates" that "we have warned before that it's better that candidates express their opinions within the framework of presidency's authority, and avoid entering in those issues related to security or the armed forces." Jazayeri added that the Pasdaran will confront those candidates "who have spread untrue information and painted a black picture [of the regime], after the election."

According to the Campaign for Human Rights in Iran, Jazayeri was "alluding to the two reformist candidates in the race, Mohammad Reza Aref and Hassan Rouhani". (Aref withdrew from the race 11 June)[80]

Also according to the Campaign, "several political activists and campaign workers have been arrested at political rallies, at their work places, and at their homes" since the beginning of June. In addition, "journalists and activists who had been imprisoned after the 2009 elections" and were later released on furlough "have been recalled to prison in the month leading to the election"[80]

In the run-up to the election, the internet was drastically slowed down with poor connectivity and since March virtual private networks have been blocked, resulting in the inability of Iranians to access thousands of foreign websites, as well as Twitter and Facebook.[81]

Supporters of Hassan Rouhani rally

Opinion polls

[edit]

The main online polls began after announcement of candidates' final list. The polls are divided into three main groups: field polls, telephone polls and internet polls.

IPOS polls

[edit]

As one of the few telephone polling systems in Iran, IPOS (Iranian Elections Tracking Polls) institute ran a daily poll system for the election, by claiming that they have the only official poll system in Iranian presidential election.[82][83] The poll is based on the daily phone interviews with a sample size of around 1,000 people per day.[84] The poll also reported that between 60 and 75% of the people confirmed they will participate in the presidential election.[85]

On 6 June 2013 Ghalibaf held a strong lead in the poll with the support of 39% of decided voters. However, the poll notified that 57% of voters are undecided, meaning that the poll result can be changed easily. Rezaee and Jalili had the second and third place with 16.8 and 13.9% of decided voters respectively.[84][86]

On 10 June 2013 Ghalibaf still held a lead in the presidential race, but this time with the support of 27% of decided voters. Ghalibaf votes has started to decrease after the third national TV debate held on 7 June 2013. The percentage of undecided voters decreased to 47%. Jalili and Rezaee had the second and third place with 16.5 and 16% of decided voters respectively. Rouhani's votes started to increase after the third national TV debate reaching from 8 to 14%. After Aref's withdrawal on 11 June 2013 and decreasing the undecided voters percentage, some significant changes in the percentages are expected in the following days.[87][88]

On 12 June 2013 Rouhani made a notable lead in the presidential race, reaching 32% of decided votes. Ghalibaf votes has continued to decrease to 24.4% of decided voters. The percentage of undecided voters decreased to 42%. Jalili, Rezaee and Velayati had the third to fifth place with a rally small margin of difference.[89][90]

On 13 June 2013 in the final results, Rouhani reached 38% of decided votes. Ghalibaf votes remained on 25% of decided voters. The percentage of undecided voters decreased to 38.7%. Rezaee, Jalili and Velayati were in third to fifth place.[91]

Poll source Date Total votes Jalili Haddad Rezaee Rouhani Aref Gharazi Ghalibaf Velayati decided votes (%)
IPOS[92][93] 3–6 June 2013 1,067 13.9% 4.4% 16.8% 8.1% 5.8% 0.7% 39.0% 11.5% 42.9%[94]
5–8 June 2013 1,067 14.8%Increase 4.5% Increase 16.4% Decrease 9.6%Increase 6.8% Increase 2.6% Increase 34.1% Decrease 11.3% Decrease 44.9%[95]
7–10 June 2013 1,067 16.5%Increase 3.5% Decrease 16.0% Decrease 14.4% Increase 8.4% Increase 2.7% Increase 27.1% Decrease 11.4% Increase 53.1%[96]
8–11 June 2013 1,067 13.7%Decrease 1.3% Decrease 16.3% Increase 26.6%Increase 5.1% Decrease 1.5% Decrease 24.8% Decrease 10.4% Decrease 57.6%[97]
9–12 June 2013 1,067 13.7%Steady 0.6% Decrease 14.3% Decrease 31.7% Increase 1.6% Decrease 1.4% Decrease 24.4% Decrease 12.7% Increase 57.8%[98]
10–13 June 2013 1,067 12.6%Decrease — 13.7% Decrease 38% Increase — 1.4% Steady 24.6% Increase 9.7% Decrease 61.3%[99]

Results

[edit]
Ballot which was used in the election

According to the Ministry of Interior, 50,483,192 were eligible to vote in the first round.[100] Over 66,000 polling stations were set up across the country. Expatriates were able to vote in 285 polling stations set-up in their respective countries.[citation needed] Due to its massive population, Tehran Province had the highest number of polling stations with over 17,000.[citation needed]

Rouhani narrowly avoided a second round, receiving 50.71% of all votes cast. At 20:30 the ministry announced Rouhani as the new president.[citation needed]

CandidatePartyVotes%
Hassan RouhaniModeration and Development Party18,613,32952.49
Mohammad Bagher GhalibafProgress and Justice Population6,077,29217.14
Saeed JaliliFront of Islamic Revolution Stability4,168,94611.76
Mohsen RezaeeResistance Front of Islamic Iran3,884,41210.95
Ali Akbar VelayatiFront of Followers of the Line of the Imam and the Leader2,268,7536.40
Mohammad GharaziIndependent446,0151.26
Total35,458,747100.00
Valid votes35,458,74796.61
Invalid/blank votes1,245,4093.39
Total votes36,704,156100.00
Registered voters/turnout50,483,19272.71
Source: Ministry of Interior

By province

[edit]

The table below displays the official vote tallies by province.

Provinces/districts won by Rouhani
Provinces/districts won by Rezaee

Turnout

[edit]

Officials said over 72 percent of over 50 million eligible Iranians turned out to vote.[128]

Reactions

[edit]

Prior to the election, the Foreign Ministry's spokesperson, Abbas Araghchi accused France and the United States of interfering in the electoral process after the two countries' officials criticised the nomination process and the disqualifications.[129] Hours after the announcement of preliminary results, Ali Akbar Velayati and Mohammad Gharazi both conceded their loss in the election and congratulated the president-elect.[130][131] Mohammad Reza Aref, the withdrawing candidate also published via his Twitter account, congratulating the new president and thanked people for voting for the reform movement.[132] Hassan Rouhani, Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf and Mohsen Rezaee's campaigns also thanked the nation on their high participation in the election.[133] Tehran Stock Exchange's index also reached more than 46,000 units that was highest since February 2013.[134] Supreme Leader, Ali Khamenei also congratulated Rouhani on his election as new president of the country.[135]

Inauguration

[edit]
Main article: First inauguration of Hassan Rouhani

The inauguration of Hassan Rouhani as the 7th President of Iran took place on two rounds, first on Saturday 3 August 2013 whereby he received his presidential precept from Supreme Leader and entered to the Sa'dabad Palace, official residence of the president in a private ceremony. The second was on the next day with sworn in for the office in the Parliament of Iran.

Hassan Rouhani inauguration

Maps

[edit]
  • Votes received by Rouhani per districts
    Votes received by Rouhani per districts
  • Votes received by Ghalibaf per districts
    Votes received by Ghalibaf per districts
  • Votes received by Jalili per districts
    Votes received by Jalili per districts
  • Votes received by Rezaee per districts
    Votes received by Rezaee per districts
  • Votes received by Velayati per districts
    Votes received by Velayati per districts
[edit]
  • Supreme leader of Iran casts his vote
    Supreme leader of Iran casts his vote
  • People for presidential candidates
    People for presidential candidates
  • Rouhani among his supporters in Tabriz
    Rouhani among his supporters in Tabriz
  • People voting on the election day
    People voting on the election day
  • Rouhani supporters celebrating after the announcement of the results
    Rouhani supporters celebrating after the announcement of the results

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[edit]
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[edit]

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