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Flora of Lebanon

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The emblematic Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani) in Al Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve.

The flora of Lebanon includes approximately 2,600 plant species.[1] Situated on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Basin, Lebanon is a reservoir of plant diversity and one of the world's biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Endemic species constitute 12% of the Lebanese flora; 221 plant species are broad endemics and 90 are narrow endemics.[2][3] Important Plant Areas (IPAs) featuring the country exceptional botanical richness were defined in 2018.[4]

The natural vegetation of Lebanon has been threatened by overexploitation and fragmentation as a result of urban expansion, overgrazing, tourism and the impact of warfare.[5] The cedar of Lebanon is the national symbol of the country; growing in the Lebanon Mountain range, these trees have been heavily harvested over the years for their valuable timber and few mature trees still remain.[6] Nevertheless, Lebanon is more heavily wooded than most other countries in the region and pine, oak, fir, beech, cypress and juniper are to be found in the mountain areas although the Beqaa valley has little tree cover.[6] Where timber has been extracted and woodland destroyed, scrub has taken over; in the Lebanon Mountain area this is mostly Ceratonia, oak and Pistacia, and in the Anti-Lebanon range the scrub is mostly Pistacia and wild almond.[7] Other native trees such as the Lebanese wild apple, Judas tree and Syrian maple are being grown experimentally as a conservation strategy to see if they are amenable to container production.[5]

The Al Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve was established in 1996 to preserve an old stand of cedar in central Lebanon. It covers 550 km2 (212 sq mi), which is 5.3% of the country's total area, and includes 620 hectares (1,500 acres) of cedar forest which, with the exclusion of livestock is successfully regenerating. There are 24 kinds of tree in the reserve and 436 species of plant, including about 48 which are endemic to Lebanon, Syria and Turkey.[8]

Apart from trees, there are a large number of flowering plants, ferns and mosses in the country. Many of the plants bloom after the winter rains, and the annual plants germinate at this time, grow, flower and set seed while the soil is moist enough to support them. One plant endemic to the country is the endangered Lebanon violet, found high up in rocky shrubland on the west side of Mount Lebanon.[9]

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References

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  1. ^ "Lebanon FLORA". www.lebanon-flora.org. Archived from the original on 2019-05-11. Retrieved 2019-10-31.
  2. ^ Sattout, Elsa J. (2009). "TERRESTRIAL FLORA DIVERSITY IN JABAL MOUSSA : PRELIMINARY SITE DIAGNOSIS" (PDF). Jabal Moussa. p. 4. Retrieved 31 August 2013.[permanent dead link‍]
  3. ^ "Overview". CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL. Retrieved 31 August 2013..
  4. ^ Bou Dagher-Kharrat, Magda; El Zein, Hicham; Rouhan, Germinal (2018-06-01). "Setting conservation priorities for Lebanese flora—Identification of important plant areas". Journal for Nature Conservation. 43: 85–94. doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2017.11.004. ISSN 1617-1381.
  5. ^ a b Zahreddine, Hala G.; Struve, Daniel K.; Talhouk, Salma N. (2008). "Growth and Nutrient Partitioning of Containerized Malus trilobata Schneid. and Acer syriacum Boiss. and Gaill. Under Two Fertigation Regimes". HortScience. 43 (6): 1746–1752. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.43.6.1746.
  6. ^ a b Goldstein, Margaret J. (2004). Lebanon in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 12–16. ISBN 978-0-8225-1171-7.
  7. ^ Mallon, David P.; Kingswood, Steven Charles (2001). Antelopes: North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. IUCN. pp. 99–101. ISBN 978-2-8317-0594-1.
  8. ^ "Ecosystems". Shouf Biosphere Reserve. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  9. ^ Leaman, D.J. (2015). "Viola libanotica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T203580A2768906. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T203580A2768906.en.
  10. ^ "Catalogue of Life : Achillea maritima (L.) Ehrend. & Y.P.Guo". www.catalogueoflife.org. Archived from the original on 2017-04-22. Retrieved 2017-04-21.
  11. ^ "Catalogue of Life : Adonis flammea Jacq". www.catalogueoflife.org. Retrieved 2017-04-21.
  12. ^ World Flora Online (2023). "WFO (2024): Ulmus minor Mill". World Flora Online. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  • "Species by scientific name". Flora of Lebanon. Faculty of Sciences - Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
  • Mashaka Houri, Nisrine; Houri, Ahmad. "Wildflowers of Lebanon". Wild Flowers of Lebanon. Ahmad and Nisrin Houri. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  • "Index" (PDF). CNRS. National Council for Scientific Research. Retrieved 2016-12-22.
  • Sabbagh, Tohmé, Henriette; (Lebanon), Majlis al-Waṭanī lil-Buḥūth al-ʻIlmīyah (2014). Illustrated flora of Lebanon. ISBN 9789953028903. OCLC 908336826.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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