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Eunice Paiva

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Eunice Paiva
Born
Maria Lucrécia Eunice Facciolla Paiva

(1929-11-07)November 7, 1929
São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
DiedDecember 13, 2018(2018-12-13) (aged 89)
São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
NationalityBrazilian
EducationUniversidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie
OccupationAdvocate
SpouseRubens Paiva (m. 1952; died 1971)[1]
Children5, including Marcelo Rubens Paiva[2]

Maria Lucrécia Eunice Facciolla Paiva (November 7, 1929 – December 13, 2018) was a Brazilian lawyer and activist of the anti-military dictatorship movement in Brazil.[3][4][5] After losing her husband, the former federal deputy Rubens Paiva, to the Military Dictatorship then in force and which denied her any answers regarding his whereabouts, Eunice, also in the express need to ensure the proper maintenance of herself and her children, re-entered and graduated from the Faculty of Law at the Mackensie Presbyterian University and advocated for the human rights of victims of political repression and their families, as well as for indigenous rights.[6][7][8]

Biography

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Eunice Paiva spent her childhood in the neighborhood of Brás, in the city of São Paulo, where she lived in a community of Italians who came to Brazil at the beginning of the 20th century, and later moved with her family to the neighborhood of Higienópolis, a noble district of the city.[9] From childhood, she cultivated a love of reading. At the age of eighteen, she graduated in Literature from Mackenzie Presbyterian University and spoke fluent French and English.[10] At the age of 23, she married engineer and politician Rubens Beyrodt Paiva, who was involved in labor causes, and with whom she had five children: Vera Sílvia Facciolla Paiva (1953), Maria Eliana Facciolla Paiva (1955), Ana Lúcia Facciolla Paiva (1957), Marcelo Rubens Paiva (1959) and Maria Beatriz Facciolla Paiva (1960).[11][12] She was friends with great writers such as Lygia Fagundes Telles, Antônio Callado and Haroldo de Campos.[8]

Living at Avenida Delfim Moreira [pt], in the Leblon neighborhood, in the south of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Eunice and Rubens kept their children living comfortably.[13][14][15] In January 20, 1971, however, six enlisted claiming to belong to the Brazilian Air Force invaded and occupied their residence, immediately taking arrested, torturing and helding Rubens captive in the cellars of the DOI-CODI in Rio de Janeiro by the Military Dictatorship then in force until passing away from his injuries one day later[16]. In the meantime of her husband's death, Eunice and one of her daughters, Eliana, were also arrested (Eunice was interrogated and held captive for 12 days while Eliana was released a day later after assuming that Rubens had just passed away)[17][18][19][20]. In 1973, Eunice re-entered Mackenzie University and began her law degree, graduating at the age of 47.[8] She was Catholic and attended mass on Sundays.[21]

Career

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Playing a central role in the search for information on her husband's whereabouts, Eunice Paiva led campaigns to open archives on victims of the military regime and became a symbol of the fight against the military dictatorship.[22] Due to her militancy and criticism of the regime, she and her children were watched by military agents from 1971 until 1984, as shown by documents from the National Intelligence Service (SNI) that were made public in 2013.[23] Eunice played a significant role in advocating for the recognition of disappeared individuals under Law 9.140/95, which acknowledges the deaths of people who disappeared due to their political activities during the military dictatorship. She was invited to attend the ceremony where President Fernando Henrique Cardoso signed the law, making her the only relative of a disappeared person present at the event.[24][25] In 1996, after 25 years, Eunice managed to get the Brazilian state to officially issue Rubens Paiva's death certificate. She was also one of the main lobbying forces behind the enactment of Law 9.140/95.[11][26][27][28][29]

In her work as a lawyer, Eunice Paiva dedicated herself to the indigenous cause, acting professionally against the violence and undue expropriation of land suffered by the indigenous population.[7] In October 1983, she signed with Manuela Carneiro da Cunha, in the "Tendências e Debates" section of Folha de S. Paulo, the article "Defend the Pataxós", which was a milestone in the Brazilian indigenous struggle and served as a model for other indigenous peoples, including Africans, Americans and Eskimos.[7][30] In 1987, together with other partners, she founded the Institute of Anthropology and the Environment (IAMA), a non-governmental organization, that worked until 2001 to defend the autonomy of indigenous peoples.[9][31] In 1988, she was a consultant to indigenous agendas to the National Constituent Assembly, which promulgated the Constitution of Brazil.[8]

Death

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She died on December 13, 2018, at the age of 89, in the city of São Paulo, after 15 years of living with Alzheimer's.[10][32][33]

[edit]

Released in 1978, the documentary Eunice, Clarice, Thereza, directed by Joatan Berbel, tells the story of three widows of political prisoners: Clarice Herzog (widow of journalist Vladimir Herzog); Thereza Fiel (widow of worker Manoel Fiel Filho [pt]); Eunice Paiva. Three women united against the dictatorship and the repression of the military regime.[34][35]

Published in 2015, the autobiographical novel Ainda Estou Aqui [pt], written by her son, Marcelo Rubens Paiva, deals with the life of Eunice Paiva and draws parallels between her story and the period of dictatorship in Brazil. The book won third place in the Jabuti Prize in the reader nomination category and was nominated for the Oceanos awards, as well as being included in the list of the best books of 2015 by the newspaper O Globo.[36][2][37]

The book Ainda Estou Aqui has been adapted for the cinema. Directed by Walter Salles and starring Fernanda Torres as Eunice and Selton Mello as Rubens Paiva, I'm Still Here was released in Brazil on November 7, 2024.[38][39] The film won Best Screenplay at the 2024 Venice Film Festival and was chosen to represent Brazil at the 2025 Oscars in the category of Best International Film.[40][41]

References

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  1. ^ Maturana, João (September 22, 2024). "Quem foi Eunice Paiva, mulher que inspirou Ainda Estou Aqui e é interpretada por Fernanda Torres no filme?". AdoroCinema (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on October 9, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  2. ^ a b "Jabuti 2016: "Ainda estou aqui"". Companhia das Letras. November 28, 2016. Archived from the original on November 21, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  3. ^ Gorgulho, Guilherme. "Marcelo Rubens Paiva returns to Unicamp". Jornal da Unicamp. Archived from the original on November 21, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  4. ^ "I'm Still Here". Toronto International Film Festival. Archived from the original on September 21, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  5. ^ Bernardes, Larissa (December 13, 2018). "Dilma lamenta a morte de Eunice Paiva: "permanece viva e cheia de força em nossos corações"". Diário do Centro do Mundo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on December 5, 2024. Retrieved December 5, 2024.
  6. ^ "Morre Eunice Paiva, protagonista na luta contra a ditadura". Instituto Vladimir Herzog (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2018-12-13. Archived from the original on November 16, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  7. ^ a b c Ferreira, Mariana Rodrigues Festucci (2016). "Eunice Paiva: uma Antígona brasileira na defesa dos direitos humanos para além da finda-linha". Analytica: Revista de Psicanálise (in Portuguese). 7 (12): 22–40. ISSN 2316-5197. Archived from the original on November 8, 2024.
  8. ^ a b c d "Eunice Paiva". Memorias da Ditadura (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on November 16, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  9. ^ a b Menezes, Penélope (2024-11-12). "'Ainda Estou Aqui': quem foi Eunice Paiva, vivida por Fernanda Torres?". O Povo (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on November 21, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  10. ^ a b "Viúva de Rubens Paiva, Eunice morre aos 89 anos". Valor Econômico (in Brazilian Portuguese). December 13, 2018. Archived from the original on November 10, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  11. ^ a b Teodózio, Ana (June 16, 2020). "Enredos de resistência da família Paiva: violência política, solidariedade e afetuosidade (1971 – 2015)". Federal University of Sergipe. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  12. ^ "Rubens Beirodt Paiva". Memorias da Ditadura (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on July 10, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  13. ^ Filho, William (November 9, 2024). "'Ainda estou aqui': A morte de Rubens Paiva e a luta de uma mulher pela verdade". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on November 14, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  14. ^ Lucena, Eleonora; Lucena, Rodolfo (January 20, 2024). "Rubens Paiva, 50 anos depois de sua prisão política e de seu assassinato". Brasil de Fato (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  15. ^ Carvalho, Priscila (September 27, 2024). "'Ainda estou aqui': por que caso de Rubens Paiva relatado no filme segue sem resolução no STF". BBC News Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on November 9, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  16. ^ "Comissão Nacional da Verdade aponta autores da morte de Rubens Paiva". Agência Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2014-02-28. Retrieved 2024-12-20.
  17. ^ Nogueira, André (January 20, 2020). "Há 49 anos, Rubens Paiva era sequestrado e torturado pela ditadura militar brasileira". Aventuras na História (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on November 21, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  18. ^ Rónai, Cora (October 31, 2024). "Crônica da casa assassinada". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on November 21, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  19. ^ Leitão, Miriam; Renato, Claudio (March 2, 2013). "Pela primeira vez, filha de Rubens Paiva conta o que passou". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on May 21, 2022. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  20. ^ "Filhos e mães na Comissão da Verdade". www.al.sp.gov.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-12-19.
  21. ^ Gabriel, Ruan (November 7, 2024). "Eles ainda estão aqui: filhos de Eunice e Rubens Paiva falam sobre o filme que retrata a luta da mãe contra a ditadura". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on November 28, 2024. Retrieved December 10, 2024.
  22. ^ "Ainda Estou Aqui: quem foi Eunice Paiva, a personagem de Fernanda Torres". Veja Rio (in Brazilian Portuguese). November 8, 2024. Archived from the original on November 21, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  23. ^ "Filhos e viúva de Rubens Paiva foram vigiados pela ditadura". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). February 7, 2014. Archived from the original on November 21, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  24. ^ Neri, Emanuel (September 5, 1995). "Fala de FHC divide familiares". Folha de S.Paulo. Archived from the original on November 21, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  25. ^ Alencar, Chico (November 18, 2024). "Chico Alencar: Ainda estou aqui". Diário do Rio de Janeiro (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on November 21, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  26. ^ Mandim, Ana (February 2, 1996). "Morte de Rubens Paiva é reconhecida após 25 anos". Folha de S.Paulo. Archived from the original on September 5, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  27. ^ Fernandes, Filipe (May 17, 2020). "Políticas de Memória: a atuação do Estado brasileiro frente ao seu passado ditatorial militar – da Lei de Anistia ao governo Bolsonaro" (PDF). Federal University of Pelotas. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 5, 2024. Retrieved December 5, 2024.
  28. ^ Dal Piva, Juliana (September 1, 2016). "A construção da busca por Rubens Paiva: um estudo de caso nas investigações sobre o desaparecimento do parlamentar". Fundação Getúlio Vargas. Archived from the original on December 5, 2024. Retrieved December 5, 2024.
  29. ^ Lima, Lorrayne (November 30, 2023). "Escrevendo e reescrevendo a história: narrativas de si e heranças de resistência ao golpe civil-militar no Brasil nas obras de Marcelo Rubens Paiva (1982/2015)" (PDF). Federal University of Uberlândia. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 5, 2024. Retrieved December 5, 2024.
  30. ^ Paiva, Eunice; Cunha, Manuela (October 10, 1983). "Defendam os Pataxós" (PDF). Folha de S. Paulo. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 22, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  31. ^ Mazzei, Amanda (November 13, 2024). "Ailton Krenak: 'É impossível contar história do movimento indígena na ditadura sem falar de Eunice Paiva'". Central Brasileira de Notícias (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on November 18, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  32. ^ "Eunice Paiva, símbolo da luta contra a ditadura militar, morre em SP aos 86 anos". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). December 13, 2018. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  33. ^ "Símbolo de combate à ditadura, morre Eunice Paiva aos 86 anos". Workers' Party. December 13, 2018. Archived from the original on December 17, 2018. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  34. ^ "Curta-metragem "Eunice, Clarice, Thereza" (diretor Joatan Vilela Berbel)". TV Câmara (in Brazilian Portuguese). August 17, 2007. Archived from the original on November 21, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  35. ^ "EUNICE, CLARICE, THERESA | Antropologia". Faculty of Philosophy, Languages and Human Sciences, University of São Paulo. Archived from the original on November 21, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  36. ^ Kusumoto, Meire (November 25, 2016). "Marcelo Rubens Paiva vence em categoria de votação popular do Jabuti | VEJA Meus Livros". Veja (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on November 21, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  37. ^ Freitas, Guilherme; Cazes, Leonardo; Filgueiras, Mariana; Campos, Mateus (December 26, 2015). "O ano de 2015 na literatura". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on December 27, 2015. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  38. ^ Soto, Cesar (November 7, 2024). "'Ainda estou aqui' estreia com aviso contra ditaduras: 'democracia é falha, mas é o melhor que temos', diz Fernanda Torres | Cinema". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on November 10, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  39. ^ ""Ainda estou aqui" enfim chega às telonas neste fim de semana". A Tribuna Rio (in Brazilian Portuguese). November 8, 2024. Archived from the original on November 21, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  40. ^ Pinto, Flávio (September 23, 2024). ""Ainda Estou Aqui" é escolhido para representar o Brasil no Oscar 2025". CNN Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on November 8, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  41. ^ "Cotada para o Oscar, Fernanda Torres não era a primeira opção de Walter Salles para 'Ainda estou aqui'; saiba em quem diretor pensou". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). November 8, 2024. Archived from the original on November 13, 2024. Retrieved 2024-11-21.
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