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Emblem of Vietnam

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National Emblem of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam
ArmigerSocialist Republic of Vietnam
Adopted30 November 1955 (D.R. Vietnam)
2 July 1976 (S.R. Vietnam; current version)
ShieldGules, a five-pointed star of the field Or, in base a cogwheel of ten teeth also Or
SupportersTwo garbs of rice Or, each of five ears and fifty-four grains
MottoCỘNG HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM
("Socialist Republic of Vietnam")
Earlier version(s)
UseEmblem of North Vietnam (1956-1976)

The National Emblem of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Quốc huy nước Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam, lit. 'State emblem of the nation of Socialist Republic of Vietnam') or simply the Emblem of Vietnam, has been one of the official national symbols representing the Socialist Republic of Vietnam since 1976. It is designed circular and based on the symbolism of the Vietnamese national flag, having a red background and a yellow star in the middle which represent the five main classes in Vietnamese society—intellectuals, farmers, workers, business people and military personnel; the revolutionary history and bright future of Vietnam. The cog and crops represent the cooperation of agriculture and industrial labor.[1]

According to the Constitution of Vietnam:

The national emblem of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is circular in shape; in the middle of a red background is a five-pointed golden star framed by rice ears below which is half a cogwheel and the inscription: Socialist Republic of Vietnam".

— The 1992 Constitution of Vietnam, Article 142[2]

It is blazoned as:

On a roundel Gules, a mullet Or of the field, in base a cogwheel of ten teeth also Or; surrounded by two garbs of rice Or, each of five ears and fifty-four grains, tied by a ribbon Gules fimbriated Or and inscribed with the words CỘNG HOÀ XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA in chief and VIỆT NAM in base, all letters Or.

History

[edit]

Democratic Republic of Vietnam

[edit]
A document issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs calling for the creation of a national emblem and a national seal for the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (dated 28 January 1951)

During the 1950s, a number of countries around the world established diplomatic relations with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.[3] In order to expand relations with other countries and affirm Vietnam's sovereignty through diplomatic activities, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has sent an official dispatch to the National Assembly Standing Committee on the creation of the national emblem.[3] The Workers' Party of North Vietnam and the North Vietnamese government advocated for the creation of a national emblem "to achieve orderliness for international dealings".[3] The coat of arms was designed by artist Bùi Trang Chước and was edited by artist Trần Văn Cẩn.[4][5]

North Vietnam adopted its national emblem on 30 November 1955.[citation needed]

In June 1953 Bùi Trang Chước entered a contest to design the national emblem of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, in which he submitted 112 different detailed research drawings, sketches and pencil drawings.[6] Of his submissions 15 sketches were selected by the Central Committee of Fine Arts and Arts and sent to the Ministry of Propaganda for submission to the Prime Minister in October 1954.[6]

Since Vietnam is a communist state, the design closely resembles the emblem of the People's Republic of China and is also based on the coat of arms of the Soviet Union.

Issuance of the national emblem in North Vietnam
The emblem design approved by the National Assembly of Vietnam on September of 1955.
The emblem was issued and made effective by Ho Chi Minh's administration on January of 1956, which has then became the standardised design for the Vietnamese emblem until now.

Later, in his memoir "I draw the model of the National Emblem" (Tôi vẽ mẫu Quốc huy) by Bùi Trang Chước published on 26 April 1985, he wrote: "My last sketch of the [North] Vietnamese National Emblem back then was for presentation. In a circular shape, the two sides are surrounded by Vietnamese rice grains with some rice flowers hanging inside holding an anvil at the bottom, symbolising agriculture. Under the anvil is a silk strip that later received the words "Democratic Republic of Vietnam" (Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa). The two ends of the silk strip wrap the two sides of the rice flower from the bottom up, each side two segments. In the upper centre in the background is a yellow star superimposed on a red background, under the star near the center of the background is an arc of the sun with rays around it, evoking an image of dawn."[7] He noted that his entire National Emblem design uses only two colours yellow and red, the traditional colours of the nation.[7]

After sending this sketch for comment to the North Vietnamese president Hồ Chí Minh a number of corrections were requested. President Hồ Chí Minh commented that: "The image of the anvil is an individual handicraft, so the image should be replaced with something that represents modern industry."[7] After three edits, from early 1955 to September 1955, painter Bùi Trang Chước completed the model.[7]

Regarding this last sample of the North Vietnamese national emblem, artist Bùi Trang Chước wrote: "This time I also drew a circle around the two sides, there are more rice flowers extending upwards, adjacent to the border. Each of them are located at the top of the circle, the two sides still keep the rice flowers hanging down to embrace now a cogwheel rather than an anvil. At the bottom, the silk ribbon in the middle has the words Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa ("Democratic Republic of Vietnam"). The silk ribbon is still wrapped on the rice stalks with 2 sections on each side, the roots of the rice flowers cross each other to form the emblem."[7] The sun below the star and its rays were also removed.[7] In terms of colour, the background inside of the North Vietnamese National Emblem and the silk medal is red, while other motifs such as the rice flowers, stars and wheels are yellow.[7]

After the 5th National Assembly session (September 1955) gave advice to correct a few minor details before the national emblem could be approved.[7] But because at the time Bùi Trang Chước had to accept the government's secret mission to the People's Republic of China to draw and paint designs for the new banknotes, the editing of a few details (such as the lengthening of the rice stalks from the base to the sole) was assigned to artist Trần Văn Cẩn.[7]

Socialist Republic of Vietnam

[edit]

Following the merger of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam with the Republic of South Vietnam on 2 July 1976, a slightly modified version was adopted by the newly established Socialist Republic of Vietnam.[8] The new version replaced the wording "Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa" with "Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam".

In 2007 a representative of the National Assembly of Vietnam, the artist Trần Khánh Chương, commented that the printing process of Vietnam's national emblems featured too many errors and problems,[9] resulting in many inaccurate "versions". Notable errors included: the rice corn is too big (just like the wheat corn), the gear only has six teeth instead of ten, the circles inside the gear are not accurate, and the space between the rice corn appears uneven.[10]

On 25 December 2021 the Prime Minister of Vietnam issued Quyết định số 2198/QĐ-TTg (Decision No. 2198/QD-TTg) on the recognition of National Treasures which declared the collections of the 1953–1955 North Vietnamese national emblem proposals by Bùi Trang Chước as a national treasure, these sketches are currently (as of December 2022) kept at the National Archives Center III, Department of State Records and Archives, Ministry of Home Affairs.[11] After this decision these sketches were put on public display as a part of the "Ký ức của bạn, lịch sử của chúng ta" ("Your memory – Our history") exhibition.[11] To aid researchers (both Vietnamese and foreign) the National Archives Center III plans on digitising the North Vietnamese national emblem proposals and make them publicly available online.[11]

Others

[edit]

Nguyễn dynasty

[edit]
Main article: Coat of arms of the Nguyễn dynasty

The national coat of arms of the Nguyễn dynasty was introduced during the reign of the Thành Thái Emperor after the imperial court in Huế ordered ceramics from the French Alfred Hache & Co. porcelain factory in Vierzon, Cher department and Paris in 1903, this coat of arms featured a scroll with the country's name (國號, quốc hiệu), Đại Nam (大南), supported by a five-clawed dragon and a horizontal sword.[12][13] These ceramics were then used to service foreign delegates visiting Huế on diplomatic missions.[12][13] As coats of arms were considered national symbols representing the sovereignty of a country in international relations, the usage of "Đại Nam coat of arms" was considered not unexpected of nationalism while the country was under French domination.[12]

Later during the Khải Định period a different version of their coat of arms appears on blue porcelains produced by the Manufacture nationale de Sèvres.[13]

Personalised versions of the coat of arms were also used during the Khải Định and Bảo Đại periods. Khải Định's imperial seal contained a version of the imperial coat of arms but with the six Chinese characters "Khải Định Đại Nam Hoàng đế" (啟定大南皇帝) on the scroll instead of the country's name.[14] During the Bảo Đại period the scroll only contained two Chinese characters bearing the reign era of the emperor.[15] His personal coat of arms continued to be used by members of the House of Nguyễn Phúc after the abolition of the Nguyễn dynasty.[16]

State of Vietnam

[edit]

The coat of arms of the State of Vietnam (which after the 1954 Geneva Agreements became known as "South Vietnam") featured a blue dragon (a symbol of the Nguyễn dynasty) on an escutcheon (shield) of yellow and red stripes.[17]

List

[edit]
Historical heraldry
Symbol Use Duration Description
Ancient period
Bronze drum of Văn Lang (Đông Sơn culture), attributed to the legendary Hồng Bàng dynasty. 600 BCE or earlier – 258 BCE The patterns on the Đông Sơn drums bear a realistic style and show stilted houses, dancing people, people pounding rice, beating drums, and sailing, together with animals and birds. The scenes depict daily life of ancient Việt and reflect the contemporary artistic talent and mind.[a]
Imperial seal of Emperor Văn of Nam Việt. 137 BCE – 124 BCE The inscription Văn đế hành tỉ (文帝行璽) written in seal script.
Imperial Vietnam
Seal of the Nguyễn lords, later imperial seal of the Nguyễn dynasty. 1709–1777, 1780–1802 (Nguyễn lords)
1802–1846 (Nguyễn dynasty)[18]		 The inscription Đại Việt quốc Nguyễn Chúa vĩnh trấn chi bảo (大越國阮𪐴永鎮之寶, "Seal of the eternal government of the Nguyễn Lords of the Kingdom of Great(er) Viêt") written in seal script.[18][19]
Imperial seal of the Tây Sơn dynasty. The inscription Triều đường chi ấn (朝堂之印, "Seal of the Court") written in seal script.
Imperial seal of the Nguyễn dynasty. 1846–1945 The inscription Đại Nam thụ thiên vĩnh mệnh truyền quốc tỷ (大南受天永命傳國璽, "The Great South has the eternal Mandate of Heaven, jade seal for the transmission of the legacy of the Empire") written in seal script.[18][20]
Colonial Vietnam
Seal of French Cochinchina and later French Indochina.[21] 1879–1954 The Great Seal of France with minor localisations. On the colonial seal a sheaf of rice replaces the traditional French symbols for agriculture (a sheaf of wheat), the arts (painter's tools), and science (burning lamp). On the right side of the seal the branches of oak were replaced by an anchor,[b] and the removal of the Gallic cock on the rudder. Furthermore, and of symbolic importance, the urn symbolising universal suffrage on the French Great Seal was omitted from the colonial seal.
Influences:
Coat of arms of French Cochinchina.[22] A blazon shield with many blue triangles, resembling a serrated ribbon typically found on Imperial Chinese and Vietnamese flags, surrounding a black interior.
Influences:
Great seal of the viceroy of the French protectorate of Tonkin.[23][24] 1886–1897 The inscription Khâm sai đại thần quan phòng (欽差大臣關防, "Quan phòng (seal) of the Imperial Commissioner") written in seal script.
Coat of arms of the French protectorate of Annam.[25] A sword per fess charged with a scroll, inscribed with two Traditional Chinese characters (大南) and supported by a single Vietnamese dragon.
Variant coat of arms of the French protectorate of Annam.[25] A golden five-clawed dragon positioned affronté.
Influences:
Emblem of the Government-General of French Indochina. The letters GGI standing for "Gouvernement général de l'Indochine".
The Vietnamese-style seal of the Government-General of French Indochina. The inscription Đại Pháp Quốc Khâm mệnh Tổng thống Đông Dương Toàn quyền đại thần quan nho (大法國欽命總統東洋全權大臣關伩) written in seal script.[c]
North Vietnam
Emblem of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. 30 November 1955 – 2 July 1976 Circular in shape; in the middle of a red background is a five-pointed gold star framed by rice ears below which is half a cog wheel and the inscription "Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa" (Democratic Republic of Vietnam).
Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina
Coat of arms of the Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina.[citation needed] 1946–1948 Or, a pale Azure charged with two pallets Argent.
Provisional Central Government of Vietnam
Coat of arms of the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam.[26] 1948–1949 The pale and pallets of the South Vietnamese flag (Cờ vàng ba sọc đỏ), arranged vertically in an escutcheon.
State of Vietnam
Grand Seal of the State of Vietnam.[27][d] 1949–1954 A seal with the inscription "Quốc-gia Việt-Nam – Đức Bảo Đại – Quốc-trưởng" written in Latin script and "保大國長" (top-to-bottom, right-to-left) in seal script.
Coat of arms of the State of Vietnam. 1954 – 26 October 1955 The pale and pallets gules of the South Vietnamese flag (Cờ vàng ba sọc đỏ), arranged vertically in an escutcheon or, bordured gules, and charged with a Vietnamese dragon azure passant.[17]
Influences:
Variant coat of arms of the State of Vietnam as it appeared on its passports (image). This passport design was used by South Vietnam as late as 1957.[28] 1954 – 26 October 1955 The pale and pallets of the South Vietnamese flag (Cờ vàng ba sọc đỏ), arranged vertically in an escutcheon and charged with a Vietnamese dragon passant. In this case, the pale, the pallets, the dragon and the escutcheon bordure are all or.[17]
Influences:
Variant coat of arms of the State of Vietnam. 1954 – 26 October 1955 The pale and pallets of the South Vietnamese flag (Cờ vàng ba sọc đỏ), arranged vertically in an escutcheon and charged with a Vietnamese dragon azure passant.[17]
Influences:
South Vietnam
First Republic of Vietnam
Seal of South Vietnam. 26 October 1955 – 1957 Bushes of bamboo growing on a hill.[17]
Emblem of South Vietnam.[29] 1957 – 1 November 1963 Bushes of bamboo and a scroll with the inscription "VIỆT-NAM", encompassing an ink brush (representing civil mandarins) and a sword (representing military mandarins).[30] A coloured version of this coat of arms shows the background yellow, the bamboo green and the bordure red.[17]
Escutcheon of South Vietnam.[31] 1957 – 1 November 1963 Bushes of bamboo vert and a scroll argent with the inscription "VIỆT-NAM CỘNG-HÒA", encompassing an ink brush (representing civil mandarins) and a sword (representing military mandarins); both of which are proper.[30] A coloured version of this coat of arms shows the background or, the bamboo vert and the bordure gules.[17]
Influences: and
Lesser coat of arms of South Vietnam.[32][e] 26 October 1955 – 1 November 1963 The bend and bendlets sinister of the South Vietnamese flag (Cờ vàng ba sọc đỏ) in an escutcheon.
Influences:
Variant coat of arms of South Vietnam used on its passports (image).[f] – 30 April 1975 Bushes of bamboo growing on a hill in an escutcheon with the text "Việt-Nam Cộng-Hòa" inscribed in a scroll above the bamboo and the text also appearing below the bamboo. In this case, all of these, and the bordure of the escutcheon, are or.
Influences: and
Second Republic of Vietnam
Coat of arms of South Vietnam as it appeared on the presidential seal that was used between 1967 and 1975 (image). 1967 – 30 April 1975 The pale and pallets of the South Vietnamese flag (Cờ vàng ba sọc đỏ), arranged vertically in an escutcheon supported by two dragons azure.
Influences:
Variant coat of arms of South Vietnam. 1967 – 30 April 1975 The pale and pallets of the South Vietnamese flag (Cờ vàng ba sọc đỏ), arranged vertically in an escutcheon supported by two dragons or.
Influences:
Escutcheon of South Vietnam.[g] 1 November 1963 – 30 April 1975 The pale and pallets of the South Vietnamese flag (Cờ vàng ba sọc đỏ), arranged vertically in an escutcheon.
Influences:
Việt Cộng and the Republic of South Vietnam
Emblem of the Liberation Army of South Vietnam (NLF). A disc of the colours of the flag (red and blue), the five-pointed star surrounded by ears of rice and a cogwheel in base.
Influences:
Achievement of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (NLF). An achievement of the Việt Cộng consisted of a disc of the colours of the flag (red and blue), the five-pointed star surrounded by ears of rice and a cogwheel in base. The disc was supported by six Việt Cộng flags, with three flags on each side.
Influences:
Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Emblem of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. 2 July 1976 – present Circular in shape; in the middle of a red background is a five-pointed gold star framed by rice ears below which is half a cog wheel and the inscription "Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam" (Socialist Republic of Vietnam).
Influences:
Other
Seal of Trấn Tây Thành, the Nguyễn dynasty occupation of Cambodia. 1838 The inscription Trấn Tây tướng quân chi ấn (鎭西將軍之印, "Seal of the general of Trấn Tây") written in seal script.
Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sedang. 1888–1890
Seal of the Kingdom of Sedang. 1888–1890
Seal of the Tai Principality under Nguyễn dynasty and French rule. 1889–1945
Arms of Sip Song Chau Tai. 1948–1955
Coat of arms of the Domain of the Crown. 1950–1955 A dragon surrounded by clouds.
Coat of arms of the Nùng Autonomous Territory. 1950s A shield depicting a black junk boat sailing on water. The background is coloured green and red and depicts the golden Chinese characters Trung Hiếu (忠孝, "loyalty", "Filial piety").

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The Đông Sơn drums were used as musical instruments in festivals, such as prayers for rain, for good harvest and rituals, such as weddings and funerals, as well as to command in an army. They were also used as funerary objects and as symbols of power of tribal leaders.
  2. ^ The anchor symbolises the fact that colony of French Cochinchina was initially under the supervision of the Ministry of the Navy and the Colonies.
  3. ^ An older version of this Great Seal has a decorative meander border design.
  4. ^ Technically the personal seal of the chief of state of Vietnam, Bảo Đại.
  5. ^ This version was earlier used on the insignia of the Vietnamese Army (Việt binh đoàn) of the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam and the Vietnamese National Guard (Vệ binh Quốc gia) of the State of Vietnam.
  6. ^ Continued to be used during the Second Republic period.
  7. ^ Also used in military insignia during the Second Republic period.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "QUỐC HUY NƯỚC CỘNG HOÀ XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM" (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  2. ^ "National flag, emblem, anthem, declaration of independence". Viet Nam Government Portal. Government of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 24 September 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
  3. ^ a b c Thiên Lý – Trung tâm Lưu trữ Quốc gia III (26 August 2020). "Khai mạc Triển lãm "Phác thảo mẫu Quốc huy Việt Nam – Họa sĩ Bùi Trang Chước"" (in Vietnamese). Ministry of Home Affairs of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  4. ^ "越南国徽设计诞生记". 越南画报 (in Chinese (China)). 14 October 2020. Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  5. ^ "越南国徽诞生背后故事". 越通社 (in Chinese (China)). 31 August 2020. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  6. ^ a b Th. Nguyên (24 August 2020). "Những phác thảo mẫu vẽ Quốc huy Việt Nam" (in Vietnamese). Đại biểu nhân dân [vi] (Government of Vietnam). Archived from the original on 6 July 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Phạm Thắng (1 October 2019). "Cố họa sĩ Bùi Trang Chước: Người tạo hình Quốc huy. – (LĐTĐ) Cố họa sĩ Bùi Trang Chước được xem là một trong những họa sĩ tài năng hàng đầu của nền hội họa Việt Nam. Cả cuộc đời của ông đã sáng tác rất nhiều tác phẩm có giá trị nghệ thuật cao, trong đó phải kể đến tác phẩm mẫu Quốc huy nước Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa nay là Cộng hòa Xã hội Chủ nghĩa Việt Nam. Ông cũng được giới hội họa ghi nhận là người họa sĩ đầu tiên của Việt Nam và Đông Dương vẽ nhiều tem thư, tiền giấy..." (in Vietnamese). Báo Lao Động Thủ đô (Vietnam General Confederation of Labour). Archived from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
  8. ^ "Mẫu Quốc huy là của HS Bùi Trang Chước và Trần Văn Cẩn". báo Tuổi trẻ (in Vietnamese). 29 September 2004. Archived from the original on 24 August 2011.
  9. ^ "Biểu tượng Quốc huy—In quá tùy tiện" (The national emblem is printed too carelessly), newspaper Thể thao & Văn hóa (newspaper) [vi], No. 36, 24 March 2007, p. 37
  10. ^ Sai trên Quốc huy: Lúa nếp thành lúa mì! Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine (Errors in the National Emblem: Rices become wheat !) (in Vietnamese)
  11. ^ a b c Đỗ Hương – TTLTQGIII (8 December 2022). "Phát huy giá trị Tập phác thảo mẫu Quốc huy Việt Nam sau một năm trở thành Bảo vật quốc gia. – Trong 1 năm qua, khối Bảo vật quốc gia này luôn được các cơ quan quản lý, cơ quan chuyên môn, các tổ chức, cá nhân trong nước và nước ngoài quan tâm, tìm hiểu, trân quý, bảo quản và phát huy giá trị" (in Vietnamese). Cục Văn thư và Lưu trữ nhà nước (State Records And Archives Management Department Of VietNam). Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  12. ^ a b c Trung tâm Bảo tồn Di tích Cố Đô Huế, Huế Museum of Royal Fine Arts (Bảo tàng Cổ vật Cung đình Huế), The European ceramics at the Huế Royal Antiques Museum - Đồ gốm sứ Châu Âu tại Bảo tàng cổ vật cung đình Huế (2018), Publisher: NXB. Tổng hợp tp. Hồ Chí Minh. Pages: 60-62. (in Vietnamese).
  13. ^ a b c Philippe Trương (17 February 2017). "Vua Thành Thái và bộ đồ ăn Đại Nam" (in Vietnamese). Nghệ Thuật Xưa. Archived from the original on 16 May 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  14. ^ Alain R. Truong (17 June 2012). "Sceau en or et pierre dure de l'empereur Khai Dinh" (in French). Les Carnets de Philippe Truong. Archived from the original on 16 July 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  15. ^ Bảo Đại, S.M. Bao Daï, Le Dragon d'Annam (1980). Publisher: Plon. Cover page (in French).
  16. ^ Lynda Trouvé - Maison de ventes aux enchéres - Gouvernement de S.M. Bao Daï (1949-1955) UN... - Lot 90 - Lynda Trouvé Archived 16 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine. (in French).
  17. ^ a b c d e f g Otto Neubecker (1969) "Neue und veränderte Staatswappen seit 1945 IIa. Die Wappen der Staaten Asiens" (Fortsetzung, Schluß und Nachtrag). Kleeblatt-Jahrbuch 1968/69, p. 37-75. (in German)
  18. ^ a b c Đại Nam thực lục, Quote: "The year Can Thìn, 1st year of the reign of Minh Mang (1820), February, auspicious day, the emperor put the seal in his box and sealed it with his own hands". It was not until 1837 (22nd day of the 12th lunar month in the 18th year of Minh Mang) that the emperor, with great fanfare, opened the box and showed the seal to the court before sealing it in ink. red and store it in the Can Thanh Palace. The use of the seal Đại Việt quốc Nguyễn Chúa vĩnh trấn chi bảo was replaced by the jade one Đại Nam thụ thiên vĩnh mệnh truyền quốc tỷ 大南受天永命傳國璽 ("Eternal Mandate of Heaven, transmission of the legacy of the Empire”) sculpted in 1846 during the reign of Emperor Thiệu Trị (1841–1847)."
  19. ^ VietNamNet Bridge (10 February 2016). "No royal seal left in Hue today. VietNamNet Bridge – It is a great regret that none of more than 100 seals of the Nguyen emperors are in Hue City today". VietNam Breaking News. Archived from the original on 16 July 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  20. ^ TS. Nguyễn Đình Chiến (24 January 2018). "Bảo vật Quốc gia: Ấn ngọc Đại Nam thụ thiên vĩnh mệnh truyền quốc tỷ" (in Vietnamese). BẢO TÀNG LỊCH SỬ QUỐC GIA (VIETNAM NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY). Archived from the original on 16 July 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  21. ^ Lecompte, Jean – Monnaies et jetons de l'Indochine Française. (Principality of Monaco, 2013) Quote: "Les légendes sont bien sûr modifiées. A gauche, les attributs de l'agriculture et des beaux-arts sont remplacés par des épis de riz et à droite figure une ancre symbolisant le ministère de la Marine et des Colonies. Hélas, Albert-Désiré Barre décède le 29 décembre 1878 et c'est alors son frère aîné Auguste-Jean Barre qui lui succède et mène à terme le projet. Les premières frappes sortent en 1879." (in French)
  22. ^ Paris, Delagrave, v. – Album Artistique de la France & de ses Colonies (1900) § Cochinchine-Algérie-Colonies orientales. (in French).
  23. ^ Government-General of French Indochina – Bulletin officiel de l'Annam et du Tonkin – Issue of July 1891, page 601. Published in Saigon, Cochinchina. (in French).
  24. ^ ThS. Hà Văn Huề, ThS. Nguyễn Thị Thu Hường, ThS. Đoàn Thị Thu Thuỷ, PGS.TS Nguyễn Công Việt – Ấn chương trên Châu bản triều Nguyễn. – Năm xuất bản : 2013 Nhà xuất bản : (NXB Hà Nội Cuốn sách). Page 112. (in Vietnamese).
  25. ^ a b Hymnes et pavillons d'Indochine (in French). 1941. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  26. ^ Histoire et Philatélie, témoin de l'Histoire de France 1940–1981. L'Indochine Française dans la Tourmente 1939-1955+ – À LA RECHERCHE D'UN GOUVERNEMENT – PRO-OCCIDENTAL – mars 1947-octobre 1948 (Page 2/2 : mai – octobre 1948) Archived 19 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Author: Jean Goanvic. Access date: 19 April 2021. (in French).
  27. ^ Letter with photograph, signature, and Grand Seal of the State from his majesty the Chief of State Bảo Đại to Madame Jeanne Leveque in New York City (1952).
  28. ^ Passport-collector.com – Tom Topol – Passport History Expert & Author – State of Vietnam – Passport 1957 – Not often a collector can find such a true passport historical treasure. A red passport issued by the State of Vietnam in 1957. It is not exaggerated when I say this travel document is extremely rare. Archived 15 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine Author: Tom Topol. Published: 29 August 2019 Last modified: 26 January 2020. Access date: 15 December 2021.
  29. ^ The Military Assistance Institute. "Country Study and Station Report: Republic of Vietnam" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
  30. ^ a b Philippe Truong (8 March 2008). "Décoration vietnamienne. - LE KIM KHANH. - 08 mars 2008 à 22:40 - philippe truong - Le kim khánh 金磬 ("gong en or") est un ordre décerné par les souverains d'Annam. On ignore pour le moment sa date de création. Elle remonte probablement au règne de Gia Long (1802-1820) ou Minh Mang (1820-1840)" (in French). Les Carnets de Philippe Truong. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021. Il existe une version tardive du kim khanh où les dragons et les inscriptions sont remplacés par un bosquet de bambou, un pinceau (représentant les mandarins civils) et une épée (les mandarins militaires). La présence des bambous tenterait de la dater de la première République du Vietnam sous la présidence de Ngô Dinh Diêm.
  31. ^ CHÍNH NGHĨA DÂN TỘC (National Justice) – QUỐC HUY VIỆT NAM CỘNG HOÀ Archived 5 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Published: 17 November 2015. Author: HOANGKYBAY Archived 5 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine. (in Vietnamese). Image of the escutcheon Archived 5 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
  32. ^ Chứng chỉ (Certificate) issued by the Phủ Đặc-Ủy Công Dân-Vụ (Special Office for Civil Affairs) of the Tổng-thống Phủ (Office of the President), dated 1958.
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