Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak

Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak
Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak
Chinese	先进超导托卡马克实验装置
Hanyu Pinyin	xiānjìn chāodǎo tuōkǎmǎkè shíyàn zhuāngzhì
Literal meaning	Advanced Superconducting Tokamak Experimental device
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	xiānjìn chāodǎo tuōkǎmǎkè shíyàn zhuāngzhì

EAST
Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak
	EAST vacuum vessel
Device type	Tokamak
Location	Hefei, China
Affiliation	Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Technical specifications
Major radius	1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)
Minor radius	0.45 m (1 ft 6 in)
Magnetic field	3.5 T (35,000 G)
Heating power	7.5 MW
Discharge duration	102 s
Plasma current	1.0 MA
Plasma temperature	100×106 K
History
Year(s) of operation	2006–present
Preceded by	HT-6M

The Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), also known as HT-7U (Hefei Tokamak 7 Upgrade), is an experimental superconducting tokamak magnetic fusion energy reactor in Hefei, China. Operated by the Hefei Institutes of Physical Science conducting its experiments for the Chinese Academy of Sciences, EAST began its operations in 2006. EAST is part of the international ITER program after China joined the initiative in 2003^[1] and acts as a testbed for ITER technologies.^[2]

It is the first tokamak to utilize superconducting toroidal and poloidal magnets. One of the primary goals of EAST is to achieve plasma pulses of up to 1,000 seconds.

History

EAST followed China's first superconducting tokamak device, dubbed HT-7, built by the Institute of Plasma Physics in partnership with Russia in the early 1990s.^{[citation needed]} It was first proposed in 1996 and approved in 1998. According to a 2003 schedule,^[3] buildings and site facilities were to be constructed by 2003. Tokamak assembly was to take place from 2003 through 2005. Construction was completed in March 2006.^[4]

According to official reports, the project's budget is CNY ¥300 million (approximately US$37 million), some 1/15 to 1/20 the cost of a comparable reactor built in other countries.^[5]

Phase I

EAST entered its first commissioning phase around March 2006. Shortly after, in-vessel components and diagnostics were assembled.^[6]

During initial operation, EAST was able to successfully generate its first plasma on September 28, 2006 in a nearly three second long test, reaching an electric current of 200 kiloamperes.^[4] By January 2007, the reactor had progressed to creating a plasma that could last nearly five seconds and generate currents up to 500 kiloamperes.^[7]

Three years later, EAST was able to achieve a key milestone on November 7, 2010, achieving an H-mode plasma by low hybrid wave (LHW) injection alone.^[8]^{[better source needed]} This was shortly followed by further success, where EAST became the first tokamak to successfully sustain H-Mode plasma for over 30 seconds at ~50 million Kelvin in May of 2011.

Phase II

The second phase of EAST was formally entered through a ribbon-cutting ceremony for the EAST auxiliary heating system project, which was held on November 29, 2011.^[9]

After a nearly 20-month long upgrading break since September 2012, EAST commenced for the first round of experiments in May 2014. A year later, EAST was reporting currents of up to 1 Megaampere, as well as stable H-mode plasma for 6.4 seconds.^[10] Then, almost two years later, EAST was able to break records when it managed to maintain a plasma pulse for 102 seconds at ~50 million °C (90 million °F). During this test, EAST was able to generate a Plasma with currents of 400 kiloamperes with a density of about 2.4 x 10¹⁹/m³. It was observed that the temperature was slowly increasing during this test.^[11]

Building on this success, EAST became the first tokamak to successfully sustain H-Mode plasma for more than one minute at ~50 million °C (90 million °F) on November 2, 2016.^[12] In July of 2017, it was also the first tokamak to sustain said plasma for more than 100 seconds at the same temperature.^[13] The following year, EAST reached a milestone of ~100 million °C (180 million °F) electron temperature on November 12, 2018.^[14] During May of 2021, it reached an electron temperature of 120 million °C electron temperature for 101 seconds.^[15] On December 30, 2021, a long-pulse high-parameter plasma operation of 1056 seconds was realized, setting another world record for the operation of the Tokamak experimental device.^[16]^[17]

As of recently, EAST achieved the world's first 403-second steady-state H-mode plasma on April 12 , 2023.^[18]

Physics objectives

China is a member of the ITER consortium, and EAST is a testbed for ITER technologies.^[2]

EAST was designed to test:

Superconducting Niobium-titanium poloidal field magnets, making it the first tokamak with superconducting toroidal and poloidal magnets
Non-inductive current drive
Pulses of up to 102 seconds with 0.5 MA plasma current
Schemes for controlling plasma instabilities through real-time diagnostics
Materials for diverters and plasma facing components
Operation with β_N = 2 and confinement factor H₈₉ > 2

Tokamak parameters

Tokamak parameters^[19]
Toroidal field, B_t	3.5 T
Plasma current, I_P	1.0 MA
Major radius, R₀	1.85 m
Minor radius, a	0.45 m
Aspect ratio, R/a	4.11
Elongation, κ	1.6–2
Triangularity, δ	0.6–0.8
Ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH)	3 MW
Lower hybrid current drive (LHCD)	4 MW
Electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH)	None currently (0.5 MW planned)
Neutral beam injection (NBI)	None currently (planned)
Pulse length	1–1000 s
Configuration	Double-null divertor Pump limiter Single null divertor