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Deficit 83 Lines

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Deficit 83 Lines (赤字83線, Akaji-Hachijyusansen) is a list of railway lines owned by Japanese National Railways (JNR) proposed for abolishment or transferring to third sector companies as it has fulfilled its goals in 1968.[1][2]

Criteria

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The criteria for a railway line being listed are the following:[3]

  • The length of the track is under 100 kilometers, and the function seen from the line is small, and there is a small population along the tracks.
  • The one-way transportation volume of regular customers is less than 3,000 people, and the daily departure and arrival of cargo is within 600 tons.
  • The transportation volume growth is lower than that of competing transportation institutions, and both passengers and cargo are decreasing.

The idea to close lines and replace them with bus services that cost less to operate was formulated as early as 1968.[4]

By these criteria, 83 railway lines of 2,590 km (1,610 mi) in length have been listed, and the JNR began talks with the local municipalities to close the lines. However, due to furious protests from the local residents, out of the 83 lines, before 1972 only 11 of those listed were closed, i.e. 116 km (72 mi).[5][4]

However, the Japan Railway Construction Public Corporation continued to build local lines, and most of the 11 lines opened during the talks were generating negative income, resulting in no improvements from the closure of the 11 lines.[1]

In 1972, when Kakuei Tanaka became the prime minister, all efforts to close the remaining lines were cancelled.[6] However, most of the lines that continued service after being listed as 83 deficit lines were abolished by Specified local lines movement.[7]

Aftermath of all 83 lines

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This table shows the current status of the lines.[7][1]

Lines that were closed as a part of deficit 83 lines movement

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Name of the line Prefecture Sections Operational
Length (km) 		Date of abolishment Notes
Kōbukuro Line Fukuoka Kotake - Futase 7.6 km 8 December 1969[8] After the abolition, Nishitetsu Bus, including the following branch lines, took over, but it was split into Kaho Kotsu (now Nishitetsu Bus Chikuho) on 3 April 1988.
Kōbukuro Line (Cargo branch) Kōbukuro - Ikisu 2.5 km The 1.6 km section between Kōbukuro and Kawazu signal station is a duplicate section with the main line.
Konpoku Line Hokkaido Shari - Koshikawa 12.8 km 1 December 1970[9] Transferred to Shari bus Koshikawa Line.
Bus line abolished 27 April 2004.
Karatsu Line (Kishitake Branch) Saga Yamamoto - Kishitake 4.1 km 20 August 1971[10] Main line continued operations.

Line transferred to Showa bus.

Sechibaru Line Nagasaki Hizen-Yoshii - Sechibaru 6.7 km 26 December 1971[11] Turned into a cycling road. Transferred to Saihi Bus Sechibaru Line.
Usunoura Line Nagasaki Saza - Usunoura 3.8 km 26 December 1971[11] Transferred to Saihi bus.
Kajiyabara Line Tokushima Itano - Kajiyabara 6.9 km 16 January 1972[12] JNR bus (later JR Shikoku bus) converted to Awa Line.
Abolished on 1 April 1996.

Alternative transportation on the former Kajiyahara Line section will be integrated with the competing Tokushima Bus Kajiyahara Line.

Sasanoyama Line Hyogo Sasayamaguchi - Fukusumi 17.6 km 1 March 1972[13] Converted to JNR Bus (later West Japan JR Bus) Sono Shino Line.
Converted to Shinki Bus (currently Shinki Green Bus) in 2002.
Mikuni Line Fukui Awaraonsen - Awara-Yunomachi 4.5 km 1 March 1972[14] Transferred to JNR bus Kanazu Mikuni Line.
In 1987, it was converted to the Keifuku Bus Kanazu/Tojinbo Line.
Mikuni Line (Partial) Awaraonsen - Mikuni 4.2 km
Mikuni - Mikuni-Minato 1.0 km Interged into the Keifuku Electric Railroad Mikuni Awara Line (current Echizen Railway Mikuni Awara Line).
Ujina Line Hiroshima Hiroshima - Kamiōkō 2.4 km 1 April 1972[15] Even after the abolition date, it was operated once a day as a JNR side line of the Ujina Four-Party Agreement Line, but it was abolished in 1986.
Kawamata Line Fukushima Matsukawa - Iwashiro-Kawamata 12.2 km 14 May 1972[16] Converted to JNR Bus (later JR Bus Tohoku) Kawamata Line.
On March 31, 2005, it was transferred to bus services by the local government.
Sasshō Line (Partial) Hokkaido Shin-Totsukawa - Ishikari-Numata 34.9 km 19 June 1972[17] Transferred to JNR bus (later JR Hokkaido Bus Company) Ishikari Line.
Transferred to Hokkaido Chuo Bus
Some sections transferred to bus services by Numata.
Hososhima Line Miyazaki Hyūgashi - Hososhima 3.5 km 1 February 1972[8] Passenger service abolished on the mentioned date.
Continued service until December 1, 1993, as a nameless cargo branch of Nippō Main Line.[8]Miyazaki Kōtsu operates a bus line nearby.

Lines that continued service after the movement, but were abolished in later movements

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Name of the Line Prefecture Section Operational length (km) Date of abolishment Notes
Kesennuma Line Miyagi Minami-Kesennuma - Kesennumakō 1.6 km 1 November 1979 Cargo branch[18]
Kesennuma - Motoyoshi 21.3 km 1 April 2020 Yanaizu - Motoyoshi 34.0 km extension opened December 11, 1977. Incorporated Yanaizu Line, 17.5 km between Maeyachi and Yanaizu.
55.3 km section between Yanaizu and Kesennuma transferred to BRT as a result of Aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.[19]
Abolished as a railway line on April 1, 2020.
Shiranuka Line Hokkaido Shiranuka - Kami-Charo 25.2 km 23 October 1983 Kami-Charo - Hokushin 7.9 km extension opened 8 September 1972.[20]
Later listed as specified local lines (1st) and abolished.[21]
Transferred to bus service. First line to be abolished under JNR Reconstruction act.[22]
Nicyū Line Fukushima Kitakata - Atsushio 11.6 km 1 April 1984[23] Later listed as specified local lines (1st) and abolished. Transferred to Aizu Bus.
Akatani Line Niigata Shibata - Higashi-Akatani 18.9 km 1 April 1984[24] Later listed as specified local lines (1st) and abolished. Transferred to Niigata Kotsu.
Uonuma Line Niigata Raikōji - Nishi-Ojiya 12.6 km 1 April 1984[25] Later listed as specified local lines (1st) and abolished. Transferred to Echigo Kotsu.
Kuroishi Line Aomori Kawabe - Kuroishi 6.6 km 1 November 1984[26] Later listed as specified local lines (1st) and transferred to Kōnan Railway.
Railway line abolished April 1, 1998 and transferred to Kōnan Bus.
Tsuma Line Miyazaki Sadowara - Sugiyasu 19.3 km 1 December 1984[27] Later listed as specified local lines (1st) and transferred to Miyazaki Kotsu.
Miyanoharu Line Ōita
Kumamoto 		Era - Higo-Okuni 26.6 km 1 December 1984[28] Later listed as specified local lines (1st) and transferred to Oita Transportation Bus.
Bus line abolished in 2013 except for some sections.
Komatsushima Line Tokushima Chūden - Komatsushima 1.9 km 14 March 1985[29] Later listed as specified local lines (1st) and abolished.
Transferred to Komatsu Bus (Later Tokushima Bus).
Aioi Line Hokkaido Bihoro - Kitami-Aioi 36.8 km 1 April 1985[30] Later listed as specified local lines (1st) and abolished.
Transferred to Kitami Bus and Tsubetsu Bus.
Shokotsu Line Hokkaido Shokotsu - Kitami-Takinoue 34.3 km 1 April 1985[31] Later listed as specified local lines (1st) and abolished. Transferred to Hokumon Bus.
Yahiko Line (Partial) Niigata Higashi-Sanjō - Echigō-Nagasawa 7.9 km 1 April 1985[32] Transferred to Echigo Kotsu.
Hōjō Line Hyogo Ao - Hōjōmachi 13.8 km 1 April 1985 Later listed as specified local lines (1st) and transferred to Hōjō Railways.
Miki Line Hyogo Yakujin - Miki 6.8 km 1 April 1985[33] Later Listed as specified local lines (1st) and transferred to Miki Railway Miki Line.
Railway line abolished 1 April 2008 and transferred to Shinki Bus.
Kurayoshi Line Tottori Kurayoshi - Yamamori 20.0 km 1 April 1985[34] Later listed as specified local lines (1st) and abolished.
Converted to Nippon Kotsu/Hinomaru Motor Bus/Chutetsu Bus (currently Chutetsu Mimasaka Bus).
Katsuki Line Fukuoka Nakama - Katsuki 3.5 km 1 April 1985[35] Later listed as specified local lines (1st) and abolished. Converted to Nishitetsu Bus (currently Nishitetsu Bus Kitakyushu).
Katsuta Line Fukuoka Yoshizuka - Chikuzen-Katsuta 13.8 km 1 April 1985[36] Later listed as specified local lines (1st) and abolished. Transferred to Nishitetsu Bus.
Soeda Line Fukuoka Kawara - Soeda 12.1 km 1 April 1985[37] Later listed as specified local lines (1st) and abolished. Transferred to Seitetsu Bus Chikuho.
Muroki Line Fukuoka Ongagawa - Muroki 11.2 km 1 April 1985[38] Later listed as specified local lines (1st) and abolished, transferred to Nishitetsu Bus. Bus service abolished 1996.
Yabe Line Fukuoka Hainuzuka - Kuroki 19.7 km 1 April 1985[39] Later listed as specified local lines (1st) and abolished. Transferred to Horikawa Bus.
Iwanai Line Hokkaido Kozawa - Iwanai 14.9 km 1 July 1985[40] Later listed as specified local lines (1st) and abolished. Transferred to Nisseki Bus.
Kōhin-Hoku Line Hokkaido Hama-Tombetsu - Kitami-Esashi 30.4 km 1 July 1985[41] Later listed as specified local lines (1st) and abolished. Transferred to Soya Bus.
Ōhata Line Aomori Shimokita - Ōhata 18.0 km 1 July 1985[42] Later listed as specified local lines (1st) and transferred to Shimokita Kotsu Ōhata Line.
Railway Line abolished on April 1, 2001. Transferred to Shimokita Bus.
Kōhin-nan Line Hokkaido Okoppe - Omu 19.9 km 15 July 1985[43] Later listed as specified local lines (1st) and abolished. Transferred to Hokumon Bus.
Bikō Line Hokkaido Bifuka - Niupu 21.2 km 17 September 1985[44] Later listed as specified local lines (1st) and abolished. Transferred to Meishi Bus.
Yashima Line Akita Ugo-Honjō - Ugo-Yashima 23.0 km 1 October 1985 Later listed as specified local lines (1st) and transferred to Yuri Kōgen Railway Chōkai Sanroku Line.
Akechi Line Gifu Ena - Akechi 25.2 km 16 November 1985 Later listed as specified local lines (1st) and transferred to Akechi Railroad Akechi Line.
Uchiko Line (Partial) Ehime Gorō - Niiya 5.0 km 3 March 1986 Rest of the line continues operation as listed below.
Takamori Line Kumamoto Tateno - Takamori 17.7 km 1 April 1986 Later listed as specified local lines (2nd) and transferred to Minamiaso Railway Takamori Line.
Tominai Line Hokkaido Mukawa - Hidakachō 83.0 km 1 November 1986[45] Later listed as specified local lines (2nd) and abolished. Transferred to Donan Bus.
Aniai Line Akita Takanosu - Hitachinai 46.1 km 1 November 1986 Later listed as specified local lines (2nd) and transferred to Akita Nairiku Railways Akita Nairiku North Line.
29.0 km extension between Hitachinai - Matsuba opened 1 April 1989.[46]

Incorporated Akita Nairiku South Line and renamed to Akita Nairiku Line on the same date.[46]

Etsumi-Nan Line Gifu Mino-Ōta - Hokunō 72.2 km 11 December 1986 Later listed as specified local lines (2nd) and transferred to Nagaragawa Railway Etsumi-Nan Line.
Miyanojyō Line Kagoshima Sendai - Satsuma-Ōkuchi 66.1 km 10 January 1987[47] Later listed as specified local lines (2nd) and abolished. Transferred to Nangoku Kotsu Bus.
Furue Line Kagoshima Shibushi - Kaigata 64.8 km 14 March 1987[48] 33.5 km extension between Kaigataonsen - Kokubu opened 9 September 1972. Renamed to Ōsumi Line.
Later listed as specified local lines (2nd) and abolished. Transferred to JR Kyushu bus and Kagoshima Kotsu Bus. (JR Kyushu Bus ended service later)
Senata Line Hokkaido Kunnui - Senata 48.4 km 16 March 1987[49] Later listed as specified local lines (2nd) and abolished. Transferred to Hakodate Bus.
Yūmō Line Hokkaido Naka-Yūbetsu - Abashiri 89.8 km 20 March 1987[50] Later listed as specified local lines (2nd) and abolished. Transferred to Abashiri Bus.
Abashiri bus abandoned sections between Naka-Yūbetsu and Tokoro on 1 October 2010. (Some sections continues operations by local municipalities)
Saga Line Saga
Fukuoka 		Saga - Setaka 24.1 km 28 March 1987[51] Later listed as specified local lines (2nd) and abolished.
Transferred to Seitetsu Bus, Saga City Bus and Horikawa Bus.(Saga City Bus route abandoned 1998)
Shigaraki Line Shiga Kibukawa - Shigaraki 14.8 km 13 July 1987 Later listed as specified local lines (1st) and transferred to Shigaraki Kohgen Railway.
Aizu Line (Partial) Fukushima Nishi-Wakamatsu - Aizukōgen-Ozeguchi 57.4 km 16 July 1987 Later listed as specified local lines (2nd) and transferred to Aizu Railway Aizu Line.
Gannichi Line Yamaguchi Kawanishi - Nishikichō 32.7 km 25 July 1987 Later listed as specified local lines (2nd) and transferred to Nishikigawa Seiryū Line.
Wakasa Line Tottori Kōge - Wakasa 19.2 km 14 October 1987 Later listed as specified local lines (1st) and transferred to Wakasa Railway Wakasa Line.
Yamano Line Kumamoto
Kagoshima 		Minamata - Kurino 55.7 km 1 February 1988[52] Later listed as specified local lines (2nd) and abolished. Transferred to Nangoku Kotsu Bus.
Kihara Line Chiba Ōhara - Kazusa-Nakano 26.9 km 24 March 1988 Later listed as specified local lines (1st) and transferred to Isumi Railways Isumi Line.
Noto Line Ishikawa Anamizu - Takojima 61.1 km 25 March 1988 Later listed as specified local lines (3rd) and transferred to Noto Railway.[53]
Railway line abolished on 1 April 2005.[54]

Transferred to Hokutetsu Okunoto Bus.

Nakamura Line Kochi Kubokawa - Tosa-Saga 20.7 km 1 April 1988 22.7 km extension between Tosa-Saga - Nakamura opened 1 October 1970.
Later listed as specified local lines (3rd) and transferred to Tosa Kuroshio Railway Nakamura Line.
Mooka Line Ibaraki
Tochigi 		Shimodate - Motegi 42.0 km 11 April 1988 Later listed as specified local lines (2nd) and transferred to Mooka Railways Mooka Line.
Nagai Line Yamagata Akayu - Arato 30.6 km 25 October 1988 Later listed as specified local lines (3rd) and transferred to Yamagata Railways Flower Nagai Line.
Hinokage Line Miyazaki Nobeoka - Hinokage 37.6 km 28 April 1989 12.5 km extension between Hinokage - Takachiho opened 22 July 1972.[27] Renamed to Takachiho Line.
Later listed as specified local lines (2nd) and transferred to Takachiho Railway Takachiho Line.[55]
Suspended operations on 6 September 2005, due to a typhoon and abolished 28 December 2008.[56]
Transferred to Miyazaki Kotsu Bus.
Shibetsu Line Hokkaido Shibecha - Nemuro-Shibetsu 69.4 km 30 April 1989[57] Later listed as specified local lines (2nd) and abolished. Transferred to Akan Bus.
Nakashibetsu - Attoko 47.5 km Later listed as specified local lines (2nd) and abolished. Transferred to Nemuro Kotsu Bus.
Yunomae Line Kumamoto Hitoyoshi - Yunomae 24.9 km 1 October 1989 Later listed as specified local lines (3rd) and transferred to Kumagawa Railway Yunomae Line.
Kajiya Line Hyogo Nomura - Kajiya 13.2 km 1 April 1990[58] Later listed as specified local lines (3rd) and abolished. Transferred to Shinkai Bus.
Taisha Line Shimane Izumoshi - Taisha 7.5 km 1 April 1990[59] Later listed as specified local lines (3rd) and abolished. Transferred to Ichibata Bus.
Shinmei Line Hokkaido Fukagawa - Nayoro 121.8 km 4 September 1995[40] Transferred to JR Hokkaido Bus.
Kabe Line (Partial) Hiroshima Kabe - Kake 32.0 km 1 December 2003[60] 14.2 km extension between Kake - Sandankyō opened 27 July 1969.[61]
46.2 km unelectrified section between Kabe - Sandankyō abolished 1 December 2003.[60]
Transferred to Hiroshima Katsu Bus and Hiroden Bus.
Section between Kabe - Aki-Kameyama reopened and electrified 4 March 2017.[62]
Iwaizumi Line Iwate Moichi - Asanai 31.2 km 1 April 2014 7.4 extension between Asanai - Iwaizumi opened 6 February 1972. Renamed to Iwaizumi Line.
Later listed as specified local lines (2nd) but unlisted due to lack of replacement roads.
Continued operations until 31 July 2010, due to a natural disaster.
Abolished on 1 April 2014,[63] and transferred to East Japan Kotsu Bus.
Esashi Line Hokkaido Kikonai - Esashi 42.1 km 12 May 2014 Abolished before the opening of Hokkaido Shinkansen.[64] Transferred to Hakodate Bus.
Kikonai - Goryōkaku 37.8 km 26 March 2016 Transferred to South Hokkaido Railway Company before the opening of Hokkaido Shinkansen.[65]
Sankō-Hoku Line Shimane Gōtsu - Hamahara 50.1 km 1 April 2018 26.9 km extension between Hamahara - Kuchiba opened 31 August 1975.[66] Incorporated Sankō-Minami Line and renamed to Sankō Line on the same date.
Continued operations as a part of Sankō Line, but abolished 1 April 2018.[67] Transferred to Yamato Kanko Bus.
Sankō-Minami Line Hiroshima
Shimane 		Miyoshi - Kuchiba 28.4 km 1 April 2018 Incorporated into Sankō-Hoku Line on 31 August 1975.
Continued operations as a part of Sankō Line, but was abolished on 1 April 2018.[67] Transferred to several bus services.

Lines that continue service

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Name of the line Prefecture Section Operational length (km) Notes
Hachinohe Line (Partial) Aomori Same - Kuji 53.1 km After the opening of Tohoku Shinkansen, the line is isolated from other JR lines.
Ōminato Line Aomori Noheji - Ōminato 58.4 km Similar as above, but the line does not connect to the Tohoku Shinkansen unlike Hachinohe Line.
Aizu Line (Partial) Fukushima Aizu-Miyashita - Tadami 43.0 km Continues operations as a part of Tadami Line.
Tadami Line Niigata Koide - Ōshirakawa 26.0 km 20.8 km extension between Tadami - Ōshirakawa opened 29 August 1971. Incorporated the section Aizu-Wakamatsu - Tadami of Aizu Line on the same date.
Karasuyama Line Tochigi Hōshakuji - Karasuyama 20.4 km  
Etsumi-Hoku Line Fukui Minami-Fukui - Kadohara 43.1 km 10.2 km extension between Kadohara and Kuzuryūko opened 15 December 1972.
Changed starting point of the line to Echizen-Hanandō on 1 April 1987.
Meishō Line Mie Matsusaka - Ise-Okitsu 43.5 km Listed for specified local lines (2nd) but were unlisted due to lack of roads to replace it.

Section between Ieki - Ise-Okitsu suspended operations due to typhoon in 2009, but resumed service in 2016.[68]

Sangū Line (Partial) Mie Iseshi - Toba 14.1 km  
Uwajima Line Kochi

Ehime

Kita-Uwajima - Ekawasaki 33.6 km 42.7 km extension between Ekawasaki - Wakai opened 1 March 1974.[69]

Renamed into Yodo Line and continues operation as it.

Naruto Line Tokushima Ikenotani - Naruto 8.3 km  
Mugi Line (partial) Tokushima Anan - Mugi 43.3 km 11.6 km extension between Mugi and Kaifu opened 1 October 1973. 1.5 km section between Awa-Kainan abolished and transferred to Asa Coast Railway Company on 1 November 2020.[70]
Uchiko Line (Partial) Ehime Niiya - Uchiko 5.3 km On 3 March 1986, the extension of the Yosan Main Line between Mukaihara and Uchiko and Shintani and Iyo-Ozu was incorporated into the short-circuit route, and other 4.1 km between Kitayama and Uchiko (Shin-Uchiko) was changed to a new route. Gōrō Station was abolished from Uchiko Line as a result. (Station remains as a station belonging to Yosan Line)
Kashii Line (Partial) Fukuoka Kashii - Umi 14.1 km  
Ibusuki Makurazaki Line (Partial) Kagoshima Yamakawa - Makurazaki 37.9 km  
Nichinan Line Miyazaki

Kagoshima

Minami-Miyazaki - Shibushi 89.0 km  

See also

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References

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ a b c "国鉄の地方線問題の経緯 と将来動向" [History and future trends of JNR's local line issue]. Proceedings of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers (in Japanese). 1985 (353): 1–10. 20 January 1985. doi:10.2208/jscej.1985.1 – via J-STAGE.
  2. ^ "赤字ローカル線問題 JRの経営開示に戸惑う行政側の盲点について（鳥塚亮） - エキスパート". Yahoo!ニュース (in Japanese). Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  3. ^ "国鉄(JR)線廃線". park7.wakwak.com. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  4. ^ a b Imashiro & Ishikawa 1998, p. 62.
  5. ^ "国鉄の地方線問題の経緯 と将来動向" [History and future trends of JNR's local line issue]. Proceedings of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers (in Japanese). 1985 (353): 1–10. 20 January 1985. doi:10.2208/jscej.1985.1. Retrieved 25 January 2024 – via J-STAGE.
  6. ^ "赤字83線とは (アカジハチジュウサンセンとは) [単語記事]". ニコニコ大百科 (in Japanese). 22 August 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  7. ^ a b "国鉄があった時代". ifs.nog.cc. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  8. ^ a b c Ishino (II) 1998, p. 763.
  9. ^ Ishino (I) 1998, p. 925.
  10. ^ Ishino (I) 1998, p. 722.
  11. ^ a b Ishino (I) 1998, p. 735.
  12. ^ Ishino (II) 1998, p. 651.
  13. ^ Ishino (II) 1998, p. 129.
  14. ^ Ishino (II) 1998, p. 150.
  15. ^ Ishino (I) 1998, p. 277.
  16. ^ Ishino (I) 1998, p. 472.
  17. ^ "札沼線(学園都市線)の電化について" [Electrification of the Sassho Line] (PDF) (in Japanese). 9 September 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  18. ^ Ishino (II) 1998, p. 484.
  19. ^ "被災した気仙沼線に導入されたBRT。新駅開業で利便性は高まったが、利用者減が課題に" [Introduction of BRT on the Kesennuma Line]. Bosai by Yomiuri Shimbun (in Japanese). 4 April 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  20. ^ Ishino (I) 1998, p. 895.
  21. ^ Ishino (I) 1998, p. 880.
  22. ^ Imashiro & Ishikawa 1998, p. 68.
  23. ^ Ishino (II) 1998, p. 526.
  24. ^ Ishino (I) 1998, p. 566.
  25. ^ Ishino (II) 1998, p. 600.
  26. ^ Ishino (I) 1998, p. 556.
  27. ^ a b Ishino (II) 1998, p. 772.
  28. ^ 日本国有鉄道民営化に至る15年 [15 Years Leading to the Privatization of Japanese National Railways] (in Japanese). Japan: Seizando Shozen (published 8 July 2000). 2000. ISBN 9784425301812.
  29. ^ Ishino (II) 1998, p. 662–664.
  30. ^ Ishino (II) 1998, p. 921.
  31. ^ Ishino (II) 1998, p. 914.
  32. ^ Ishino (II) 1998, p. 602.
  33. ^ Ishino (II) 1998, p. 243.
  34. ^ Ishino (II) 1998, p. 327.
  35. ^ Ishino (II) 1998, p. 790–791.
  36. ^ Ishino (II) 1998, p. 698–699.
  37. ^ Ishino (II) 1998, p. 768–769.
  38. ^ Ishino (II) 1998, p. 693–694.
  39. ^ Ishino (II) 1998, p. 700.
  40. ^ a b Ishino (II) 1998, p. 845.
  41. ^ Ishino (II) 1998, p. 908.
  42. ^ Ishino (II) 1998, p. 510–511.
  43. ^ Ishino (II) 1998, p. 913.
  44. ^ Ishino (II) 1998, p. 904.
  45. ^ Ishino (II) 1998, p. 865.
  46. ^ a b Ishino (II) 1998, p. 555.
  47. ^ Ishino (II) 1998, p. 706–708.
  48. ^ Ishino (II) 1998, p. 778–779.
  49. ^ Ishino (II) 1998, p. 830.
  50. ^ Ishino (II) 1998, p. 915.
  51. ^ Ishino (II) 1998, p. 718.
  52. ^ Ishino (II) 1998, p. 704.
  53. ^ Ishino (II) 1998, p. 158.
  54. ^ "ありがとう能登線さようならのと鉄道" [Thank you Noto Line, Goodbye Noto Railway] (PDF). town.noto.lg.jp. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  55. ^ Ishino (I) 1998, p. 232.
  56. ^ "高千穂線73年の歴史に幕 復興かなわず全線廃止" [Takachiho Line ends 73 years of history; entire line abolished without reconstruction]. ShikokuNews. 28 December 2008. Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  57. ^ Ishino (I) 1998, p. 926–928.
  58. ^ "JNR/JR 25年の大アルバム". Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). No. 390. Koyusha. October 1993. p. 50.
  59. ^ Ishino (II) 1998, p. 331.
  60. ^ a b "旧戸河内駅、残るは表示板のモニュメントのみ 実は開通前から廃止検討の声も【廃線20年 可部線今昔】②". Chugoku Shimbun (in Japanese). 5 December 2023. Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  61. ^ Ishino (I) 1998, p. 282.
  62. ^ "可部線の廃線からの復活劇！全国初のその経緯とは？". まっぷるトラベルガイド. 30 March 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  63. ^ "岩泉線の廃止について" [Abolition of the Iwaizumi Line] (PDF). jreast.co.jp (in Japanese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  64. ^ "江差線（木古内・江差間）の鉄道事業廃止について" [Abolition of the Esashi Line (Kikonai-Esashi)] (PDF). jrhokkaido.co.jp (in Japanese). 3 September 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  65. ^ "会社概要・沿革" [Company profile/history]. South Hokkaido Railway (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  66. ^ Ishino (II) 1998, p. 332–333.
  67. ^ a b Osaka, Naoki (16 April 2018). "JR三江線に続く｢廃線危機｣の路線はどこだ？". Toyo Keizai Shimbun (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
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Bibliography

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  • Ishino, Tetsu; et al., eds. (1998). 停車場変遷大事典 国鉄・JR編 [Station Transition Directory – JNR/JR] (in Japanese). Vol. I. Tokyo: JTB Corporation. ISBN 4-533-02980-9.
  • Ishino, Tetsu; et al., eds. (1998). 停車場変遷大事典 国鉄・JR編 [Station Transition Directory – JNR/JR] (in Japanese). Vol. II. Tokyo: JTB Corporation. ISBN 4-533-02980-9.
  • Imashiro, Mitsuhide; Ishikawa, Tatsujiro (1998). The Privatization of Japanese National Railways. Bloomsbury Publishing Co. (published 2012). ISBN 9781780939278.
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