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Communist Party of Kenya

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Communist Party of Kenya
Chama cha Kikomunisti cha Kenya
AbbreviationCPK
National ChairpersonMwandawiro Mghanga[1][2]
National Vice ChairpersonGitahi Ngunyi[2]
General SecretaryBenedict Wachira[2]
FounderJohnstone Makau
Founded1992 (1992)
HeadquartersNairobi
Ideology
Political positionFar-left
National affiliationKenya Kwanza
Party flag
Website
cpk.ke//
In 2024, the CPK split into a majority faction, which became the Communist Party Marxist - Kenya, and a minority faction, which joined the Kenya Kwanza alliance and retained the original "Communist Party of Kenya" name.[4]

The Communist Party of Kenya (CPK) (Swahili: Chama cha Kikomunisti cha Kenya),[5][6] is a political organisation in Kenya. Founded in 1992 as the Social Democratic Party (SDP), the political party has undergone substantial transformations in its name, ideological orientation from social democracy to communism and political positioning. Throughout its history, the Communist Party of Kenya has faced distinct challenges and played a notable role in Kenya's political evolution.[7]

History

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Formation and early years

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The party was founded in 1992 as the Social Democratic Party (SDP) by Johnstone Makau.[8] In its initial years, the SDP faced challenges gaining traction in national elections, receiving 177 votes in the National Assembly during the December 1992 general elections. However, it emerged as a prominent player in Kenyan politics during the 1997 general elections, where its presidential candidate, Charity Ngilu, secured a notable 5th position with 7.9% of the national votes.[9]  The party also won 15 seats in the National Assembly.

In 2001, Ngilu left the party after the elections, and she was succeeded by James Orengo, who took over as the party's chairman. Orengo stood as the party's presidential candidate in the 2002 elections, but received just 0.4% of the vote; the party also lost all 15 seats in the National Assembly. Its vote share was reduced to 0.4% in the 2007 general elections, in which it fielded 24 candidates. It also failed to win seats in the 2013 elections, receiving only 0.15% of the vote with seven candidates.

Transition to communism

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After encountering setbacks in the general elections of 2002, 2007, and 2013, the party underwent a transformative phase in 2011.

Members of the Young Socialist Leaders, including future leaders Booker Ngesa Omole and Benedict Wachira, led a shift towards embracing a fully socialist ideology grounded in Marxism-Leninism[10] in 2013.The SDP leadership of the time, Mutahi Kagwe and Njeri Ndwiga, was replaced. Mwandawiro Mghanga[11] assumed the role of National Chairman,[12] with Booker Ngesa Omole and Benedict Wachira assuming the key positions of National Vice Chairperson and Secretary General, respectively.[13]

In 2019, the party officially changed its name to the Communist Party of Kenya,[14] solidifying its commitment to socialist principles after obtaining full registration as a Communist Party.[15] As a registered socialist political party, CPK took its place in history as the first socialist party in Kenya since the literal 1965 constitutional ban by the government of Kenya under sessional paper number 10.[16]

Internal crisis of 2022

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In April 2022, senior party leaders Benedict Wachira and Mwandawiro Mghanga joined the Kenya Kwanza Alliance,[17] leading to an internal crisis.[18] The Kenya Kwanza faction[19] resolved to expel Booker Omole, the national vice chairman and organising secretary as he was the most prominent of the senior leaders who questioned and opposed the decision to join the coalition.[20] The national vice chairman appealed the duo's unilateral decision with the Political Parties Dispute Tribunal,[21] and the court blocked it.

The youth league also took the matter to the Political Parties Tribunal, citing Mwandawiro's illegitimacy as chairman.[22] Mwandawiro's chairmanship was in question since he was a government employee in the County Government of Taita Taveta at the time of taking the party to join the Kenya Kwanza Coalition. The youth presented that he could not be the chairman as it was contrary to the Constitution of Kenya, which forbids state officials from holding political office.[23] The Youth League wanted the Tribunal to nullify his position, which would then nullify his authority to sign up the party into the Kenya Kwanza Coalition.[24] The matter, which remains unresolved, resulted in the effective splintering of the party.[25][26]

Majority Faction: Acknowledging the split as against party policy going into the 2022 elections and citing the ex-chairman's alleged illegitimacy of Mghanga, the central committee reconstituted in September 2022, electing new leaders.[27] The majority reconstituted, and Kinuthia Ndung’u was elected as the national chairman; Booker Ngesa Omole was reinstated as the national vice chairman[21] and organising secretary; and Sefu Sani as the Secretary General.

Mghanga Faction: The Kenya Kwanza-aligned members led by Mghanga and Wachira were declared the minority faction by the majority faction. The faction, unable to take control of the Party instruments, created its own website and constituted its own party leadership.[28]

2024 party split

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During the second national congress of the Communist Party of Kenya for the majority faction, the delegates voted to fully differentiate themselves from the minority faction in November, 2024.[29] Following a rigorous rectification programme, the revolutionary majority rooted out counter-revolutionary tendencies and re-established unity in thought and action - and the majority faction became rebranded as the Communist Party Marxist - Kenya[30]. The congress adopted a new party emblem, constitution and manifesto and leadership and reaffirmed its revolutionary mission both a vanguard party and a mass organisation, guided by the principles of Marxism-Leninism and its application to Kenya’s historical and material conditions. [31] Guided by Marxist-Leninist principles, the Party had resolved to maintain its independence, rejecting alliances with bourgeois coalitions[32] dominated by comprador interests.[33]

CPM-K operates as a people’s organisation, with its primary focus being the interests of the broadest masses of the Kenyan people under the leadership of proletariat.[31] The central organising committee elected Booker Omole as the General Secretary and Mwaivu Kaluka as the National Chairperson,[34] reformed the youth league to become the Revolutionary Youth League[35] and the Revolutionary Women's League as its organs of mass mobilisation and set up the Politburo under the chairmanship of Comrade Walter Nyaluogo. The Politburo represents the highest decision-making body of the CPM Kenya between Central Organizing Committee meetings.[36]

Political participation

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The CPK has actively participated in national elections, strategically engaging in the democratic process. Despite criticism for participating in a system that is fully capitalistic,[37] the party justifies its involvement as a means to actively engage with the masses, promote socialist ideas, and critique the existing capitalist system.[10]

This participation is perceived as a strategic manoeuvre to access crucial financial resources for the party's growth and organisational development. The party continues to unveil societal contradictions, encourage democratic participation, and work towards achieving political power.[12] The ultimate goal is to achieve political power and establish a socialist state in Kenya.[38]

1992 and 1997 general elections

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Following its formation in 1992, the party did not nominate a presidential candidate[8] and received only 177 votes in the National Assembly elections during the 1992 general elections.[39]

The party experienced a notable moment during the 1997 general elections when Charity Ngilu was nominated as the presidential candidate. Ngilu finished 5th among the presidential candidates with 7.9% of the national votes, and the party won 15 seats in the National Assembly.

Subsequent elections

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The party's performance in subsequent elections, under James Orengo in the 2002 general elections and subsequent elections, was poor.[40] Challenges with party recognition in national elections and fluctuations in performance in local elections led to several decisions.[39] The first was the decision by the youth wing and revolutionaries within the party to adopt socialist ideology in 2013 and the decision to ultimately change from SDP to CPK in 2019, fully embracing communism inside out.[15]

2022 anti-electoralism decision

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In 2022, the central committee made a significant decision not to field a presidential candidate or support any coalition leaders in the 2022 presidential race.[32] The party cited ideological conflict and declared both leading coalitions anti-people.

Ideology

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Ideological struggle

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The party has undergone significant developments and internal challenges from 1997 to the present. These developments reflect the party's internal struggles, ideological conflicts, and leadership changes, which impacted the party's structure and dynamics within the party’s first twenty-five years.[41]

Rooted in Marxist-Leninist ideology, CPK advocates for a classless society, social equality, and the abolition of private property.[42] While adapting to the changing political landscape, the party remains committed to socialist principles.[14] The party aims to address economic disparities, fight against corruption, and empower the working class.[43]

CPK, which posits itself as a vanguard movement, engages actively in ideological struggle and is committed to building a stronger organisation that stands firmly on the Marxist-Leninist line. In recognising the martyrs who have given their lives for the struggle, the party also acknowledges its youth wing,[44] which played a crucial role in transitioning from social democracy to communism. The party's continuous participation in global leftist movements[45] reflects a commitment to challenging neocolonialism,[46] imperialism, and capitalism.[47]

Towards a socialist Kenya

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The party envisions a democratic and sovereign government embodying values such as human dignity, equity, social justice, inclusiveness, and non-discrimination.[48] The CPK advocates for a shift from the present capitalist system to socialism, deeming it crucial for Kenya's liberation and progress.[49]

Political activism

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CPK has been actively involved in various social and political movements, championing the rights of workers, peasants, and marginalised communities.[50] Vocal on issues such as land reform, anti-imperialism, corruption, and the struggle against neocolonialism, CPK maintains a distinctive voice in the Kenyan political landscape.

Despite challenges such as government suppression, internal divisions, and limited electoral success, the CPK has made significant contributions to the discourse on social justice and socialism in Kenya.[37] The Communist Party of Kenya, with its rich history, ideological evolution, political engagement, and internal challenges, remains a distinctive force in the socio-political fabric of Kenya.[51] The ongoing commitment to socialist principles and active participation in global leftist movements reinforce CPK's unique position in the Kenyan political landscape.[52]

Party publications

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The party publishes "Itikadi: Socialism, Theory, and Practice," its official magazine, which articulates the CPK's ideological perspective on various social, economic, political, and cultural issues. The magazine aims to advance progressive and revolutionary ideals while challenging capitalist narratives.[53] During the 23rd International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties (IMCWP) in Ismir, Turkey, CPK joined SolidNet,[54] a leftist editorial archive. The aim was for the CPK to amplify its unyielding dedication to dismantling imperialist strongholds and solidify its role as a staunch defender of the majority against the minority.[55]

Electoral history

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Presidential elections

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Election Party candidate Votes % Result
1992 did not contest
1997 Charity Ngilu 488,600 7.89% Lost Red XN
2002 James Orengo 24,524 0.4% Lost Red XN
2007 did not contest
2013
Aug. 2017
Oct. 2017
2022

National Assembly elections

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Election Votes % Seats +/– Position
1992 177 <0.01%
0 / 188
 Increase 9th
1997
15 / 188
 Increase 15 Increase 5th
2002
0 / 210
 Decrease 15
2007 39,871 0.41%
0 / 210
 Steady Increase 22nd
2013 Constituency 18,284 0.15
0 / 349
 Steady Decrease 39th
County 7,684 0.06
2017 did not contest
0 / 348
 Steady N/A
2022
0 / 349
 Steady N/A

Senate elections

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Election Votes % Seats +/– Position
2013 24,650 0.20%
0 / 67
 Increase 25th
2017 did not contest
0 / 67
 Steady N/A
2022
0 / 67
 Steady N/A

References

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  1. ^ "Leadership dispute rocks Communist Party of Kenya". 18 March 2023.
  2. ^ a b c "Central Committee".
  3. ^ Socialism theory and practice communistpartyofkenya.org
  4. ^ "Coalitions & Coalition Political Parties".
  5. ^ Committee, Central. "About the Communist Party of Kenya (CPK)". www.communistpartyofkenya.org/.
  6. ^ "Communist Party of Kenya (CPK)". www.communistpartyofkenya.org (in Swahili). 8 March 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  7. ^ Republic of Kenya, Embassy in Japan. "The Government and the Political System". Embassy of the Republic of Kenya in Japan.
  8. ^ a b Kenya, Year Book (12 May 2022). "Johnstone Muendo Makau – Navigating the choppy waters of transition". Kenya Year Book.
  9. ^ Buckley, Stephen (30 November 1997). "STRONG CANDIDATE EMERGES TO CHALLENGE KENYA'S MOI". The Washington Post.
  10. ^ a b CPK. "AN INTROSPECTIVE TALE OF KENYA'S LEFTIST STRUGGLE". The Communist Party of Kenya.
  11. ^ Eye on Kenyan Parliament, Mzalendo. "Mwandawiro JD Mghanga". Mzalendo.
  12. ^ a b "Parties run into trouble with law on registration". The Nation. 19 April 2012.
  13. ^ CPK (15 May 2019). "The Communist Party of Kenya (CPK) gets another victory in the Kenyan courts!".
  14. ^ a b RAJAB, RAMADHAN (13 March 2019). "SDP rebrands to push communist ideals". The Star.
  15. ^ a b Committee, Central. "Why we changed from Social Democratic Party (SDP) to Communist Party of Kenya (CPK)". communistpartyofkenya.org. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  16. ^ Kenya, Republic of (1965). "Sessional Paper No. 10 of 1965 on African Socialism and its Application to Planning in Kenya" (PDF). Kenya Institute of Policy Research and Analysis.
  17. ^ Mutinda, Tracy (12 April 2022). "[PHOTOS] CCK, DPK among parties that joined Kenya Kwanza". The Star.
  18. ^ Committee, The Central (14 October 2022). "On party unity, the crisis in the Communist Party of Kenya (CPK)". The Communist Party of Kenya.
  19. ^ ORPP (6 July 2022). "COALITION POLITICAL PARTIES". Office of the Registrar of Political Parties.
  20. ^ CPK (14 October 2022). "On party unity, the crisis in the Communist Party of Kenya (CPK)". The Communist Party of Kenya.
  21. ^ a b Munguti, Richard (18 March 2023). "Leadership dispute rocks Communist Party of Kenya". Nation. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  22. ^ Ogemba, Paul (2022). "Communist Party members sue ex-chairman as takeover fight intensifies". Standard Media.
  23. ^ Kenya, Constitution of. "77. Restriction on activities of State officers". Kenya Law Reform Commission.
  24. ^ Maritim, Evans (12 April 2022). "List of new parties that have joined Kenya Kwanza". People Daily.
  25. ^ Gitonga, Nancy (14 June 2023). "Reprieve for Booker Ngesa Omole as tribunal suspends his ouster as CPK secretary". The People Daily.
  26. ^ Almasi, Tito (24 February 2023). "IN MAY 2022, MWANDAWIRO MGHANGA SOLD HIS COMMUNIST SOUL TO THE GODS OF CAPITALISM". Kwaela.
  27. ^ CPK (12 September 2022). "NOTICE TO THE PUBLIC" (PDF). The Communist Party of Kenya.
  28. ^ "Central Committee - Communist Party of Kenya". Communist Party of Kenya.
  29. ^ Muigai, Anne (November 2024). "Communist Party of Kenya to hold 2nd national congress amid rising political tensions". Nipashe Biz.
  30. ^ Mwangi, Nick (17 November 2024). "REBIRTH: Communist Party Marxist – Kenya comes alive as thousands gather to install new General-Secretary". Nairobi Wire.
  31. ^ a b Progressive International. "The Communist Party Marxist – Kenya". Progressive International.
  32. ^ a b Mghanga, Mwandawiro (16 October 2021). "KENYANS MUST THINK AND ELECT LEADERS FROM OUTSIDE THE BOX TO ACHIEVE GREATER DEMOCRACY, IN 2022 ELECTIONS!". The Communist Party of Kenya.
  33. ^ Mwangi, Nicholas (22 November 2024). "Communist Party Marxist Kenya charts a new way forward for a "for a truly independent socialist Kenya"". People's Dispatch.
  34. ^ Marxist Kenya, Communist Party (2 December 2024). "Leadership of the Communist Party Marxist (CPM) Kenya: Elected Leaders from the 2nd National Congress". CPMK.
  35. ^ Kumar, R Arun (1 December 2024). "A Young and Vibrant Second Congress of CPK". People's Democracy.
  36. ^ Omole, Booker (26 November 2024). "ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE POLITBURO OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY MARXIST CPM KENYA". CPMK.
  37. ^ a b Mati, Mwalimu (13 February 2023). "On Peter Anyang' Nyong'o's Invocation Of Vladimir I. Lenin". DeBunk.
  38. ^ School, Political (5 December 2023). "Official Statement from the Communist Party of Kenya: International Course on Political Theory". The Communist Party of Kenya.
  39. ^ a b Githongo, John (8 January 1998). "Kenya: What Happened to the Ngilu Campaign Wave?". The East African.
  40. ^ Guide, Election (27 December 2022). "Kenyan Presidency 2002-General". International Foundation for Election Systems.
  41. ^ Omole, Booker (1 September 2022). "AN INTROSPECTIVE TALE OF KENYA'S LEFTIST STRUGGLE". The Communist Party of Kenya.
  42. ^ Star, Leader (13 March 2019). "Communist Party can bring radical change". The Star.
  43. ^ Oruko, Ibrahim (12 March 2019). "SDP changes name to Communist Party of Kenya". The Daily Nation.
  44. ^ CPK (16 October 2021). "Summary of the minimum program of the Communist Party of Kenya (CPK)". The Communist Party of Kenya.
  45. ^ CPK, International Department of the (17 November 2023). "CPK Joins the Global Anti-Imperialist Frontline in Athens: A Call to Action". The Communist Party of Kenya.
  46. ^ Wachira, Benedict (16 October 2021). "Book Review - Assessing the manifestation and impact of neo-colonialism in Kenya today".
  47. ^ CPK (24 May 2023). "Kenya's IMF Deal: A Betrayal of the People's Struggle and CPK's Alternative Path to Economic Liberation". The Communist Party of Kenya.
  48. ^ CPK (29 June 2022). "Press Release - Scientific management of our public health system will improve Kenya's levels of preparedness and accelerate policies and progress toward a preventative approach to health care". The Communist Party of Kenya.
  49. ^ CPK (14 November 2023). "Kenyan Police in Haiti: A Betrayal of Principles and a Dance with Imperialism". The Communist Party of Kenya.
  50. ^ CPK (1 April 2021). "Looking back, looking ahead on the current constitution of Kenya: Myths, opportunities, and problems". The Communist Party of Kenya.
  51. ^ Bellucci, Stefano (25 February 2024). "Not Yet Revolution!": Socialism in Kenya from the 1960s to the 1990s. 54. Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme. pp. 151–170. ISBN 978-2-7351-2699-6. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  52. ^ CPK (28 December 2023). "CPK's Prominent Presence at the 13th World Socialism Forum: A Global Struggle Against Neoliberal Forces". The Communist Party of Kenya.
  53. ^ "COMMUNIST PARTY OF KENYA: "US HAS NO RIGHT OR LEGITIMACY TO DESIGNATE CUBA AS A TERRORIST STATE"". Cuba’s Representative Office Abroad. 26 March 2021.
  54. ^ "CP of Kenya, Itikadi: Socialism, Theory, and Practice". SolidNet. 5 January 2024.
  55. ^ Kirowe, George (16 January 2024). "MCWP Welcomes CPK: A Vanguard Alliance Against Imperialist Hegemony". The Communist Party of Kenya.
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