Jump to content

Chennai

Edit links
Coordinates: 13°4′57″N 80°16′30″E / 13.08250°N 80.27500°E / 13.08250; 80.27500
This is a good article. Click here for more information.
Extended-protected article
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from City of Chennai)
"Madras" redirects here. For other uses, see Madras (disambiguation).
This article is about the city. For its eponymous district, see Chennai district. For other uses, see Chennai (disambiguation).

Chennai
Ceṉṉai (Tamil)
Madras
Megacity
Coat of arms of Chennai
Coat of arms
Nicknames: 
Gateway of South India[1]
Detroit of India[2]
Health Capital of India[3]
Map
Map
Map
Coordinates: 13°4′57″N 80°16′30″E / 13.08250°N 80.27500°E / 13.08250; 80.27500
CountryIndia
StateTamil Nadu
DistrictChennai[a]
Established1639
Named for
[b]
Government
 • TypeMunicipal Corporation
 • BodyGreater Chennai Corporation
 • MayorPriya Rajan
 • CommissionerJ. Kumaragurubaran IAS
Area
[4]
 • Megacity
426 km2 (164 sq mi)
 • Metro
[5][a]
5,904 km2 (2,280 sq mi)
Elevation
7 m (23 ft)
Population
 (2011)[6][7]
 • Megacity
6,748,026
 • Rank6th
 • Density16,000/km2 (41,000/sq mi)
 • Metro
8,696,010
 • Metro rank
4th
DemonymChennaiite
GDP (2022-23)
 • Megacity[c]$143.9 billion[8][9]
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)
Pincode(s)
600xxx
Area code+91-44
Vehicle registrationTN-01 to TN-14, TN-18, TN-22, TN-85
Official languagesTamil, English
Websitechennaicorporation.gov.in
Population Note: The population as per 2011 census calculated basis pre-expansion city area of 174 sq.km. was 4,646,732.[7] Post expansion of city limits to 426 sq.km.,[4] the population including the new city limits was provided by Government of Tamil Nadu was 6,748,026.[10] The 2011 census data for the urban agglomeration is available and has been provided.[7]

Chennai (/ˈtʃɛnaɪ/ ⓘ; Tamil: [ˈt͡ɕenːaɪ̯], ISO: Ceṉṉai), formerly known as Madras,[d] is the capital and largest city of Tamil Nadu, the southernmost state of India. It is located on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal. According to the 2011 Indian census, Chennai is the sixth-most populous city in India and forms the fourth-most populous urban agglomeration. Incorporated in 1688, the Greater Chennai Corporation is the oldest municipal corporation in India and the second oldest in the world after London.

Historically, the region was part of the Chola, Pandya, Pallava and Vijayanagara kingdoms during various eras. The coastal land which then contained the fishing village Madrasapattinam, was purchased by the British East India Company from the Nayak ruler Chennapa Nayaka in the 17th century. The British garrison established the Madras city and port and built Fort St. George, the first British fortress in India. The city was made the winter capital of the Madras Presidency, a colonial province of the British Raj in the Indian subcontinent. After India gained independence in 1947, Madras continued as the capital city of the Madras State and present-day Tamil Nadu. The city was officially renamed as Chennai in 1996.

The city is coterminous with Chennai district, which together with the adjoining suburbs constitutes the Chennai Metropolitan Area,[e] the 35th-largest urban area in the world by population and one of the largest metropolitan economies of India. Chennai has the fifth-largest urban economy and the third-largest expatriate population in India. As a gateway to South India, Chennai is among the most-visited Indian cities ranking 36th among the most-visited cities in the world in 2019. Ranked as a beta-level city in the Global Cities Index, Chennai regularly features among the best cities to live in India and is amongst the safest cities in India.

Chennai is a major centre for medical tourism and is termed "India's health capital". Chennai houses a major portion of India's automobile industry, hence the name "Detroit of India". It was the only South Asian city to be ranked among National Geographic's "Top 10 food cities" in 2015 and ranked ninth on Lonely Planet's best cosmopolitan cities in the world. In October 2017, Chennai was added to the UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) list. It is a major film production centre and home to the Tamil-language film industry.

Etymology

See also: Names of Chennai in different languages

The name Chennai was derived from the name of Chennappa Nayaka, a Nayak ruler who served as a general under Venkata Raya of the Vijayanagara Empire from whom the British East India Company acquired the town in 1639.[12][13] The first official use of the name was in August 1639 in a sale deed to Francis Day of the East India Company.[14] A land grant was given to the Chennakesava Perumal Temple in Chennapatanam later in 1646, which some scholars argue to be the first use of the name.[15][12]

The name Madras is of native origin, and has been shown to have been in use before the British established a presence in India.[16] A Vijayanagara-era inscription found in 2015 was dated to the year 1367 and mentions the port of Mādarasanpattanam, along with other small ports on the east coast, and it was theorized that the aforementioned port is the fishing port of Royapuram.[17] Madras might have been derived from Madraspattinam, a fishing village north of Fort St. George but it is uncertain whether the name was in use before the arrival of Europeans.[18]

In July 1996, the Government of Tamil Nadu officially changed the name from Madras to Chennai.[19] The name "Madras" continues to be used occasionally for the city as well as for places or things named after the city in the past.[20]

History

See also: History of Chennai and Timeline of Chennai history

Stone Age implements have been found near Pallavaram in Chennai and according to the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), Pallavaram was a megalithic cultural establishment, and pre-historic communities resided in the settlement.[21] The region around Chennai was an important administrative, military, and economic centre for many centuries. During the 1st century CE, Tamil poet named Thiruvalluvar lived in the town of Mylapore, a neighbourhood of present-day Chennai.[22] The region was part of Tondaimandalam which was ruled by the Early Cholas in the 2nd century CE by subduing Kurumbas, the original inhabitants of the region.[23] Pallavas of Kanchi became independent rulers of the region from 3rd to 9th century CE and the areas of Mahabalipuram and Pallavaram were built during the reign of Mahendravarman I.[24] In 879, Pallavas were defeated by the Later Cholas led by Aditya I and Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan later brought the region under the Pandya rule in 1264.[23] The region came under the influence of Vijayanagara Empire in the 15th century CE.[25][23]

18th-century print of Fort St. George, the oldest English settlement in India

The Portuguese arrived in 1522 and built a port named São Tomé after the Christian apostle, St. Thomas, who is believed to have preached in the area between 52 and 70 CE. In 1612, the Dutch established themselves near Pulicat, north of Chennai.[26] On 20 August 1639, Francis Day of the British East India Company along with the Nayak of Kalahasti Chennappa Nayaka met with the Vijayanager Emperor Peda Venkata Raya at Chandragiri and obtained a grant for land on the Coromandel coast on which the company could build a factory and warehouse for their trading activities.[27] On 22 August, he secured the grant for a strip of land about 9.7 km (6 mi) long and 1.6 km (1 mi) inland in return for a yearly sum of five hundred lakh pagodas.[28][29] The region was then formerly a fishing village known as "Madraspatnam".[26] A year later, the company built Fort St. George, the first major English settlement in India, which became the nucleus of the growing colonial city and urban Chennai.[30][31]

Map of Madras, c. 1914

In 1746, Fort St. George and the town were captured by the French under General La Bourdonnais, the Governor of Mauritius, who plundered the town and its outlying villages.[26] The British regained control in 1749 through the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle and strengthened the town's fortress wall to withstand further attacks from the French and Hyder Ali, the king of Mysore.[32] They resisted a French siege attempt in 1759.[33] In 1769, the city was threatened by Hyder Ali during the First Anglo-Mysore War with the Treaty of Madras ending the conflict.[34] By the 18th century, the British had conquered most of the region and established the Madras Presidency with Madras as the capital.[35]

The city became a major naval base and became the central administrative centre for the British in South India.[36] The city was the baseline for the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India, which was started on 10 April 1802.[37] With the advent of railways in India in the 19th century, the city was connected to other major cities such as Bombay and Calcutta, promoting increased communication and trade with the hinterland.[38]

After India gained its independence in 1947, the city became the capital of Madras State, the predecessor of the current state of Tamil Nadu.[39] The city was the location of the hunger strike and death of Potti Sreeramulu which resulted in the formation of Andhra State in 1953 and eventually the re-organization of Indian states based on linguistic boundaries in 1956.[40][41]

In 1965, agitations against the imposition of Hindi and in support of continuing English as a medium of communication arose which marked a major shift in the political dynamics of the city and eventually led to English being retained as an official language of India alongside Hindi.[42][43] On 17 July 1996, the city was officially renamed from Madras to Chennai, in line with then a nationwide trend to using less Anglicised names.[44] On 26 December 2004, a tsunami lashed the shores of Chennai, killing 206 people in Chennai and permanently altering the coastline.[45] The 2015 Chennai Floods submerged major portions of the city, killing 269 people and resulting in damages of ₹86.4 billion (US$1 billion).[46]

Environment

Geography

Main article: Geography of Chennai
Satellite image of Chennai

Chennai is located on the southeastern coast of India in the northeastern part of Tamil Nadu on a flat coastal plain known as the Eastern Coastal Plains with an average elevation of 6.7 m (22 ft) and highest point at 60 m (200 ft).[47][48] Chennai's soil is mostly clay, shale and sandstone.[49] Clay underlies most of the city with sandy areas found along the river banks and coasts where rainwater runoff percolates quickly through the soil. Certain areas in South Chennai have a hard rock surface.[50][51] As of 2018, the city had a green cover of 14.9 per cent, with a per capita green cover of 8.5 square metres against the World Health Organization recommendation of nine square metres.[52]

As of 2017, water bodies cover an estimated 3.2 km2 (1.2 sq mi) area of the city.[53] Two major rivers flow through Chennai, the Cooum River (or Koovam) through the centre and the Adyar River to the south.[54] A section of the Buckingham Canal built in 1877-78, runs parallel to the Bay of Bengal coast, linking the two rivers.[55] Kosasthalaiyar River traverses through the northern fringes of the city before draining into the Bay of Bengal, at Ennore Creek.[56] The Otteri Nullah, an east–west stream, runs through north Chennai and meets the Buckingham Canal at Basin Bridge.[57] The groundwater table in Chennai is at 4–5 m (13–16 ft) below ground level on average and is replenished mainly by rainwater.[58] Of the 24.87 km (15.45 mi) coastline of the city, 3.08 km (1.91 mi) experiences erosion, with sand accretion along the shoreline at the Marina beach and the area between the Ennore Port and Kosasthalaiyar river.[59]

Geology

Chennai is situated in Seismic Zone III, indicating a moderate risk of damage from earthquakes.[60] Owing to the tectonic zone the city falls in, the city is considered a potential geothermal energy site. The crust has old granite rocks dating back nearly a billion years indicating volcanic activities in the past with expected temperatures of 200–300 °C (392–572 °F) at 4–5 km (2.5–3.1 mi) depth.[61]

Climate

Under the Köppen climate classification, Chennai has the dry-summer version of a tropical savanna climate (As),[62][63] closely bordering the dry-winter version (Aw) due to a February average rainfall of 4.7 mm (0.19 in). The city lies on the thermal equator and as it is also located on the coast, there is no extreme variation in seasonal temperature.[64] The hottest time of the year is from April to June with an average temperature of 35–40 °C (95–104 °F).[65] The highest recorded temperature was 45 °C (113 °F) on 31 May 2003.[66] The coldest time of the year is in December–January, with average temperature of 19–25 °C (66–77 °F) and the lowest recorded temperature of 13.9 °C (57.0 °F) on 11 December 1895 and 29 January 1905.[67]

Chennai receives most of its rainfall from the northeast monsoon between October and December while smaller amounts of rain come from the southwest monsoon between June and September. The average annual rainfall is about 120 cm (47 in).[68] The highest annual rainfall recorded was 257 cm (101 in) in 2005.[69] Prevailing winds in Chennai are usually southwesterly between April and October and northeasterly during the rest of the year.[70] The city relies on the annual monsoon rains to replenish water reservoirs.[71] Cyclones and depressions are common features during the season.[72] Water inundation and flooding happen in low-lying areas during the season with significant flooding in 2015 and 2023.[73]

Climate data for Chennai (Nungambakkam; rainfall from Chennai Airport) 1991–2020, extremes 1901–2012
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 34.4
(93.9) 		36.7
(98.1) 		40.6
(105.1) 		42.8
(109.0) 		45.0
(113.0) 		43.3
(109.9) 		41.1
(106.0) 		40.0
(104.0) 		38.9
(102.0) 		39.4
(102.9) 		35.4
(95.7) 		33.0
(91.4) 		45.0
(113.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29.3
(84.7) 		30.9
(87.6) 		32.9
(91.2) 		34.5
(94.1) 		37.1
(98.8) 		37.0
(98.6) 		35.3
(95.5) 		34.7
(94.5) 		34.2
(93.6) 		32.1
(89.8) 		29.9
(85.8) 		28.9
(84.0) 		33.1
(91.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 25.4
(77.7) 		26.7
(80.1) 		28.7
(83.7) 		31.0
(87.8) 		33.0
(91.4) 		32.3
(90.1) 		31.0
(87.8) 		30.3
(86.5) 		29.8
(85.6) 		28.5
(83.3) 		26.7
(80.1) 		25.6
(78.1) 		29.1
(84.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 21.2
(70.2) 		22.2
(72.0) 		24.2
(75.6) 		26.6
(79.9) 		28.0
(82.4) 		27.5
(81.5) 		26.4
(79.5) 		25.9
(78.6) 		25.6
(78.1) 		24.6
(76.3) 		23.1
(73.6) 		21.9
(71.4) 		24.8
(76.6)
Record low °C (°F) 13.9
(57.0) 		15.0
(59.0) 		16.7
(62.1) 		20.0
(68.0) 		21.1
(70.0) 		20.6
(69.1) 		21.0
(69.8) 		20.5
(68.9) 		20.6
(69.1) 		16.7
(62.1) 		15.0
(59.0) 		13.9
(57.0) 		13.9
(57.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 20.0
(0.79) 		4.7
(0.19) 		3.4
(0.13) 		17.5
(0.69) 		49.7
(1.96) 		75.4
(2.97) 		113.1
(4.45) 		141.4
(5.57) 		143.9
(5.67) 		278.3
(10.96) 		377.3
(14.85) 		183.7
(7.23) 		1,408.4
(55.45)
Average rainy days 1.4 0.6 0.2 1.0 1.8 4.5 6.7 8.8 7.4 10.6 11.5 5.7 60.2
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 67 66 67 70 68 63 65 66 71 76 76 71 69
Mean monthly sunshine hours 232.5 240.1 291.4 294.0 300.7 234.0 142.6 189.1 195.0 257.3 261.0 210.8 2,848.5
Mean daily sunshine hours 7.5 8.5 9.4 9.8 9.7 7.8 4.6 6.1 6.5 8.3 8.7 6.8 7.8
Average ultraviolet index 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 7 7 6 7 7 7
Source 1: India Meteorological Department[74][75][76][77]
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)[78]

</ref>


Flora and fauna

Greater flamingos wintering at Mudaliarkuppam
Main article: Flora and fauna of Chennai

A protected estuary on the Adyar River forms a natural habitat for several species of birds and animals.[79] Chennai is also a popular city for birding with more than 130 recorded species of birds have been recorded in the city.[80] Marshy wetlands such as Pallikaranai and inland lakes also host a number of migratory birds during the monsoon and winter.[81][82] The southern stretch of Chennai's coast from Tiruvanmiyur to Neelangarai are favoured by the endangered olive ridley sea turtles to lay eggs every winter.[83] Guindy National Park is a protected area within the city limits and wildlife conservation and research activities take place at Arignar Anna Zoological Park.[84] Madras Crocodile Bank Trust is a herpetology research station, located 40 km (25 mi) south of Chennai.[85][86] The city's tree cover is estimated to be around 64.06 km2 (24.73 sq mi) with 121 recorded species belonging to 94 genera and 42 families. Major species include Copper pod, Indian beech, Gulmohar, Raintree, Neem, and Tropical Almond.[87] The city's marine and inland water bodies house a number of fresh water and salt water fishes, and marine organisms.[88][89]

Environmental issues

Chitlapakkam Lake in the southern part of the city

Chennai had many lakes spread across the city, but urbanization has led to the shrinkage of water bodies and wetlands.[90][91] The water bodies have shrunk from an estimated 12.6 km2 (4.9 sq mi) in 1893 to 3.2 km2 (1.2 sq mi) in 2017.[53] The number of wetlands in the city has decreased from 650 in 1970 to 27 in 2015.[92] Nearly half of the native plant species in the city's wetlands have disappeared with only 25 per cent of the erstwhile area covered with aquatic plants still viable.[93] The major water bodies including the Adyar, Cooum and Kosathaliyar rivers, and the Buckingham canal are heavily polluted with effluents and waste from domestic and commercial sources.[94][95][54] The encroachment of urban development on wetlands has hampered the sustainability of water bodies and was a major contributor to the floods in 2015 and 2023 and water scarcity crisis in 2019.[96][97]

The Chennai River Restoration Trust set up by the government of Tamil Nadu is working on the restoration of the Adyar River.[98] The Environmentalist Foundation of India is a volunteering group working towards wildlife conservation and habitat restoration.[99][100]

Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of Chennai and Religion in Chennai

A resident of Chennai is called a Chennaite.[108][109] According to 2011 census, the city had a population of 4,646,732, within an area of 174 km2 (67 sq mi).[110] Post expansion of the city to 426 km2 (164 sq mi), the Chennai Municipal Corporation was renamed as Greater Chennai Corporation and the population including the new city limits as per the 2011 census was 6,748,026.[10][4][111] As of 2019, 40 per cent of the 1.788 million families in the city live below the poverty line.[112] As of 2017, the city had 2.2 million households, with 40 per cent of the residents not owning a house.[113] There are about 1,131 slums in the city housing more than 300,000 households.[114]

Administration and politics

Administration

Divisions of Chennai district
Main article: Administration of Chennai

The city is governed by the Greater Chennai Corporation (formerly "Corporation of Madras"), which was established on 29 September 1688. It is the oldest surviving municipal corporation in India and the second oldest surviving corporation in the world.[115] In 2011, the jurisdiction of the Chennai Corporation was expanded from 174 km2 (67 sq mi) to an area of 426 km2 (164 sq mi), divided into three regions North, South and Central covering 200 wards.[116][117] The corporation is headed by a mayor, elected by the councillors, who are elected through a popular vote by the residents.[118][119]

The Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) is the nodal agency responsible for the planning and development of the Chennai Metropolitan Area, which is spread over an area of 1,189 km2 (459 sq mi), covering the Chennai district and parts of Tiruvallur, Kanchipuram and Chengalpattu districts.[120] The metropolitan area consists of four municipal corporations, 12 municipalities and other smaller panchayats.[5][121]

As the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu, the city houses the state executive and legislative headquarters primarily in the secretariat buildings in Fort St George.[122] Madras High Court is the highest judicial authority in the state, whose jurisdiction extends across Tamil Nadu and Puducherry.[123]

Law and order

Madras High Court
A police patrol car

The Greater Chennai Police (GCP) is the primary law enforcement agency in the city and is headed by a commissioner of police.[124] The Greater Chennai Police is a division of the Tamil Nadu Police, the administrative control of which lies with the Home ministry of the Government of Tamil Nadu.[125][126] Greater Chennai Traffic Police (GCTP) is responsible for the traffic management in the city.[127] The metropolitan suburbs are policed by the Chennai Metropolitan Police, headed by the Chennai Police Commissionerate, and the outer district areas of the CMDA are policed by respective police departments of Tiruvallur, Kanchipuram, Chengalpattu and Ranipet districts.[128]

As of 2021, Greater Chennai had 135 police stations across four zones with 20,000 police personnel.[129][130] As of 2021, the crime rate in the city was 101.2 per hundred thousand people.[131] In 2009, Madras Central Prison, the major prison and one of the oldest in India was demolished with the prisoners moved to the newly constructed Puzhal Central Prison.[132]

Politics

Tamil Nadu legislative assembly

While the major part of the city falls under three parliamentary constituencies (Chennai North, Chennai Central and Chennai South), the Chennai metropolitan area is spread across five constituencies. It elects 28 MLAs to the state legislature.[133][134] Being the capital of the Madras Province that covered a large area of the Deccan region, Chennai remained the centre of politics during the British colonial era. Chennai is the birthplace of the idea of the Indian National Congress, which was founded by the members of the Theosophical Society movement based on the idea conceived in a private meeting after a Theosophical convention held in the city in December 1884.[135][136] The city has hosted yearly conferences of the Congress seven times, playing a major part in the Indian independence movement.[137] Chennai is also the birthplace of regional political parties such as the South Indian Welfare Association in 1916 which later became the Justice Party and Dravidar Kazhagam.[138][139]

Politics is characterized by a mix of regional and national political parties.[140] During the 1920s and 1930s, the Self-Respect Movement, spearheaded by Theagaroya Chetty and E. V. Ramaswamy emerged in Madras.[141] Congress dominated the political scene post Independence in the 1950s and 1960s under C. Rajagopalachari and later K. Kamaraj.[142] The Anti-Hindi agitations led to the rise of Dravidian parties with Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) forming the first government under C. N. Annadurai in 1967. In 1972, a split in the DMK resulted in the formation of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) led by M. G. Ramachandran. The two Dravidian parties continue to dominate electoral politics, the national parties usually aligning as junior partners to the two major Dravidian parties.[143][144] Many film personalities became politicians and later chief ministers, including C. N. Annadurai, M. Karunanidhi, M. G. Ramachandran, Janaki Ramachandran and Jayalalithaa.[145]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Chennai
See also: Tamil culture

Languages

Tamil is the language spoken by most of Chennai's population; English is largely spoken by white-collar workers.[146][147] As per the 2011 census, Tamil is the most spoken language with 3,640,389 (78.3%) of speakers followed by Telugu (432,295), Urdu (198,505), Hindi (159,474) and Malayalam (104,994).[148] Madras Bashai is a variety of the Tamil spoken by people in the city.[149] It originated with words introduced from other languages such as English and Telugu on the Tamil originally spoken by the native people of the city.[150] Korean,[151] Japanese,[152] French,[153] Mandarin Chinese,[154] German[155] and Spanish are spoken by foreign expatriates residing in the city.[153]

Religion and ethnicity

Main article: Religion in Chennai
Religions in Chennai City (2011)[156]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 80.73%
Islam
 
 9.45%
Christianity
 
 7.72%
Others
 
 2.10%

Chennai is home to a diverse population of ethno-religious communities.[157][158] As per census of 2011, Chennai's population was majority Hindu (80.73%) with 9.45% Muslim, 7.72% Christian, 1.27% others and 0.83% with no religion or not indicating any religious preference.[156] Tamils form majority of the population with minorities including Telugus,[159] Marwaris,[160] Gujaratis,[161] Parsis,[162] Sindhis,[163] Odias,[164] Goans,[165] Kannadigas,[166] Anglo-Indians,[167] Bengalis,[168] Punjabis,[169] and Malayalees.[170] The city also has a significant expatriate population.[171][172] As of 2001, out of the 2,937,000 migrants in the city, 61.5% were from other parts of the state, 33.8% were from rest of India and 3.7% were from outside the country.[173]

Architecture

Main article: Architecture of Chennai
See also: List of tallest buildings in Chennai and Heritage structures in Chennai
Parthasarathy Temple is one of the oldest buildings in the city

With the history of Chennai dating back centuries, the architecture of Chennai ranges in a wide chronology. The oldest buildings in the city date from the 6th to 8th centuries CE, which include the Kapaleeshwarar Temple in Mylapore and the Parthasarathy Temple in Triplicane, built in the Dravidian architecture encompassing various styles developed during the reigns of different empires.[174] In Dravidian architecture, the Hindu temples consisted of large mantapas with gate-pyramids called gopurams in quadrangular enclosures that surround the temple.[175][176] The Gopuram, a monumental tower usually ornate at the entrance of the temple forms a prominent feature of Koils and whose origins can be traced back to the Pallavas who built the group of monuments in Mamallapuram.[177][178] The associated Agraharam architecture, which consists of traditional row houses can still be seen in the areas surrounding the temples.[179] Chennai has the second highest number of heritage buildings in the country.[180]

Parry's Corner, one of the oldest business areas lined up with Art Deco buildings

With the Mugals influence in mediaeval times and the British later, the city saw a rise in a blend of Hindu, Islamic and Gothic revival styles, resulting in the distinct Indo-Saracenic architecture.[181] The architecture for several institutions followed the Indo-Saracenic style with the Chepauk Palace designed by Paul Benfield amongst the first Indo-Saracenic buildings in India.[182] Other buildings in the city from the era designed in this style of architecture include Fort St. George (1640), Amir Mahal (1798), Government Museum (1854), Senate House of the University of Madras (1879), Victoria Public Hall (1886), Madras High Court (1892), Bharat Insurance Building (1897), Ripon Building (1913), College of Engineering (1920) and Southern Railway headquarters (1921).[183]

LIC Building was the tallest building in the country when completed in 1959

Gothic revival-style buildings include the Chennai Central and Chennai Egmore railway stations. The Santhome Church, which was originally built by the Portuguese in 1523 and is believed to house the remains of the apostle St. Thomas, was rebuilt in 1893, in neo-Gothic style.[184] By the early 20th century, the art deco made its entry upon the city's urban landscape with buildings in George Town including the United India building (presently housing LIC) and the Burma Shell building (presently the Chennai House), both built in the 1930s, and the Dare House built in 1940 examples of this architecture.[185] After Independence, the city witnessed a rise in the Modernism and the completion of the LIC Building in 1959, the tallest building in the country at that time marked the transition from lime-and-brick construction to concrete columns.[186]

The presence of the weather radar at the Chennai Port prohibited the construction of buildings taller than 60 m around a radius of 10 km till 2009.[187][186] This resulted in the central business district expanding horizontally, unlike other metropolitan cities, while the peripheral regions began experiencing vertical growth with the construction of taller buildings with the tallest building at 161 metres (528 ft).[188]

Arts

National Art Gallery, one of the oldest art galleries in India

Chennai is a major centre for music, art and dance in India.[189] The city is called the Cultural Capital of South India.[190] Madras Music Season, initiated by Madras Music Academy in 1927, is celebrated every year during the month of December and features performances of traditional Carnatic music by artists from the city.[191] Madras University introduced a course of music, as part of the Bachelor of Arts curriculum in 1930.[192] Gaana, a combination of various folk music, is sung mainly in the working-class area of North Chennai.[193] Chennai Sangamam, an art festival showcasing various arts of South India is held every year.[194] Chennai has been featured in UNESCO Creative Cities Network list since October 2017 for its old musical tradition.[195]

Government Museum, the second oldest museum in India

Chennai has a diverse theatre scene and is a prominent centre for Bharata Natyam, a classical dance form that originated in Tamil Nadu and is the oldest dance in India.[196] Cultural centres in the city include Kalakshetra and Government Music College.[197] Chennai is also home to some choirs, who during the Christmas season stage various carol performances across the city in Tamil and English.[198]

Chennai is home to many museums, galleries, and other institutions that engage in arts research and are major tourist attractions.[199] Established in the early 18th century, the Government Museum and the National Art Gallery are amongst the oldest in the country.[200] The museum inside the premises of Fort St. George maintains a collection of objects of the British era.[201] The museum is managed by the Archaeological Survey of India and has in its possession, the first Flag of India hoisted at Fort St George after the declaration of India's Independence on 15 August 1947.[202]

Chennai is the base for Tamil cinema, nicknamed Kollywood, alluding to the neighbourhood of Kodambakkam where several film studios are located.[203] The history of cinema in South India started in 1897 when a European exhibitor first screened a selection of silent short films at the Victoria Public Hall in the city.[204] Swamikannu Vincent purchased a film projector and erected tents for screening films which became popular in the early 20th century.[205] Keechaka Vadham, the first film in South India was produced in the city and released in 1917.[206] Gemini and Vijaya Vauhini studios were established in the 1940s, amongst the largest and earliest in the country.[207] Chennai hosts many major film studios, including AVM Productions, the oldest surviving studio in India.[208]

A typical vegetarian meal

Cuisine

See also: Tamil cuisine

Chennai cuisine is predominantly South Indian with rice as its base. Most local restaurants still retain their rural flavour, with many restaurants serving food over a banana leaf.[209] Eating on a banana leaf is an old custom and imparts a unique flavour to the food and is considered healthy.[210] Idly and dosa are popular breakfast dishes.[211][212] Chennai has an active street food culture and various cuisine options for dining including North Indian, Chinese and continental.[213][214] The influx of industries in the early 21st century also bought distinct cuisines from other countries such as Japanese and Korean to the city.[215] Chennai was the only South Asian city to be ranked among National Geographic's "Top 10 food cities" in 2015.[216]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Chennai
Dare House, the corporate headquarters of Murugappa Group in Chennai

The economy of Chennai consistently exceeded national average growth rates due to reform-oriented economic policies in the 1970s.[217] With the presence of two major ports, an international airport, and a converging road and rail networks, Chennai is often referred to as the "Gateway of South India".[218][1] According to the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, Chennai is amongst the most integrated with the global economy, classified as a beta-city.[219] As of 31 March 2023, Chennai had an estimated GDP of $143.9 billion ranking it among the most productive metro areas in India.[8][9] Chennai has a diversified industrial base anchored by different sectors including automobiles, software services, hardware, healthcare and financial services.[220][221] As of 2021, Chennai is amongst the top export districts in the country with more than US$2563 billion in exports.[222]

Tidel Park, the first IT SEZ in the city

The city has a permanent exhibition complex Chennai Trade Centre at Nandambakkam.[223] The city hosts the Tamil Nadu Global Investors Meet, a business summit organized by the Government of Tamil Nadu.[224] With about 62% of the population classified as affluent with less than 1% asset-poor, Chennai has the fifth highest number of millionaires.[225][226][227]

Headquarters of major automobile producer Ashok Leyland in Chennai

Chennai is among the major information technology (IT) hubs of India.[228] Tidel Park established in 2000 was amongst the first and largest IT parks in Asia.[229] The presence of SEZs and government policies have contributed to the growth of the sector which has attracted foreign investments and job seekers from other parts of the country.[230][231] In the 2020s, the city has become a major provider of SaaS and has been dubbed the "SaaS Capital of India".[232][233]

The automotive industry in Chennai accounts for more than 35% of India's overall automotive components and automobile output, earning the nickname "Detroit of India".[234][235] A large number of automotive companies have their manufacturing bases in the city.[236] Integral Coach Factory in Chennai manufactures railway coaches and other rolling stock for Indian Railways.[237] Ambattur Industrial Estate housing various manufacturing units is among the largest small-scale industrial estates in the country.[238] Chennai contributes more than 50 per cent of India's leather exports.[239] Chennai is a major electronics hardware exporter.[240]

Arjun battle tank, manufactured by Heavy Vehicles Factory at Chennai

The city is home to the Madras Stock Exchange, India's third-largest by trading volume behind the Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange of India.[241][242] Madras Bank, the first European-style banking system in India, was established on 21 June 1683 followed by first commercial banks such as Bank of Hindustan (1770) and General Bank of India (1786).[243] Bank of Madras merged with two other presidency banks to form Imperial Bank of India in 1921 which in 1955 became the State Bank of India, the largest bank in India.[244] Chennai is the headquarters of nationalized banks Indian Bank and Indian Overseas Bank.[245][246] Chennai hosts the south zonal office of the Reserve Bank of India, the country's central bank, along with its zonal training centre and staff College, one of the two colleges run by the bank.[247] The city also houses a permanent back office of the World Bank.[248] About 400 financial industry businesses are headquartered in the city.[249][250]

DRDO, India's premier defence research agency operates various facilities in Chennai.[251] Heavy Vehicles Factory of the AVANI, headquartered in Chennai manufactures Armoured fighting vehicles, Main battle tanks, tank engines and armoured clothing for the use of the Indian Armed Forces.[252][253] ISRO, the premier Indian space agency primarily responsible for performing tasks related to space exploration operates research facilities in the city.[254] Chennai is the third-most visited city in India by international tourists according to Euromonitor.[255] Medical tourism forms an important part of the city's economy with more than 40% of total medical tourists visiting India making it to Chennai.[256]

Infrastructure

Water supply

Chembarambakkam Lake, one of the major water reservoirs in the city
See also: Water management in Chennai

The city's water supply and sewage treatment are managed by the Chennai MetroWater Supply and Sewage Board. Water is drawn from Red Hills Lake and Chembarambakkam Lake, the major water reservoirs in the city and treated at water treatment plants located at Kilpauk, Puzhal, Chembarambakkam and supplied to the city through 27 water distribution stations.[257][258] The city receives 530 million litres per day (mld) of water from Krishna River through Telugu Ganga project and 180 mld of water from the Veeranam lake project.[259] 100 million litres of treated water per day is produced from the Minjur desalination plant, the country's largest seawater desalination plant.[260] Chennai is predicted to face a deficit of 713 mld of water by 2026 as the demand is projected at 2,248 mld and supply estimated at 1,535 mld.[261] The city's sewer system was designed in 1910, with some modifications in 1958.[262]

Waste management

Chennai generates 4,500 tonnes of garbage every day, of which 429 tonnes are plastic waste.[263] The Greater Chennai Corporation undertakes garbage collection and processing with collection in some of the wards contracted to private companies.[264][265] As of 2023, an average of 150 tonnes of garbage disposal is done in two landfill sites at Kodungaiyur and Pallikaranai daily.[266][267] In market and business areas, the conservancy work is done during the night.[268] As of 2022, there are public toilets in 943 locations, managed by the city corporation.[269]

Communication

Chennai is one of four Indian cities connected by undersea fibre-optic cables and is the landing point of SMW4 (connecting with Europe, Middle East and Southeast Asia), i2i and TIC (connecting with Singapore), BBG (connecting with Middle East, Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka), Gulf Bridge International (connecting with Middle East), and BRICS (connecting with Brazil, Russia, China and South Africa) with 3,175 kilometres (1,973 mi) long i2i having the world's largest design capacity of 8.4 terabits per second.[270][271][272] As of 2023, four mobile phone service companies operate GSM networks including Bharti Airtel, BSNL, Vodafone Idea and Reliance Jio offering 4G and 5G mobile services.[273][274] Wireline and broadband services are offered by five major operators and other smaller local operators.[274] Chennai is amongst the cities with a high internet usage and penetration.[275] As of 2022, the city had the highest average broadband speed among Indian cities, with a recorded download speed of 32.67 Mbit/s.[276]

Power

Madras Atomic Power Station at Kalpakkam

Electricity distribution is done by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board headquartered in Chennai.[277] As of 2023, the city consumes an average of 2,750 MW of power daily, which is above 18% of the total power consumption of 15,000 MW by the state of Tamil Nadu and ranks the second highest among all cities nationally.[278] The city has over 248,000 streetlights maintained by the corporation.[279] Major fossil fuel power plants in the city include North Chennai Thermal Power Station, GMR Vasavi Diesel Power Plant, Ennore Thermal Power Station, Basin Bridge Gas Turbine Power Station, Madras Atomic Power Station and Vallur Thermal Power Project.[280] Madras Atomic Power Station located at Kalpakkam about 80 km (50 mi) south of the city is a comprehensive nuclear power production, fuel reprocessing, and waste treatment facility and is the first fully indigenous nuclear power station in India.[281]

Health care

Main article: Healthcare in Chennai
General Hospital, the primary public hospital in Chennai

Chennai has a well-developed health infrastructure, including both government-run and private hospitals. The corporation runs 138 primary health centres, 14 secondary health centres, three maternity hospitals and three veterinary health centres.[282] The corporation also runs six diagnostic centres, 37 shelters and 10 health centres for the homeless.[282] The city attracts many health tourists from abroad and other states and has been termed as India's health capital.[3] Major government run hospitals include Government General Hospital, Government multi-super specialty hospital, Kilpauk medical college hospital, Government Royapettah Hospital, Stanley medical college hospital, Government hospital of thoracic medicine, Adyar Cancer Institute, TB Sanatorium and National Institute of Siddha.[283][284] The Government General Hospital was started by 16 November 1664 and was the first major hospital in India.[285] Major private hospitals in the city include Apollo Hospitals, Billroth Hospitals, Dr. Mehta's Hospital, Fortis Malar Hospital, Madras Medical Mission, MIOT Hospitals, Sankara Nethralaya, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Global Hospitals, Chettinad Hospitals, Kauvery Hospital and Vijaya Hospitals.[283] Corporation is responsible for administration of polio vaccine for eligible age groups.[286] King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research established in 1899 is a research institute specializing in preventive medicine and vaccination.[287]

Media

Main article: Media in Chennai
See also: List of Newspapers in Chennai and Broadcasting in Chennai
Headquarters of Sun Network, India's largest private TV broadcaster

Newspaper publishing started in Chennai with the launch of the weekly The Madras Courier in 1785.[288] It was followed by the weeklies The Madras Gazette and The Government Gazette in 1795.[289][290] The Spectator, founded in 1836 was the first English newspaper in Chennai to be owned by an Indian and became the city's first daily newspaper in 1853.[291] The first Telugu journal printed from Madras was Satya Doota in 1835, and the first Tamil newspaper, Swadesamitran, was launched in 1899.[292][293] Chennai has several newspapers and magazines published in various languages including Tamil, English and Telugu.[294] The major dailies with a circulation of more than 100,000 copies per day include The Hindu, Dina Thanthi, Dinakaran, The Times of India, Dina Malar and The Deccan Chronicle.[295] Several periodicals and local newspapers prevalent in select localities also bring out editions from the city.[296]

The government run Doordarshan broadcasts terrestrial and satellite television channels from its Chennai centre set up in 1974.[297] Many private satellite television networks including Sun Network, one of India's largest broadcasting companies, are based in the city.[298] The cable TV service is entirely controlled by the state government while DTH and IPTV is available via various private operators.[299][300] Radio broadcasting began in 1924 by the Madras Presidency Radio Club.[301] All India Radio was established in 1938.[302] The city has four AM and 11 FM radio stations operated by All India Radio, Hello FM, Suryan FM, Radio Mirchi, Radio City and BIG FM among others.[303][304]

Others

Fire services are handled by the Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services, which operates 33 operating fire stations.[305] The corporation also owns 52 community halls across the city.[306] Postal services are handled by India Post, which operates 568 post offices, of which nearly 460 operate from rented premises.[307] The first post office was established on 1 June 1786 at Fort St. George on 1 June 1786.[308]

Transport

Main article: Transport in Chennai

Air

Chennai International Airport is one of the busiest in India

The aviation history of Chennai began in 1910, when Giacomo D'Angelis built the first powered flight in Asia and tested it in Island Grounds.[309] In 1915, Tata Air Mail started an airmail service between Karachi and Madras marking the beginning of civil aviation in India.[310] In March 1930, a discussion initiated by pilot G. Vlasto led to the founding of Madras Flying Club.[311][312] On 15 October 1932, J. R. D. Tata flew a Puss Moth aircraft carrying air mail from Karachi to Bombay's Juhu Airstrip and the flight was continued to Madras piloted by aviator Nevill Vintcent marking the first scheduled commercial flight.[313][314] The city is served by Chennai International Airport located in Tirusulam, around 20 kilometres (12 mi) southwest of the city centre.[315] It is the fourth-busiest airport in India in terms of passenger traffic and cargo handled.[316] While the existing airport is undergoing expansion with an addition of 1,069.99 acres (433.01 ha), a new greenfield airport has been proposed to handle additional traffic.[317]

The region comes under the purview of the Southern Air Command of the Indian Air Force. The Air Force operates an air base at Tambaram.[318] The Indian Navy operates airbases at Arakkonam and Chennai.[319][320]

Rail

Southern Railway zone is headquartered in Chennai

The history of railway in Chennai began in 1832, when the first railway line in India was proposed between Little Mount and Chintadripet in the city which became operational in 1837.[321] The Madras Railway was established later in 1845 and the construction on the first main line between Madras and Arcot started in 1853, which became operational in 1856.[322] In 1944, all the railway companies operating in British India were taken over by the Government.[323] In December 1950, the Central Advisory Committee for Railways approved the plan for Indian Railways into six zonal systems and the Southern Railway zone was created on 14 April 1951 by merging three state railways, namely, the Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway, the South Indian Railway Company, and the Mysore State Railway with Chennai as the headquarters.[324] The city has four major railway terminals at Chennai Central, Egmore, Beach and Tambaram.[325] Chennai Central, city's largest station provides access to other major stations nationally and is amongst the busiest stations in the country.[326]

Suburban and MRTS
Chennai MRTS was the first MRTS system in India
Main article: Chennai Suburban Railway
Main article: Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System

Chennai has a well-established suburban railway network operated by Southern railway, which was established in 1928.[327] The Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS) is an elevated urban mass transit system established in 1995 operating on a single line from Chennai Beach to Velachery.[327]

System Lines Stations Length Opened
Chennai Suburban[328] 3 53 212 km (132 mi) 1928
Chennai MRTS[329] 1 17 19.715 km (12.250 mi) 1995
Metro
Chennai Metro is the only metro system operational in the state
Main article: Chennai Metro

Chennai Metro is a rapid transit rail system in Chennai that was opened in 2015. As of 2023, the metro system consists of two operational lines operating across 54.1 km (33.6 mi) with 41 stations.[330] The Chennai metro system is being expanded with a proposed addition of three more lines and an extension of 116.1 km (72.1 mi).[331]

Line Terminal Opened Length
(km) 		Stations
Blue Line Wimco Nagar Chennai Airport 21 September 2016 32.65 26
Green Line Chennai Central St. Thomas Mount 29 June 2015 22 17
Total 54.65 41

Road

CMBT, the major inter-city bus terminus

Chennai has an extensive road network covering about 1,780 km (1,110 mi) as of 2023.[332][333] Chennai is one of the termini of the Golden Quadrilateral system of National Highways connecting it to Mumbai and Kolkata.[334] In addition, two other major national highways namely, NH 45 and NH 205 originate from the city while it is connected to other major towns of the state and Puducherry by state highways.[335] The city has grade separators and flyovers at major intersections, and two peripheral roads (inner and outer ring roads).[336] There are two expressways under construction: Chennai Port–Maduravoyal Expressway and Bangalore–Chennai Expressway.[337][338]

Chennai port, amongst the busiest in South India

As of 2021, there are over six million registered vehicles in the city.[339] Public bus transport is handled by the Metropolitan Transport Corporation of Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation, which is run by the Government of Tamil Nadu. It was established in 1947 when private buses operating in Madras presidency were nationalized by the government and runs about 3233 buses As of 2023.[340] State Express Transport Corporation Limited (SETC), established in 1980, runs long-distance express services exceeding 250 km and above and links the city with other important cities and adjoining states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and the Union Territory of Puducherry. SETC operates various classes of services such as semi-deluxe, ultra-deluxe and air-conditioned with advance booking and reservation on all of its routes.[341] Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus is one of the largest bus stations in Asia and caters to outstation buses.[342] The other means of road transport in the city include vans, auto rickshaws, on-call metered taxis and tourist taxis.[343]

Water

Chennai has two major ports Chennai and Ennore which are managed by the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways of the Government of India.[344] There are three minor ports, which are managed by the department of highways and minor ports of Government of Tamil Nadu.[332][345] Royapuram fishing harbour is used by fishing boats.[346] Indian Navy has a major base at Chennai.[347][348]

Education

The University of Madras (e. 1857), one of the oldest universities in India
Main article: Education in Chennai
See also: Schools in Chennai and Education in India

Chennai is a major educational hub and home to some of the premium educational institutions in the country.[349] The city has a 90.33% literacy rate and ranks second among the major Indian metropolitan city centres.[350] Chennai has a mix of public and private schools with the public school system managed by the school education department of Government of Tamil Nadu. As of 2023, there are 420 public schools run by Greater Chennai Corporation.[351] Public schools run by the Chennai Corporation are all affiliated with the Tamil Nadu State Board, while private schools may be affiliated with either of Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education, Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (ICSE) or National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS).[352] School education starts with two years of Kindergarten from age three onwards and then follows the Indian 10+2 plan, ten years of school and two years of higher secondary education.[353]

College of Engineering, Guindy (e. 1794) is the oldest engineering college in India

The University of Madras was founded in 1857 and is one of India's first modern universities.[354] Colleges for science, arts, and commerce degrees are typically affiliated with the University of Madras, which has six campuses in the city.[355] Indian Institute of Technology Madras is a premier institute of engineering and College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna University founded in 1794 is the oldest engineering college in India.[356]

Connemara Public Library (e. 1896), one of the oldest libraries in India

Officers Training Academy of the Indian Army is headquartered in the city.[357] There are eight government-run medical colleges in the city including one dental college, three for traditional medicine and four for modern medicine apart from multiple private colleges operating under the purview of Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University in Chennai.[358] Madras Medical College was established in 1835 and is one of the oldest medical colleges in India.[359]

Chennai has many libraries with the major ones being the Connemara Public Library (estd. 1896), one of the four National Depository Centres in India that receive a copy of all newspapers and books published in the country and the Anna Centenary Library, the largest library in Asia.[360][361][362] Chennai has two CSIR research institutions namely Central Leather Research Institute and Structural Engineering Research Centre.[363] Chennai book fair is an annual book fair organized by the Booksellers and Publishers Association of South India (BAPASI) and is typically held in December–January.[364]

Tourism and recreation

Main article: Tourism in Chennai
Marina Beach, one of the longest urban beaches

With temples, beaches and centres of historical and cultural significance including the UNESCO Heritage Site of Mahabalipuram, Chennai is one of the most-visited cities in India with 11 million domestic and 630,000 foreign tourists visiting in 2020.[365] The gateway to the southern part of India,[366] Chennai was ranked among the top hundred destinations by Euromonitor.[367][368] As of 2018, the city has about 7,000 luxury rooms across four- and five-star categories, with 85 per cent of the room demand coming from business travellers.[369][370] Chennai has a 19 km (12 mi) coastline with many beaches including the Marina spanning 13 km (8.1 mi) which is the second-longest urban beach in the world and Elliot's Beach south of the Adyar delta.[371][372]

Semmoli Poonga, a 20 acres (8.1 ha) botanical garden

As of 2023, Chennai has 835 public parks maintained by the corporation.[373] The largest park is the 358-acre Tholkappia Poonga, developed to restore the fragile ecosystem of the Adyar estuary.[374] Semmoli Poonga is a 20 acres (8.1 ha) botanical garden maintained by the horticulture department.[375] Madras Crocodile Bank is a reptile zoo located 40 km (25 mi) south of the city and has one of the largest collections of reptiles in the country.[376] Arignar Anna zoological park is a large urban zoo with more than two million visitors annually.[377] Guindy National Park is a protected area within the city limits and has a children's park and a snake park associated with it.[378] Chennai also houses several theme parks and amusement parks.[379]

As of 2012, there are 120 cinema screens and multiplexes.[380] Stage plays and dramas of different genres and languages are enacted in theatres across the city.[381] Chennai is also home to several malls.[382] The city is an important market for jewellery.[383] Anna Nagar and Nungambakkam are amongst the expensive retail zones in the country.[384]

Sports

Main article: Sport in Chennai
M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, one of the premier cricket venues in India

Cricket is the most popular sport in Chennai and was introduced in 1864 with the foundation of the Madras Cricket Club.[385] The M.A. Chidambaram Stadium, established in 1916, is one of the oldest cricket stadiums in India and has hosted matches during multiple ICC Cricket World Cups.[386] Other cricketing venues include Chemplast Cricket Ground and Guru Nanak College Ground.[387][388] Prominent cricketers from the city include S. Venkataraghavan,[389] Kris Srikkanth,[390] and Ravichandran Ashwin.[391] Established in 1987, MRF Pace Foundation is a bowling academy based in Chennai.[392] Chennai is home to the most successful Indian Premier League (IPL) cricket team Chennai Super Kings and hosted the finals during the 2011, 2012, and 2024 seasons.[393][394]

Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium multipurpose stadium

Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium is a multi-purpose venue which hosts football and athletics and also houses a multi–purpose indoor complex for volleyball, basketball, kabaddi and table tennis.[395] Chennai hosted the 1995 South Asian Games.[396] Football club Chennaiyin FC competes in Indian Super League (ISL), the top tier association football league of India and uses the Nehru Stadium for their home matches.[397] Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium is associated with hockey and was venue for the international hockey tournament the 2005 Men's Champions Trophy and the 2007 Men's Asia Cup.[398] Water sports are played in the Velachery Aquatic Complex.[399] Chennai was the host of the only ATP World Tour event in India, the Chennai Open held at SDAT Tennis Stadium from 1997 to 2017.[400] Vijay Amritraj, Mahesh Bhupathi Ramesh Krishnan and Somdev Devvarman were professional tennis players from Chennai.[401] Chennai is home to Chennai Slam, two-time national champion of India's top professional basketball division, the UBA Pro Basketball League.[402]

Madras Motor Race Track, the first permanent racing circuit in India

Madras Boat Club (founded in 1846) and Royal Madras Yacht Club (founded in 1911) promote sailing, rowing and canoeing sports in Chennai.[403] Inaugurated in 1990, Madras Motor Race Track was the first permanent racing circuit in India and hosts formula racing events.[404] Formula One driver Karun Chandhok was from the city.[405] Horse racing is held at the Guindy Race Course and the city has two 18-hole golf courses, the Cosmopolitan Club and the Gymkhana Club established in the late nineteenth century.[406] Chennai is often dubbed "India's chess capital" as the city is home to multiple chess grandmasters including former world champion Viswanathan Anand.[407][408] The city played host to the World Chess Championship 2013 and 44th Chess Olympiad in 2022.[409][410] Other sports persons from Chennai include table tennis player Sharath Kamal and two–time world carrom champion, Maria Irudayam.[411][412]

City based teams

For a more comprehensive list, see Sport in Chennai § Teams.
Club Sport League Home Stadium Founded Ref
Chennai Super Kings Cricket Indian Premier League M.A. Chidambaram Stadium 2008 [413]
Chennaiyin FC Football Indian Super League Marina Arena 2013 [397]
Chennai Slam Basketball UBA Pro Basketball League Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium 2015 [402]
Chennai Superstarz Badminton Premier Badminton League Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium 2015 [414]
Chepauk Super Gillies Cricket Tamil Nadu Premier League M.A. Chidambaram Stadium 2016 [415]
Tamil Thalaivas Kabaddi Pro Kabaddi League Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium 2017 [416]
Chennai Lions Table tennis Ultimate Table Tennis Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium 2019 [417]
Chennai Blitz Volleyball Prime Volleyball League Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium 2021 [418]

International relations

Foreign missions

See also: List of diplomatic missions in Chennai

The consular presence in the city dates back to 1794, when William Abbott was appointed US consular agent for South India.[419][420] As of 2022, there are 60 foreign representations in Chennai, including 16 consulates general and 28 honorary consulates.[421][422] American Consulate in Chennai is amongst the top employment-based visa processing centres.[423] The Foreigners Regional Registration Office (FRRO) is in charge of immigration and registration activities in the city.[424]

Sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in India

Chennai has sister city relationships with the following cities of the world:

City Country State/Region Since Ref.
Volgograd  Russia Volgograd Oblast 1966 [425]
Denver  United States Colorado 1984 [425]
San Antonio  United States Texas 2008 [426]
Kuala Lumpur  Malaysia Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur 2010 [427]
Chongqing  People's Republic of China Municipality of Chongqing 2015 [428]
Ulsan  South Korea Ulsan Metropolitan City 2016 [429]

Notable people

Further information: List of people from Chennai

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b The Chennai Metropolitan Area also includes portions of Kanchipuram, Chengalpattu, Tiruvallur districts adjoining the Chennai District
  2. ^ There is a disagreement among scholars as to the origin of the first use of the name.
  3. ^ The GDP numbers are projected numbers at current prices and correspond to the pre-expansion city limits.
  4. ^ /məˈdrɑːs/ ⓘ or /-ˈdræs/[11]
  5. ^ The term Chennai is often used to denote the Chennai Metropolitan Area, colloquially applied for the wider area than just the city. This area includes the city/district of Chennai, and adjacent parts from its three neighbouring districts. This wider usage of the term has been documented as far back as 1639, when the Madras Municipal Corporation was created

References

  1. ^ a b Sharma, Reetu (23 August 2014). "Chennai turns 375: Things you should know about 'Gateway to South India'". One India. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  2. ^ Business America. U.S. Department of Commerce. 1997. p. 14. Archived from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  3. ^ a b Hamid, Zubeda (20 August 2012). "The medical capital's place in history". The Hindu. Chennai. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  4. ^ a b c "Chennai city just got bigger". The Times of India. 30 December 2009. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  5. ^ a b "CMDA, about us". CMDA. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  6. ^ Cities having population 1 Lakh and above (PDF) (Report). The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of India. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  7. ^ a b c Census 2011: Population of cities in India (Report). The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of India. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
  8. ^ a b "Chennai - C40 Cities". C40 Group. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
  9. ^ a b District Income estimates (Report). Government of Tamil Nadu. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
  10. ^ a b c "About Chennai district". Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  11. ^ Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917], Roach, Peter; Hartmann, James; Setter, Jane (eds.), English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 3-12-539683-2
  12. ^ a b "History | Chennai District | India". 9 December 2023. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023.
  13. ^ Srinivasachari, C S (1939). History of the City of Madrae third-largest economys. P Varadachary and co. pp. 63–69. Retrieved 27 November 2023 – via Government of Tamil Nadu.
  14. ^ Muthiah, S. (4 March 2012). "The 'Town Temple' resurrected". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012.
  15. ^ S. Muthiah (2008). Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India. Palaniappa Brothers. ISBN 978-81-8379-468-8. Archived from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  16. ^ Krishnamachari, Suganthy (21 August 2014). "Madras is not alien". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021.
  17. ^ Krishnamachari, Suganthy (21 August 2014). "Madras is not alien". The Hindu. No. Friday Review. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
  18. ^ The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places. Britannica Educational Publishing. 2011. ISBN 978-1-61530-202-4. Archived from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  19. ^ "Madras' 384th anniversary: The making of Madras". The New Indian Express. 22 August 2023. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  20. ^ "Madras nalla Madras!". The Hindu. 9 April 2012. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  21. ^ "Road workers stumble upon ancient grinding stone in Pallavaram". The Times of India. 19 September 2010. Archived from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  22. ^ Awakening Indians to India. Central Chinmaya Mission Trust. 2008. p. 215. ISBN 978-8-17597-433-3.
  23. ^ a b c "Chennai, history". Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  24. ^ Daniélou, Alain; Hurry, Kenneth (2003). A brief history of India. Alain Daniélou. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-59477-794-3. Archived from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  25. ^ "Chola, Vijayanagara period copper coins found on riverbed". The Times of India. 9 October 2023. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  26. ^ a b c "Origin of the Name Madras". Greater Chennai Corporation. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  27. ^ Rao, Velcheru Narayana; Shulman, David; Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1998). Symbols of substance : court and state in Nayaka period Tamilnadu. Oxford University Press. p. xix, 349 p., [16] p. of plates : ill., maps; 22 cm. ISBN 978-0-19564-399-2.
  28. ^ Thilakavathy, M.; Maya, R. K. (5 June 2019). Facets of Contemporary history. MJP Publishers. p. 583. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
  29. ^ Frykenberg, Robert Eric (26 June 2008). Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19826-377-7. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
  30. ^ Roberts J. M. (1997). A short history of the world. Helicon Publishing. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-19511-504-8. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  31. ^ Wagret, Paul (1977). Nagel's encyclopedia-guide. India, Nepal. Geneva: Nagel Publishers. p. 556. ISBN 978-2-82630-023-6. OCLC 4202160.
  32. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). A global chronology of conflict. ABC—CLIO. p. 756. ISBN 978-1-85109-667-1. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  33. ^ S., Muthiah (21 November 2010). "Madras Miscellany: When Pondy was wasted". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  34. ^ Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (2002). History of Modern India:1707 A.D. to 2000 A.D. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 94. ISBN 978-8-12690-085-5. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  35. ^ "Madras Presidency". Britannica. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  36. ^ Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2007). World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia. Marshall Cavendish. p. 442. ISBN 978-0-76147-645-0. Archived from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  37. ^ Gill, B. (2001). Surveying Sir George Everest (PDF) (Report). Professional Surveyor Magazine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  38. ^ Wallach, Bret (2005). Understanding the cultural landscape. The Guilford Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-1-59385-119-4. Archived from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  39. ^ "Madras Renamed Tamil Nadu". Hubert Herald. Archived from the original on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  40. ^ Murthy, Chippada Suryanarayana (1984). Andhra Martyr Amarajeevi Potti Sriramulu. International Telugu Institute.
  41. ^ "The reorganization of states in India and why it happened". News Minute. 2 November 2016. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  42. ^ V. Shoba (14 August 2011). "Chennai says it in Hindi". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  43. ^ Official Language Act. Parliament of India. 1963. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
  44. ^ "Madras renamed Chennai". Maps of India. 17 July 2013. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  45. ^ Altaff, K; J Sugumaran, Maryland S Naveed (10 July 2005). "Impact of tsunami on meiofauna of Marina beach, Chennai, India". Current Science. 89 (1): 34–38. JSTOR 24110427. Archived from the original on 13 November 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  46. ^ "Tamil Nadu government pegs flood damage at Rs 8,481 crore, CM Jayalalithaa writes to PM Modi". Daily News and Analysis. 23 November 2015. Archived from the original on 7 September 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  47. ^ Human Development Report, Chennai (PDF) (Report). Government of Tamil Nadu. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  48. ^ Pulikesi, M; P. Baskaralingam; D. Elango; V.N. Rayudu; V. Ramamurthi; S. Sivanesan (25 August 2006). "Air quality monitoring in Chennai, India, in the summer of 2005". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 136 (3): 589–596. Bibcode:2006JHzM..136..589P. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.12.039. ISSN 0304-3894. PMID 16442714. Chennai is fairly low–lying, its highest point being only 300 m (980 ft) above sea level is a rugged barren hill opposite to the Airport called Pallavapuram Hill.
  49. ^ "Practices and Practitioners". Centre for Science and Environment. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  50. ^ "Quality of groundwater better this year". The Times of India. 29 January 2011. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  51. ^ Lakshmi, K. (28 August 2012). "Tardy monsoon: Chennai water table rises only marginally". The Hindu. Chennai. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  52. ^ Lopez, Aloysius Xavier (31 August 2018). "A Rs. 228-cr. project to take city's green cover to 20%". The Hindu. Chennai. Archived from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  53. ^ a b "How Chennai, one of the world's wettest major cities, ran out of water". The Times of India. 4 February 2021. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  54. ^ a b "It's official: Chennai's rivers are 'dead'". The Times of India. 18 January 2023. Archived from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  55. ^ "Those were the days: Buckingham Canal and its socio-political influences". Daily Thanthi. 30 August 2023. Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  56. ^ "Fishers mull 'people's plan' for Ennore creek restoration". The New Indian Express. 6 January 2024. Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
  57. ^ "Residents along Otteri Nullah complain of pollution, health risk and flooding". The Hindu. 3 September 2023. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  58. ^ Raghavan, Susheela; Narayanan, Indira (2008). "Chapter 1: Geography". In S.Muthiah (ed.). Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India, Volume 1. Palaniappa Brothers. p. 13. ISBN 978-8-18379-468-8. Archived from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  59. ^ Lakshmi, K. (10 November 2018). "T.N. lost 41% shoreline to erosion: study". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2018.
  60. ^ John, Ekatha Ann (29 September 2012). "Disaster body for panel to monitor highrises in Chennai". The Times of India. Chennai. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  61. ^ Yadav, Priya (10 January 2013). "Soon, power from ancient rocks". The Times of India. Chennai. Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  62. ^ Elbeltagi, Ahmed; Pande, Chaitanya B.; Moharir, Kanak N.; Pham, Quoc Bao; Singh, Sudhir Kumar (13 February 2023). Climate Change Impacts on Natural Resources, Ecosystems and Agricultural Systems. Springer International. p. 348. ISBN 978-3-03119-059-9.
  63. ^ Khan, Ansar; Akbari, Hashem; Fiorito, Francesco; Mithun, Sk; Niyogi, Dev (2022). Global Heat Island Migration. Elsevier. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-323-85539-6.
  64. ^ "About Chennai" (PDF). Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority. p. 28. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  65. ^ "Heat may gradually relent over most parts of the State after June 18, says IMD". The Hindu. 15 June 2023. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  66. ^ Climatology tables:Extremes till 2012 (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  67. ^ Climatology tables:Normal 1981-2010 (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. p. 279. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  68. ^ Ground Water Brochure, Chennai (PDF) (Report). Central Ground Water Board, Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  69. ^ "Northeast monsoon dumps 57% excess rainfall in Tamil Nadu in 2021". Deccan Herald. 31 December 2021. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  70. ^ "Easterly, southeasterly winds keep city cool". The Times of India. 1 May 2007. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  71. ^ Northeast Monsoon, 2022 (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  72. ^ "NE monsoon sets in, brings in copious rains". Rediff. 12 October 2005. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
  73. ^ "Chennai Flooded, 2015 All Over Again! Cyclonic Storm Michaung to blame or infrastructure". Times Now. 4 December 2023. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
  74. ^ "Station: Chennai (Nungambakkam) Climatological Table 1981–2010" (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 185–186. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  75. ^ "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M192. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  76. ^ "Table 3 Monthly mean duration of Sun Shine (hours) at different locations in India" (PDF). Daily Normals of Global & Diffuse Radiation (1971–2000). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  77. ^ "Chennai Climatological Table 1981–2010". India Meteorological Department. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  78. ^ "Normals Data: Chennai/Minambakkam – India Latitude: 13.00°N Longitude: 80.18°E Height: 14 (m)". Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
  79. ^ S. Theodore Baskaran (2008). "Chapter 2: Wildlife". In S. Muthiah (ed.). Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India, Volume 1. Palaniappa Brothers. p. 55. ISBN 978-8-18379-468-8. Archived from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  80. ^ G. Thirumalai and S. Krishnan (July 2005). Pictorial Handbook: Birds Of Chennai. Kolkata: Zoological Survey of India. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  81. ^ Wetlands in Tamil Nadu (PDF) (Report). Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  82. ^ "Chennai welcomes migratory birds. Here is a guide to begin bird watching". The Hindu. 27 February 2024. Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  83. ^ "Good nesting season of Olive Ridley turtles ends along Chennai's coast". The Hindu. 23 May 2023. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  84. ^ "Wildlife centre at Vandalur zoo replaces safari". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  85. ^ "Madras Crocodile Bank Trust and its partner NGOs in India working to raise awareness on snakebites". The Hindu. 22 September 2013. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  86. ^ Shankar Raman, T. R.; R. K. G. Menon; R. Sukumar (1996). "Ecology and Management of Chital and Blackbuck in Guindy National Park, Madras" (PDF). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 93 (2): 178–192. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  87. ^ "Tree cover in city is only around 15%". The Hindu. Chennai. 11 February 2018. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  88. ^ Fisheries policy note (PDF) (Report). Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  89. ^ Knight, J.D. Marcus; Devi, K. Rema (2010). "Species persistence: a re-look at the freshwater fish fauna of Chennai, India". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 2 (12): 1334–1337. doi:10.11609/JoTT.o2519.1334-7. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  90. ^ "Vanishing wetlands". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  91. ^ Lakshmi, K. (1 April 2018). "The vanishing waterbodies of Chennai". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  92. ^ "Next time by water". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
  93. ^ K., Lakshmi (20 January 2019). "Indigenous flora in city wetlands under threat". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  94. ^ "Adyar River pollution". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  95. ^ "Couvum River pollution". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  96. ^ V, Jinoy Jose P (18 June 2019). "Living without water in Chennai". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  97. ^ Nagarajan, Ganesh; Megson, Jody; Wu, Jin (3 February 2021). "How One of the World's Wettest Major Cities Ran Out of Water". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  98. ^ "Muck in Chennai rivers to turn into manure". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  99. ^ "More citizens initiative for restoring water bodies". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  100. ^ "Water security mission to watch out for city's needs". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  101. ^ H. D. Love (1913). "Population of Madras". Vestiges of Old Madras, Vol 3. p. 557.
  102. ^ Imperial Gazetter of India, Volume 16. Clarendon Press. 1908.
  103. ^ Mary Elizabeth Hancock (2008). The politics of heritage from Madras to Chennai. Indiana University Press. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-253-35223-1.
  104. ^ Muthiah, S. (2004). Madras Rediscovered. East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd. p. 22. ISBN 81-88661-24-4.
  105. ^ Srivastava, Sangya (2005). Studies in Demography. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. p. 251. ISBN 978-81-261-1992-9.
  106. ^ Statistical handbook 2017 – 2018 (PDF) (Report). Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  107. ^ 2011 Census results (PDF) (Report). Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  108. ^ Lakshmi, C. S. (1 January 2004). The Unhurried City: Writings on Chennai. Penguin Books. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-143-03026-3. Archived from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  109. ^ Bergman (2003). Introduction to Geography. Pearson Education. p. 485. ISBN 978-8-131-70210-9. Archived from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  110. ^ Smart Cities Mission (PDF) (Report). Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  111. ^ "Chennai Corporation is re-christened Greater Chennai Corporation". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  112. ^ "Number of people below the poverty line to increase in city". The Hindu. Chennai. 13 May 2019. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  113. ^ Xavier Lopez, Aloysius (26 August 2017). "The shelter stalemate". The Hindu. Chennai. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
  114. ^ Slum Clearance plan (PDF) (Report). Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  115. ^ "Chennai, the 2nd oldest corporation in the world". The Hindu. Chennai. 29 September 2013. Archived from the original on 8 November 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  116. ^ "Scope of digital mapping exercise in city likely to be enlarged". The Hindu. 24 December 2011. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  117. ^ "Chennai ward map". Greater Chennai Corporation. 12 September 2011. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  118. ^ Executive Chart (PDF) (Report). Greater Chennai Corporation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  119. ^ "Chennai to get its youngest and first Dalit woman as mayor; meet R Priya". Hindustan Times. 3 March 2022. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  120. ^ Srivathsan, A (19 September 2013). "Indecisiveness keeps urban projects on hold". The Hindu. Chennai. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
  121. ^ "About Corporation of Chennai". Greater Chennai Corporation. Archived from the original on 15 September 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  122. ^ "History of Tamil Nadu Assembly". Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  123. ^ "Madras High Court". Madras High Court. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  124. ^ "Tamil Nadu police, history". Tamil Nadu Police. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  125. ^ "Home, Prohibition and Excise Department". Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  126. ^ "Chennai Metro Police". Tamil Nadu Police. Archived from the original on 18 August 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  127. ^ "Chennai Traffic Police issues advisory ahead of PM Modi's visit on January 19". The Hindu. 19 January 2024. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  128. ^ The Tamil Nadu Town and Country Planning Act, 1971 (Tamil Nadu Act 35 of 1972) (PDF) (Report). Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  129. ^ "Greater Chennai Police may be bifurcated". The Hindu. 14 August 2021. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  130. ^ "About Chennai Police". Greater Chennai Corporation. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  131. ^ "With 2nd rank, Chennai at Delhi's heels in crime rate among major Indian metro cities, reveals NCRB data". Times Now. 16 September 2021. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  132. ^ "150-yr-old Central prison closed for good". The Times of India. 19 January 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  133. ^ "List of TN Assembly constituencies". Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  134. ^ "Chennai Metropolitan Area – Profile". Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  135. ^ Sitaramayya, Pattabhi (1935). The History of the Indian National Congress. Working Committee of the Congress.
  136. ^ Bevir, Mark (2003). "Theosophy and the Origins of the Indian National Congress". International Journal of Hindu Studies. 7 (1–3). University of California, Berkeley: 14–18. doi:10.1007/s11407-003-0005-4. S2CID 54542458. Archived from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2012. Theosophical Society provided the framework for action within which some of its Indian and British members worked to form the Indian National Congress.", "1884 annual convention of the Theosophical Society. At this convention, Rao argued that the Society should start formally to discuss the political situation in India as well as more strictly religious matters. Although Rao did not get his way, he did arrange a meeting of sympathetic theosophists to be held at his home. Those who attended this meeting with Rao included Aiyar, Ananda Charlu, and M. Viraraghavachariar. They formed the Madras Mahajana Sabha," "meeting to coincide with the next annual convention of the Theosophical Society. This meeting would promote their idea of an all-India body." "Hume was probably the single most important individual for the formation of the Indian National Congress.
  137. ^ Irschick, Eugene F. (1969). Political and Social Conflict in South India; The non-Brahmin movement and Tamil Separatism, 1916–1929. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-83641-918-4. OCLC 249254802.
  138. ^ Taylor, Richard Warren (1982). Religion and Society: The First Twenty-five Years, 1953–1978. Christian Literature Society (for the Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, Bangalore). p. 242. OCLC 9007066.
  139. ^ Rajaraman, P. (1988). The Justice Party: a historical perspective, 1916–37. Poompozhil Publishers. ch. 4 (Ideology, Organisation and Programme of the Justice Party). OCLC 20453430.
  140. ^ Ralhan, O.P. (2002). Encyclopedia of Political Parties. Print House. pp. 180–199. ISBN 978-8-1748-8287-5.
  141. ^ "A century of reform". The Indian Express. 22 November 2016. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  142. ^ Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 164. ASIN B003DXXMC4.
  143. ^ Wyatt, A.K.J. (2002). "New Alignments in South Indian Politics: The 2001 Assembly Elections in Tamil Nadu". Asian Survey. 42 (5). University of California Press: 733–753. doi:10.1525/as.2002.42.5.733. hdl:1983/1811. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  144. ^ S. Viswanathan (7 December 2009). "Language issue again: the need for a clear-headed policy". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 January 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  145. ^ Ellens, Dan; Srinivas, Lakshmi (2005). A Time for India. Vantage Press. ISBN 978-0-53315-092-2. Archived from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  146. ^ Siddique, Zahra (2008). Ethnicity, Race and Gender in the Labor Market. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-549-50781-9.
  147. ^ Getter, Joseph; B.Balasubrahmaniyan (29 September 2008). "Tamil Film Music: Sound and Significance". In Slobin, Mark (ed.). Global Soundtracks: Worlds of Film Music. Wesleyan University Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-81956-882-3. Archived from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  148. ^ Census India Catalog (Report). Government of India. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  149. ^ Smirnitskaya, Anna (March 2019). "Diglossia and Tamil varieties in Chennai". Acta Linguistica Petropolitana. XiV (3): 318–334. doi:10.30842/alp2306573714317. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  150. ^ Vijayakrishnan, K. G. (1995). "Compound Typology in Tamil". Theoretical perspectives on word order in South Asian languages. Centre for Study of Language. pp. 263–264. ISBN 978-1-88152-649-0.
  151. ^ Akundi, Sweta (18 October 2018). "K and the city: Why are more and more Chennaiites learning Korean?". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020.
  152. ^ "Konnichiwa!". The Hindu. 25 September 2017. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
  153. ^ a b "How many tongues can you speak?". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020.
  154. ^ Akundi, Sweta (25 October 2018). "How Mandarin has become crucial in Chennai". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 3 December 2020.
  155. ^ "Guten Morgen! Chennaiites signing up for German lessons on the rise". The Times of India. 14 May 2018. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020.
  156. ^ a b "Population By Religious Community – Tamil Nadu" (XLS). Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2011. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  157. ^ "The magic of melting pot called Chennai". The Hindu. 19 December 2011. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  158. ^ "A different mirror". The Hindu. 25 August 2016. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  159. ^ "'Telugu Speaking People in TN are Not Aliens'". New Indian Express. 18 March 2014. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  160. ^ "From Rajasthan with love". New Indian Express. 6 November 2023. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  161. ^ "Go Gujrati this navratri". New Indian Express. 20 October 2023. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  162. ^ "The Parsis of Madras". Madras Musings. XVIII (12). 15 October 2008. Archived from the original on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  163. ^ "Sindhis to usher in new year with fanfare". The Times of India. 24 March 2012. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  164. ^ "Why Oriyas find Chennai warm and hospitable". The Times of India. 12 May 2012. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  165. ^ "Goan spirit in Chennai". The Hindu. 18 December 2000. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  166. ^ "Chennai's Kannadigas not complaining". The Times of India. 5 April 2008. Archived from the original on 9 June 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  167. ^ "The Anglo-Indians of Chennai". Madras Musings. XX (12). 15 October 2010. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  168. ^ "A slice of Bengal in Chennai". The Times of India. 22 October 2012. Archived from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  169. ^ B.R., Madhu (16 September 2009). "The Punjabis of Chennai". Madras Musings. XX (12). Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  170. ^ "Chennai Malayalee Club leads Onam 2023 celebrations". Media India. 1 September 2023. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  171. ^ "When Madras welcomed them". Deccan Chronicle. 27 August 2007. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  172. ^ "Deepavali, the expat edition". New Indian Express. 24 October 2023. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  173. ^ Demography of Chennai (PDF) (Report). Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  174. ^ Kamath, Rina (2000). Chennai. Chennai: Orient Longman Limited. pp. 31–33. ISBN 978-8-12501-378-5. Archived from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  175. ^ Fergusson, James (1997) [1910]. History of Indian and Eastern Architecture (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Low Price Publications. p. 309.
  176. ^ Ching, Francis D.K.; et al. (2007). A Global History of Architecture. New York: John Wiley and Sons. p. 762. ISBN 978-0-47126-892-5.
  177. ^ Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 399. ISBN 978-0-82393-179-8.
  178. ^ "Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  179. ^ Sujatha, R. (29 April 2012). "Agraharam – time virtually stands still here". The Hindu. Chennai. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  180. ^ Ravishankar, Sandhya (6 September 2007). "No fire safety norms at Chennai heritage buildings". IBN Live. Chennai: CNN-IBN. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  181. ^ Metcalfe, Thomas R. "A Tradition Created: Indo-Saracenic Architecture under the Raj". History Today. 32 (9). Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  182. ^ "Indo-saracenic Architecture". Henry Irwin, Architect in India, 1841–1922. higman.de. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  183. ^ Jeyaraj, George J. "Indo Saracenic Architecture in Channai" (PDF). CMDA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  184. ^ "Santhome Cathedral". Tamil Nadu tourism. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  185. ^ "Art Deco Style Remains, But Elements Missing". The New Indian Expressd. 2 September 2014. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  186. ^ a b "Chennai looks to the skies". The Hindu. 31 October 2014. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  187. ^ Koshy, Jacob P. (13 December 2007). "Doppler radar may put cap on building heights". Livemint. New Delhi. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  188. ^ "Living in a city within a city: How is SPR City redefining the residential market?". The Times of India. Chennai. 30 May 2019. Archived from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  189. ^ Slobin, Mark (2008). Global Soundtracks: Worlds of Film Music. Wesleyan University Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-81956-882-3.
  190. ^ Kamath, Rina (2000). Chennai. Orient Blackswan. p. 66. ISBN 978-8-12501-378-5. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  191. ^ Knight, Douglas M. Jr. (2010). Balasaraswati: Her Art and Life. Wesleyan University Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-81956-906-6.
  192. ^ Subramanian, Lakshmi (2008). New Mansions for Music: Performance, Pedagogy and Criticism. Berghahn Books. pp. 121–122. ISBN 978-8-18735-834-3.
  193. ^ G, Ezekiel Majello (10 October 2019). "Torching prejudice through gumption and Gaana". Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  194. ^ "Chennai Sangamam 2011". The official website. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  195. ^ "Chennai is now part of UNESCO's 'creative cities network'". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
  196. ^ Fletcher, Peter (29 April 2004). World Musics in Context: A Comprehensive Survey of the World's Major Musical Cultures. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19816-636-8. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  197. ^ "Kalakshetra". Incredible India. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  198. ^ "Of choirs and carols". Business Standard. 2010. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  199. ^ "CM moots a global arts fest in Chennai". The Times of India. 16 December 2012. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  200. ^ "For a solid grounding in arts". The Hindu. 3 April 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  201. ^ "Fort St. George museum". Archaeological Survey of India. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  202. ^ "Indian tri-colour hoisted at Chennai in 1947 to be on display". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  203. ^ Hiro, Dilip (2010). After Empire: The Birth of a Multipolar World. Public Affairs. p. 248. ISBN 978-1-56858-427-0.
  204. ^ Muthukumaraswamy, M. D; Kaushal, Molly (2004). Folklore, public sphere, and civil society. NFSC. p. 116. ISBN 978-8-19014-814-6. Archived from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  205. ^ Rajmohan, Joshi (2006). Encyclopaedia of Journalism and Mass Communication: Media and mass communication. Isha Books. p. 68. ISBN 978-8-18205-366-3. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  206. ^ Velayutham, Selvaraj (2008). "'India' in Tamil silent era cinema". Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film wenr Industry. Routledge. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-415-39680-6. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  207. ^ "The true tinsel town". The Hindu. 5 August 2014. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  208. ^ "Heritage walk around old studios". The Hindu. Chennai. 22 August 2011. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  209. ^ "Serving on a banana leaf". ISKCON. Archived from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  210. ^ "The Benefits of Eating Food on Banana Leaves". The Times of India. 9 March 2015. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016.
  211. ^ "Snack Street combines taste of street food with hygiene of restaurant". The Hindu. 19 July 2013. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  212. ^ Achaya, K.T. (1 November 2003). The story of our food. Universities Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-81-7371-293-7.
  213. ^ "Clean street food hubs to be established in Chennai and five districts". The Hindu. 3 August 2023. Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  214. ^ "Chennai Street food". The Times of India. 8 November 2023. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  215. ^ "How carmakers brought new cuisine to Chennai". BBC. 12 February 2019. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  216. ^ "Top 10 food cities". National Geographic. 22 January 2015. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  217. ^ Krishna, K.L. (September 2004). Economic Growth in Indian States (PDF) (Report). ICRIER. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  218. ^ Grover, Amar (17 September 2019). "Chennai unwrapped: Why the city is the great international gateway to South India". The National. Archived from the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  219. ^ "The World According to GaWC 2020". www.lboro.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 12 June 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
  220. ^ "Making Tamil Nadu future ready". Times of India. 15 October 2022. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  221. ^ Industrial potential in Chennai (Report). Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  222. ^ "Top Export Districts in The Country" (Press release). Government of India. 21 December 2021. Archived from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  223. ^ "Chennai Trade Centre:A Profile". India Trade Promotion Organisation. Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  224. ^ "TN GIM - Brochure New - 13 Nov - TN-GIM-Brochure-2019.pdf" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  225. ^ "Are you living in the company of the richest individuals". Business Today. 21 September 2022. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  226. ^ Aravind, Indulekha (26 October 2012). "Chennai swank". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  227. ^ "Where Indias affluent classes live". Mint. 8 August 2018. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  228. ^ Chandramouli, Rajesh (1 May 2008). "Chennai emerging as India's Silicon Valley?". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  229. ^ "PM opens Asia's largest IT park". CIOL. 4 July 2000. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  230. ^ "Maharashtra tops FDI equity inflows". Business Standard. 1 December 2012. Archived from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  231. ^ "Tamil Nadu: A small step in inclusivity, a giant leap in India". Times of India. 2 May 2023. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  232. ^ "Here's why Chennai is the SAAS capital of India". Crayon. 24 August 2018. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  233. ^ "A silent SaaS revolution is brewing in Chennai". Times of India. Archived from the original on 15 May 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  234. ^ "Madras, the Detroit of South Asia". Rediff. 30 April 2004. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  235. ^ U.S. International Trade Commission (2007). Competitive Conditions for Foreign Direct Investment in India, Staff Research Study #30. DIANE Publishing. pp. 2–10. ISBN 978-1-4578-1829-5. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  236. ^ "Chennai: The next global auto manufacturing hub?". CNBC-TV18. CNBC. 27 April 2011. Archived from the original on 11 January 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  237. ^ "Profile". Integral Coach Factory. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  238. ^ "IT parks in Ambattur Estate wallow with space abegging". The Hindu. 9 January 2013. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
  239. ^ Development Plan for Chennai Metropolitan Area (PDF) (Report). Government of India. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  240. ^ "TN tops in electronic goods' export". Hindustan Times. 5 July 2023. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  241. ^ "Investors told to go in for long term investment, index funds". The Hindu. 25 March 2012. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  242. ^ "List of Stock exchanges". SEBI. Archived from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  243. ^ Mukund, Kanakalatha (3 April 2007). "Insight into the progress of banking". The Hindu. Chennai. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  244. ^ Kumar, Shiv (26 June 2005). "200 years and going strong". The Tribune. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  245. ^ "Indian Bank Head Office". Indian Bank. Archived from the original on 1 August 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  246. ^ "IOB set to takeover Bharat Overseas Bank". Rediff. 28 January 2006. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  247. ^ "RBI staff college". Reserve Bank of India. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  248. ^ "World Bank expands footprint in city, adds 70k sqft back office". Times of India. 5 October 2015. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  249. ^ Shivakumar, C. (28 February 2018). "Chennai Finance City taking shape". New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  250. ^ Shivakumar, C. (8 June 2019). "State-of-the-art commerce hub likely on Anna Salai". New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  251. ^ "CVRDE invites applications". DRDO. Archived from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
  252. ^ Roche, Elizabeth (15 October 2021). "New defence PSUs will help India become self-reliant: PM". Mint. Archived from the original on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  253. ^ "Seven new defence companies, carved out of OFB, dedicated to the Nation on the occasion of Vijayadashami". Ministry of Defence (India) (Press release). Press Information Bureau. 5 October 2021. Archived from the original on 14 May 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  254. ^ "Indian Space Research Organisation-IITM research cell". Indian Space Research Organisation. Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
  255. ^ Bremner, Caroline. Top 100 City Destinations Ranking (PDF) (Report). Euromonitor International. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  256. ^ Connell, John (2011). Medical Tourism. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-84593-660-0. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  257. ^ Second Master Plan (PDF) (Report). Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority. pp. 157–159. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  258. ^ Second Master Plan (PDF) (Report). Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority. p. 163. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  259. ^ "Water Supply System". Chennai Metro Water. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  260. ^ "India's biggest desalination plant opens in Chennai". Hindustan Times. 1 August 2010. Archived from the original on 3 August 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  261. ^ Seetharam Sridhar, Kala; Kashyap, Nivedita (2012). State of India's Cities: An Assessment of Urban Conditions in Four Mega Cities. Public Affairs Centre. p. 102. ISBN 978-8-18881-617-0.
  262. ^ Infrastructure (PDF) (Report). Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority. p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  263. ^ Ramkumar, Pratiksha (4 April 2013). "Chennai stares at a plastic disaster". Times of India. Chennai. Archived from the original on 28 September 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
  264. ^ "New firm to begin conservancy work next week". The Hindu. 4 January 2012. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  265. ^ "New garbage collection, street cleaning mechanism". The Hindu. 27 January 2012. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  266. ^ "Solid Waste Management". Corporation of Chennai. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  267. ^ Madhavan, D. (7 April 2012). "Cluster-based solid waste mgmt may ease pressure on dump yards". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 September 2016.
  268. ^ Ramakrishnan, Deepa H (25 January 2012). "SMS fillip for garbage collection". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  269. ^ "GCC pilots 3 maintenance models for public toilets in Chennai". The Hindu. 21 November 2022. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  270. ^ "Bharti and SingTel Establish Network i2i Limited". Submarine network. 8 August 2011. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
  271. ^ "India's 1st undersea cable network ready". The Economic Times. Singapore. 8 April 2002. Archived from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  272. ^ "BRICS Cable Unveiled for Direct and Cohesive Communications Services Between Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa". Business Wire. 16 April 2012. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
  273. ^ "Coimbatore, Madurai, Hosur & Trichy gets ultrafast Airtel 5G Plus services in addition to Chennai". Bharti Airtel. 24 January 2023. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  274. ^ a b TRAI report, August 2023 (PDF) (Report). Telecom Regulatory Authority of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  275. ^ "After losing 600,000 internet connections, Tamil Nadu adds". Times of India. 24 January 2021. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  276. ^ "City tops in broadband speed". Hindustan Times. 19 August 2022. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  277. ^ "TANGEDCO, contact". Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  278. ^ "Chennai ranks second among big cities in power usage". The New Indian Express. 1 September 2023. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  279. ^ "LED lights on roads in added city areas soon". The Hindu. Chennai. 3 February 2013. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
  280. ^ "TANGEDCO, about us". Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  281. ^ Chetal, SC (January 2013). "Beyond PFBR to FBR 1 and 2" (PDF). IGC Newsletter. 95. Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research: 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  282. ^ a b "Health department". Greater Chennai Corporation. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  283. ^ a b De, Barun Kumar (2006). Public System Management. New Delhi: New Age International Publishers. p. 39. ISBN 978-8-12241-767-8. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  284. ^ "Hospitals in Chennai". Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  285. ^ Amarjothi JMV; Jesudasan, J.; Ramasamy, V.; Jose, L. (2020). "History of Medicine: The origin and evolution of the first modern hospital in India". The National Medical Journal of India. 33 (3): 175–179. doi:10.4103/0970-258X.314010. PMID 33904424. Archived from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  286. ^ "5.67 lakh kids get polio vaccines at 1,647 camps in Chennai". Times of India. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  287. ^ Kannan, Ramya (7 December 2010). "King Institute looking to revive anti-snake venom serum production". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  288. ^ "The first newspaper of Madras Presidency had a 36-year run". The Hindu. 25 November 2022. Archived from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  289. ^ A. Ganesan (January 1988). The Press in Tamil Nadu and the Struggle for Freedom, 1917-1937. South Asia Books. p. 4. ISBN 978-8-1709-9082-6. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  290. ^ Reba Chaudhuri (22 February 1955). "The Story of the Indian Press" (PDF). Economic and Political Weekly. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  291. ^ "The Mail, Madras' only English eveninger and one of India's oldest newspapers, closes down". India Today. 22 October 2013. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  292. ^ Muthiah, S. (2004). Madras Rediscovered. East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd. ISBN 978-8-18866-124-4.
  293. ^ Narayana, Velcheru; Shulman, David (2002). Classical Telugu Poetry: An Anthology. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-52022-598-5.
  294. ^ Press in India 2021-22, Chapter 9 (PDF) (Report). Government of India. p. 32. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  295. ^ Press in India 2021-22, Chapter 6 (PDF) (Report). Government of India. p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  296. ^ Press in India 2021-22, Chapter 7 (PDF) (Report). Government of India. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  297. ^ "DD Podighai". Prasar Bharti. Archived from the original on 21 September 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  298. ^ "Sun Group". Media Ownership Monitor. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  299. ^ "Arasu Cable to launch operations from September 2". The Hindu. 30 August 2011. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  300. ^ "BSNL launches IPTV services to its customers in Tamil Nadu". The Hindu. 25 March 2023. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  301. ^ Muthiah, S. (21 May 2018). "AIR Chennai's 80-year journey". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  302. ^ "All India Radio, Chennai celebrates 85th anniversary". News on Air. 16 June 2002. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  303. ^ Gilbert, Sean, ed. (2006). World Radio TV Handbook 2007: The Directory of International Broadcasting. London: WRTH Publications. pp. 237–242. ISBN 978-0-82305-997-3.
  304. ^ IRS survey, 2019 (PDF) (Report). MRUC. p. 46. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  305. ^ "List of fire stations". Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Service. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  306. ^ "Residents to soon have free use of community halls". The Hindu. Chennai. 31 October 2012. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  307. ^ Lakshmi, K. (28 June 2018). "Iconic General Post Office to finally get a makeover". The Hindu. Chennai. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
  308. ^ "History, Tamil Nadu circle". India Post. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  309. ^ History of Indian Air Force (PDF) (Report). Government of India. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  310. ^ "100 years of civil aviation". Government of India. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  311. ^ Saraogi, R.L. (1952). Indian Aviation. p. 192.
  312. ^ Janardanan, Arun (14 June 2011). "Madras Flying Club: High on quality". Times of India. Chennai. Archived from the original on 1 September 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
  313. ^ Higham, Robin (1961). Britain's Imperial Air Routes, 1918 to 1939. Shoe String Press. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-2080-0171-9.
  314. ^ De Havilland Gazette (Report). De Havilland Aircraft Company. 1953. p. 103.
  315. ^ "From atop this hill in Chennai, you can watch airplanes fly by". The Hindu. 4 November 2015. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
  316. ^ Airports by Passenger Traffic, 2022-23 (PDF) (Report). Airports Authority of India. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  317. ^ Janardhanan, Arun; Ayyappan, V (3 May 2012). "Chennai's aero dreams take wing". The Times of India. Chennai. Archived from the original on 28 September 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  318. ^ "Indian Air Force Commands". Indian Air Force. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
  319. ^ "Organisation of Southern Naval Command". Indian Navy. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  320. ^ "ENC Authorities & Units". Indian Navy. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  321. ^ "Chennai: The track record". New Indian Express. 16 April 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  322. ^ "On Forgotten Road". Times of India. 31 March 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  323. ^ "Evolution of Indian Railways-Historical Background". Ministry of Railways. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  324. ^ "Southern Railways, about us". Southern Railway zone. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  325. ^ Southern Railway stations (PDF) (pdf). Indian Railways. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  326. ^ "Central station to shut down on December 13". Times of India. 2 December 2009. Archived from the original on 28 September 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  327. ^ a b Brief History of the Division (PDF) (Report). Indian Railways. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
  328. ^ List of Stations, Chennai (PDF) (Report). Southern Railway. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  329. ^ "About MRTS". Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  330. ^ "Project status of Chennai Metro". Chennai Metro Rail Limited. 19 November 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  331. ^ "Metro's second phase to go up to Poonamallee". The Hindu. 20 July 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  332. ^ a b Highway policy (PDF) (Report). Highways Department, Government of Tamil Nadu. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  333. ^ Review of Chennai's Second Master Plan: Through the lens of Sustainable Transport (Report). Citizen, consumer and civic action group. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  334. ^ Joshi, Sandeep (7 April 2012). "Hitches on the highways". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  335. ^ "GIS database for Chennai city roads and strategies for improvement". Geospatial World. 17 September 2009. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  336. ^ "Chennai's Game-changing Infra Upgrade". Times Now. 2 April 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  337. ^ "PM's adviser to meet CM for talks on pending projects". The Hindu. 7 November 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
  338. ^ "Chennai-Bangalore Expressway work to start in six months: Nirmala Sitharaman". The New Indian Express. 2 February 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  339. ^ "Personal vehicles cross 70L mark in Greater Hyderabad". Times of India. 30 October 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  340. ^ Tamil Nadu STUs (PDF) (Report). Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  341. ^ History of SETC (PDF) (Report). Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  342. ^ "Clogged way to filthy Koyambedu bus terminus". The Times of India. 22 May 2011. Archived from the original on 28 September 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  343. ^ "Airport taxis, a law unto themselves". The Hindu. Chennai. 8 September 2012. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  344. ^ Ports of India (PDF) (Report). Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, Government of India. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  345. ^ "Jayalalithaa inaugurates Kattupalli port". The Hindu. 31 December 2013. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  346. ^ "Kasimedu Harbour to be spuruced up". The Times of India. 6 October 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  347. ^ "Basic Organization". Indian Navy. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  348. ^ "Southern naval command". Indian Navy. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
  349. ^ "City home to some of the best educational institutions in India". The Hindu. Chennai. 9 April 2019. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
  350. ^ "Indian metro cities with the highest literacy rates". Yahoo. 23 October 2012. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
  351. ^ "History of the Education Department". Corporation of Chennai. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  352. ^ "TN private schools told to teach Tamil for students till Class 10". DT Next. 23 May 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  353. ^ "Educational structure". Civil India. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  354. ^ "A brief history of the modern Indian university". Times Higher Education. 24 November 2016. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020.
  355. ^ "List of colleges, UNOM". University of Madras. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  356. ^ "Some colleges, schools in Chennai oldest in country". The Hindu. 23 September 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  357. ^ "Pranab Mukherjee to review passing-out parade at Chennai OTA". The Hindu. 27 August 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
  358. ^ "Affiliated colleges". Dr MGR university. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  359. ^ "Institution History". Madras Medical College. Archived from the original on 15 May 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
  360. ^ Patel, Jashu; Kumar, Krishan (2001). Libraries and Librarianship in India. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-31329-423-5.
  361. ^ Venkatsh, M. R. (15 September 2010). "Chennai now boasts South Asia's largest library". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  362. ^ "Connemara library's online catalogue launched". The Hindu. 23 April 2010. Archived from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  363. ^ "CSIR labs". CSIR. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  364. ^ "Edu minister says 2nd int'l book fair in Jan 2024". Times of India. 8 June 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  365. ^ Tourism handbook (PDF) (Report). Government of Tamil Nadu. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  366. ^ "Silk road: Chennai". UNESCO. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  367. ^ Bremner, Caroline. Top 100 City Destinations Ranking (PDF) (Report). Euromonitor International. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  368. ^ Top 100 city destinations (PDF) (Report). Euromonitor International. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2021.
  369. ^ Chandramouli, Rajesh (27 April 2018). "Hotels full as Chennai turns into wedding destination". The Times of India. Chennai. Archived from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  370. ^ Siva Prasanna Kumar, J. V. (29 April 2019). "Chennai emerges top among Indian cities in hotel room addition". Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  371. ^ EARSeL (2002). Observing our environment from space: new solutions for a new millennium. A. A. Balakema. ISBN 90-5809-254-2.
  372. ^ "Elliot's Beach". chennai.org. Archived from the original on 27 December 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  373. ^ "Parks of Chennai". Greater Chennai Corporation. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  374. ^ Adyar eco park (Report). Government of Tamil Nadu. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  375. ^ Sivan, Jayraj (11 October 2011). "Collector refutes MK's charge, says property on Cathedral Rd not govt's". The Times of India. Chennai. Archived from the original on 28 September 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  376. ^ Kinzer, Stephen (3 February 1998). "Saving the Crocodile and Putting on a Spectacular Show". New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  377. ^ "Wandering down Chennais wild side". The New Indian Express. IBN Live. 3 June 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  378. ^ "Guindy National Park". Tamil Nadu Forest Department. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
  379. ^ T, Madhavan (16 June 2012). "Amusement parks: a preferred destination". The Hindu. Chennai. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  380. ^ RamaKrishnan, Deepa H. (24 February 2012). "Cinema halls oppose service tax, stay shut". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  381. ^ "All for a laugh". India Today. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  382. ^ Varghese, Nina (7 August 2006). "Mall activity picks up in Chennai IT hubs". The Hindu. Chennai. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  383. ^ "South India accounts for 40 percent gold purchases". The Times of India. 29 December 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  384. ^ "How much does it cost to rent space in top retail streets". Financial Times. 12 May 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  385. ^ Kaminsky, Arnold P; Long, Roger D (2011). India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic. Abc-Clio. p. 618. ISBN 978-0-31337-462-3.
  386. ^ "MA Chidambaram stadium". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  387. ^ "Guru Nanak College Ground". ESPNCricinfo. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  388. ^ "Chemplast Ground". ESPNCricinfo. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  389. ^ "Srinivas Venkataraghavan". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  390. ^ "Kris Srikkanth". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  391. ^ "Ravichandran Ashwin". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  392. ^ "McGrath takes charge of MRF Pace Foundation". ESPNcricinfo. 2 September 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  393. ^ "RCB vs CSK: Chennai Super Kings beat Royal Challengers Bangalore to reach IPL 4 final". The Times of India. 24 May 2011. Archived from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  394. ^ "Chennai home to IPL final again in 2012". The Times of India. 30 May 2011. Archived from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  395. ^ "Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Chennai". SDAT, Government of Tamil Nadu. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
  396. ^ "From sleepy Madras to sporting Chennai: How SAF Games helped put city on international athletics map". Times of India. 31 May 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  397. ^ a b "Dhoni becomes ISL team Chennaiyin FC co-owner". Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  398. ^ "Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium". SDAT, Government of Tamil Nadu. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
  399. ^ "Velachery Aquatic Complex". SDAT, Government of Tamil Nadu. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
  400. ^ "SDAT Tennis Stadium". SDAT, Government of Tamil Nadu. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
  401. ^ Basu, Arundhati (19 March 2005). "Off-court ace". The Telegraph. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  402. ^ a b "UBA Pro Basketball League: Delhi Capitals, Chennai Slam set up final clash". Indian Sports News. 31 March 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  403. ^ Pletcher, Kenneth (2010). The Geography of India:Sacred and Historic Places. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 184. ISBN 978-1-61530-142-3.
  404. ^ "The view from the fast lane". The Hindu. 10 April 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  405. ^ "Karun Chandhok goes the Endurance way". Times of India. Archived from the original on 27 August 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  406. ^ "Survivors of time: Madras Race Club - A canter through centuries". The Hindu. 21 February 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  407. ^ Ninan, Susan (6 June 2020). "Back in Chennai, Viswanathan Anand looks forward to home food and bonding with son". ESPN.
  408. ^ Shanker, V. Prem; Pidaparthy, Umika (27 November 2013). "Chennai: India's chess capital". Aljazeera. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  409. ^ "Chennai to host first ever Chess Olympiad in India from July 28". Sportstar. 12 April 2022. Archived from the original on 23 July 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  410. ^ Nandanan, Hari Hara (21 August 2011). "Fide offers 2013 World Chess C'ship to Chennai". The Times of India. Chennai. Archived from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  411. ^ "Sharath Kamal Achantha". Olympics.com. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  412. ^ TK, Smitha (21 January 2020). "Meet Maria, Chennai's 'Carrom Man' & A Two-Time World Champion". The Quint. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  413. ^ "Chennai Super Kings". CSK. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  414. ^ "Smashers latch on to CSK identity". The Hindu. 25 December 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  415. ^ "Chepauk Super Gillies". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  416. ^ "Tamil Thalaivas". Prokabbadi. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
  417. ^ "Flawless Chennai Lions are new UTT champions". Times of India. 3 March 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  418. ^ "Chennai Blitz Prime Volleyball League Team". Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  419. ^ "History". US Consulate Chennai. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  420. ^ Clark, Mike. "Abbott Family Genealogy". mikesclark.com. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  421. ^ "Did you know that..." Embassy Pages. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  422. ^ "Who are honorary consul generals and what do they do?". The Economic Times. 13 August 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
  423. ^ "U.S. Consulate in Chennai among top 10 visa issuers". The Hindu. Chennai. 9 July 2010. Archived from the original on 13 July 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  424. ^ "Foreigners Regional Registration Office, Chennai" (PDF). Bureau of Immigration, Ministry of Home Affairs, India. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  425. ^ a b "Chennai has six sister cities". The Times of India. 23 April 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  426. ^ "What is it?". Official Website of the City of San Antonio. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  427. ^ "Sister cities best buddies, but pacts yield little". The Times of India. 9 May 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  428. ^ "Agreement between PRC and India". Ministry of external affairs, India. 15 May 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  429. ^ "Another Sister City pact, this time with South Korea's Ulsan". The Hindu. 3 August 2016. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Chennai&oldid=1265320847"