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Terminalia catappa

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Terminalia catappa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Combretaceae
Genus: Terminalia
Species:
T. catappa
Binomial name
Terminalia catappa
Synonyms[2]
List
    • Badamia commersonii Gaertn.
    • Buceras catappa (L.) Hitchc.
    • Catappa domestica Rumph.
    • Juglans catappa (L.) Lour.
    • Myrobalanus catappa (L.) Kuntze
    • Myrobalanus terminalia Poir.
    • Terminalia badamia DC.
    • Terminalia intermedia Bertero ex Spreng.
    • Terminalia latifolia Blanco
    • Terminalia moluccana Lam.
    • Terminalia myrobalana Roth
    • Terminalia ovatifolia Noronha
    • Terminalia paraensis Mart.
    • Terminalia procera Roxb.
    • Terminalia rubrigemmis Tul.
    • Terminalia subcordata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.

Terminalia catappa is a large tropical tree in the leadwood tree family, Combretaceae, native to Asia, Australia, the Pacific, Madagascar and Seychelles.[1] Common names in English include country almond, Indian almond, Malabar almond, sea almond, tropical almond,[3] beach almond[4] and false kamani.[5]

The species epithet is based on its Malay name ketapang.[6][7]

Description

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The tree grows to 35 metres (115 feet) tall, with an upright, symmetrical crown and horizontal branches. The fruit is corky and light and dispersed by water. As the tree gets older, its crown becomes more flattened to form a spreading, vase shape. Its branches are distinctively arranged in tiers. The leaves are large, 15–25 cm (6–9+3⁄4 in) long and 10–14 cm (4–5+1⁄2 in) broad, ovoid, glossy dark green, and leathery. They are dry-season deciduous; before falling, they turn pinkish-reddish or yellow-brown, due to pigments such as violaxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin.

The trees are monoecious, with distinct male and female flowers on the same tree. Both are 1 cm (3⁄8 in) in diameter, white to greenish, and inconspicuous with no petals; they are produced on axillary or terminal spikes. The fruit is a drupe 5–7 cm (2–2+3⁄4 in) long and 3–5.5 cm (1+1⁄8–2+1⁄8 in) broad, green at first, then yellow and finally red when ripe, containing a single seed. When the seed germinates, it unfolds the largest pair of foliar (leafy) cotyledons of any plant; up to 8.5 cm wide by up to 3.5 cm long.[8] Pollen grains measure about 30 microns.

Distribution and habitat

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The tree has been spread widely by humans, so the native range is uncertain. It has long been naturalised in a broad belt extending from Africa to northern Australia and New Guinea through southeast Asia and Micronesia into the Indian subcontinent. More recently, the plant has been introduced to parts of the Americas. Until the mid-20th century, the tree had been used extensively in Brazilian urban landscaping, since being a rare case tropical deciduous, their fallen leaves would give a "European" flair to the street. This practice is currently abolished, and the "amendoeiras" are being replaced by native, evergreen trees.

Cultivation and uses

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T. catappa is widely grown in tropical regions of the world as an ornamental tree, grown for the deep shade its large leaves provide. The fruit is edible,[9] tasting slightly acidic. When ripe, the seeds are edible raw or cooked[10] and are the source of its 'almond' common names, but are small and difficult to extract.

The wood is red and solid, and has high water resistance; it has been used in Polynesia for making canoes. In Tamil, almond is known as nattuvadumai.

The leaves contain several flavonoids (such as kaempferol or quercetin), several tannins (such as punicalin, punicalagin or tercatin), saponines and phytosterols. Due to this chemical richness, the leaves (and the bark) are used in different herbal medicines for various purposes. For instance in Taiwan, fallen leaves are used as an herb to treat liver diseases. In Suriname, an herbal tea made from the leaves has been prescribed against dysentery and diarrhea. The leaves may contain agents for prevention of cancers (although they have no demonstrated anticarcinogenic properties) and antioxidants, as well as anticlastogenic characteristics. Extracts of T. catappa have shown activity against Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine (CQ)-resistant (FcB1) and CQ-sensitive (HB3) strains.[11]

Keeping the leaves in an aquarium may lower the pH and heavy-metal content of the water.[citation needed] It has been used in this way by fish breeders for many years, and is active against some parasites and bacterial pathogens.[12] It is also believed to help prevent fungus forming on the eggs of the fish.[citation needed] While common in hobby fishkeeping, this use of catappa leaves is not used in commercial aquaculture.

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  • Inflorescence
    Inflorescence
  • Foliage and immature inflorescences
    Foliage and immature inflorescences
  • Fruits at various stages of ripeness: one cut open to reveal the edible kernel within the hard endocarp, and another partially opened to reveal the fleshy mesocarp surrounding the fibrous inner layers
    Fruits at various stages of ripeness: one cut open to reveal the edible kernel within the hard endocarp, and another partially opened to reveal the fleshy mesocarp surrounding the fibrous inner layers
  • Tree canopy on Sand Island, Midway Atoll
    Tree canopy on Sand Island, Midway Atoll
  • In winter
    In winter

References

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  1. ^ a b Thomson, L.; Evans, B. (2019). "Terminalia catappa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T61989853A61989855. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T61989853A61989855.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species".
  3. ^ "Terminalia catappa L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
  4. ^ Henn JJ, McCoy MB, Vaughan CS (September 2014). "Beach almond (Terminalia catappa, Combretaceae) seed production and predation by scarlet macaws (Ara macao) and variegated squirrels (Sciurus variegatoides)". Revista de Biología Tropical. 62 (3): 929–38. doi:10.15517/rbt.v62i3.14060. PMID 25412525.
  5. ^ A.K. Kepler. Trees of Hawaii Kottamba.
  6. ^ Stuhlmann, Franz (1909). Deutsch Ost Afrika. Band X. Beitrage zu Naturgeschichte von Ostafrika. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer. p. 122.
  7. ^ Hynnersley, C.W.S. (1913). Noctes orientales. Being a selection of essays read before the Straits Philosophical Society between years 1893 and 1910 (Criticism). Singapore. p. 183. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ Dr. D. Burger Hzn "Seedlings of species of Some Tropical Trees and Shrubs Mainly of Southern Asia, Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation (1972) page 75
  9. ^ Hargreaves, Dorothy; Hargreaves, Bob (1964). Tropical Trees of Hawaii. Kailua, Hawaii: Hargreaves. p. 31. ISBN 9780910690027.
  10. ^ The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. United States Department of the Army. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. 2009. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC 277203364.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  11. ^ Hnawia E, Hassani L, Deharo E, Maurel S, Waikedre J, Cabalion P, Bourdy G, Valentin A, Jullian V, Fogliani B. "Antiplasmodial activity of New Caledonia and Vanuatu traditional medicines". Pharm Biol. 2011 Apr; 49(4): 369-76.
  12. ^ C. Chitmanat; K. Tongdonmuan; P. Khanom; P. Pachontis & W. Nunsong (2005). "Antiparasitic, antibacterial, and antifungal activities derived from a Terminalia catappa solution against some Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) pathogens". Acta Horticulturae. 678 (678): 179–182. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2005.678.25.
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