Jump to content

Cheetah reintroduction in India

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Wildlife of India
Biodiversity
Lists
Protected areas
Conservation
Projects
Acts of Parliament
Organisations
National
International
Related topics
Lists
Wildlife population

More than 70 years after India's native subspecies of the cheetah—the Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) became extinct there, small numbers of Southeast African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus), an exotic sub-species to India, have been flown in from Namibia and South Africa to a national park in India. In the 21st century, the asiatic species is found only in Iran in critically endangered numbers. The Asiatic cheetah was earlier spread across Western Asia and most of India. The species had a gradual history of habitat loss in India. In Northern India, human activities led to the clearing of forests where they co-existed with their prey blackbuck, and the extirpation of both the species. Later, more habitat loss, prey depletion, and trophy hunting led to the extinction of the Asiatic cheetah from other regions of India.

Discussions on cheetah reintroduction in India began soon after extinction was confirmed, in the mid-1950s. Proposals were made to the governments of Iran from the 1970s, but fell through chiefly for reasons of political instability there and the dwindling population of the species in the existent range. Offers from Kenya for introducing African cheetahs were made as early as the 1980s. IN 2009, the Government of India made a proposal for the introduction of African cheetahs, which was put on hold by the Supreme Court of India. The court reversed its decision in early 2020, allowing the import of a small number of cheetahs on an experimental basis for testing the long-term adaptation of the species. On 17 September 2022, five female and three male southeast African cheetahs, between the ages of four and six, were flown in from Namibia and released in a quarantined enclosure within the Kuno National Park in the state of Madhya Pradesh.

The relocation was supervised by Yadvendradev Jhala of the Wildlife Institute of India and zoologist Laurie Marker, of the Namibia-based Cheetah Conservation Fund. The cheetahs were fitted with radio collars and transferred to a larger enclosure in November. Following an agreement with South Africa, a further 12 cheetahs arrived in February 2023. In March 2023, two animals (a male and a female) were released into the park, followed by others. Later in the month, a cheetah gave birth to four cubs, the first recorded live cheetah birth in India in over 70 years. The first death was reported later in the month and As of January 2024, ten animals have died. While wildlife expert Vincent van der Merwe commented that cheetah deaths does not mean that the project is failing, as similar mortality rates have been reported in African reintroduction, Cheetah Conservation Fund suggested that the cheetah deaths could have been prevented with better monitoring and adequate veterinary care.

The scientific reaction to the translocation has been mixed. Veterinary pharmacologist Adrian Tordiffe viewed India as providing a "protected space" for the threatened cheetah population. Zoologist K. Ullas Karanth was critical of the effort, considering it to be a "public relations exercise" and further commented that the "realities" such as human overpopulation, and the presence of larger feline predators and packs of feral dogs, could cause potentially "high mortalities," and require a continual import of African cheetahs. Kuno National Park is a relatively new national park, having declared as such in 2018 and scientists from have indicated concern on the spatial ecology as cheetahs in Africa typically have individual territories of 100 km2 (39 sq mi) and it will be difficult to sustain 20 cheetahs at Kuno National Park with a core zone of 748 km2 (289 sq mi) and a buffer zone of 487 km2 (188 sq mi). Increasing cheetah population might led to the animals venturing out of the core zones of the park into adjoining agricultural lands and non-forested areas, bringing them into conflict with humans. Later, the Supreme Court of India ordered the central government to look for an alternative site to augment the existing facility as the park did not have an adequate amount of space for the growing number of felines.

Background

[edit]
Hunting of blackbuck with Indian cheetah; Drawing by James Forbes, Oriental Memoirs, c.1812

The Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) once ranged from north western India to the Gangetic plain in the east, extending to the Deccan Plateau in the south.[1][2] In the Middle Ages, Mughal rulers supposedly used cheetahs for coursing blackbucks, chinkaras and antelopes.[3][4] The species had a gradual history of habitat loss. In Punjab in Northern India, before the thorn forests were cleared for agriculture and human settlement, they were intermixed with open grasslands grazed by large herds of blackbuck and these co-existed with their main natural predator, the Asiatic cheetah. The blackbuck is also no longer extant in the region.[5] Trapping of sub-adult cheetahs that have learned hunting skills from their mothers in the wild, for assisting in royal hunts is said to be the major cause of the species' rapid decline.[6] Trophy hunting during the British Raj further impacted the already dwindling population of cheetahs.[7] Asiatic cheetahs rarely breed in captivity as there is only one record of a litter ever born to captive animals.[8]

By the beginning of the 20th century, wild cheetah sightings were rare in India, so much so that between 1918 and 1945, Indian princes imported cheetahs from Africa for coursing. The last confirmed three cheetahs were shot by Maharajah of Surguja Ramanuj Pratap Singh Deo in 1948.[9] The last known sighting was that of a female in 1951 in Koriya district in northwestern Chhattisgarh.[6] With the death of the last known population and no further sightings, the species was declared locally extinct in 1952.[10] The Asiatic subspecies is now found only in Iran and is declared as critically endangered.[11]

Early re-introduction plans

[edit]

In 1955, the State Wildlife Board of Andhra Pradesh suggested the reintroduction of the Asiatic cheetah on an experimental basis in two districts of the state.[12] In the 1970s, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change of Government of India formally wrote to the Iranian government requesting Asiatic cheetahs for reintroduction and received a positive response. The talks stalled after the Iranian Revolution.[13] In 1984, wildlife conservationist Divyabhanusinh wrote a paper on the subject on the request of Ministry of Environment and Forests, which was subsequently sent to the Cat Specialist Group of Species Survival Commission of the IUCN. In the late 1980s, Government of Kenya reportedly offered to send a few members of related sub-species Southeast African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus).[14]

During the early 2000s, scientists from the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, proposed a plan to clone Asiatic cheetahs from Iran.[15] In August 2009, talks were rekindled with Iran for sharing a few of the animals. The dwindling population of the species in the existent range made Iran hesitant to commit to the idea.[16] Iran proposed that Asiatic lions which are existent only in India be given in exchange for cheetahs for which India refused and the plan to source cheetahs from Iran was eventually dropped in 2010.[10][14]

Project Cheetah

[edit]

Project formulation

[edit]
class=notpageimage|
Location of the sites which were under consideration for the project. The chosen site is marked in green.

In September 2009, a cheetah reintroduction workshop was organized by the Government of India with scientists and experts from Wildlife Institute of India and Cheetah Conservation Fund among others.[17][18] Stephen J. O'Brien of the Laboratory of Genomic Diversity of National Cancer Institute of the United States, said that according to the latest genetic studies, the Asiatic cheetah was, in fact, genetically identical to the African cheetah with which it had separated only 5,000 years ago and this was not enough time for a subspecies level differentiation.[19] The experts argued for the introduction of the Southeast African cheetah as the Asiatic cheetah survives only in Iran, its population numbers less than 100 individuals, and the Iranian government's repeated reluctance to supply said cheetahs for Indian efforts.[20] The meeting identified Namibia, South Africa, Botswana, Kenya, Tanzania, and the UAE as countries from where the cheetah could be imported to India.[21] Another working group, which was formed for exploring sourcing and translocation of the cheetah suggested that five to ten animals annually have to be brought to India over a period of five to ten years to create a viable population.[10][17]

In late 2009, as a part of Project Cheetah, the Ministry of Environment and Forests approved a detailed survey of seven potential reintroduction sites and three holding sites for captive breeding across four states Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh.[14][18] The survey shortlisted three regions as having a potential to support cheetah populations.[22][23] These included Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary and Kuno-Palpur Wildlife Sanctuaries in Madhya Pradesh and the Shahgarh landscape in Rajasthan.[24] As per the report, Kuno-Palpur which had hosted all the four big cats that existed earlier including the tiger, leopard, lion, and cheetah before they were wiped out, in part or in whole and Nauradehi which is part of a larger open grassland landscape can host cheetahs. As Shahgarh was located near the Indo-Pakistani border, the report said that fencing would be required to ensure adequate protection for the cheetah population.[25][26]

[edit]

In May 2012, the Supreme Court of India put the project of importing cheetahs from Africa and reintroducing them in India on hold after a petition was filed against the same.[27] In the petition, it was argued that Kuno, the proposed location for the re-introduction was prepared for reintroduction of native lions from Gir National Park and introducing cheetahs will be used as a pretext to delay the lion re-introduction project. It was also argued that the reintroduction of African cheetah has not been placed before the Standing Committee of India's National Board for Wildlife and that the scientific studies show the African cheetahs to be genetically different from Asian Cheetahs which is against the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) guidelines on translocation of wildlife species.[28]

On 28 January 2020, the Supreme Court allowed the central government to proceed with the introduction of Southern African cheetahs to a suitable habitat in India as part of a trial, in response to an application filed by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) seeking permission to introduce Southern African cheetahs from Namibia. The Supreme Court set up a three-member committee to guide the NTCA and asked the committee to submit a progress report every four months.[29][30] Subsequently, a scientific assessment of all potential reintroduction sites was conducted to understand the habitat conditions, prey species availability, protection status and other ecological criteria for shortlisting initial introduction site with a detailed scientific action plan published in January 2022.[31] In August 2022, the Union minister of Environment stated that African cheetahs would be reintroduced from Namibia to Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary in September and that the Indian Government was also attempting to trans locate another 12 cheetahs from South Africa.[32][33][34]

Re-introduction

[edit]

On 17 September 2022, five female and three male southeast African cheetahs, between the ages of four and six, were flown in from Namibia and released in a quarantined enclosure within the Kuno National Park.[11][35][36] The cheetahs were fitted with radio collars, and were planned to be retained in quarantined enclosures for a month, followed by the release of males (and later the females) into the park. The relocation was supervised by Yadvendradev Jhala of the Wildlife Institute of India and zoologist Laurie Marker, of the Namibia-based Cheetah Conservation Fund. Subsequently, plans were made for flying in 12 cheetahs from South Africa and scaling up to 40 individuals.[11] In November 2022, the cheetahs were shifted to a larger enclosure for further adaption after their mandatory quarantine period.[37][38] In January 2023, following the signing of the agreement between South Africa and India, a first batch of 12 cheetahs arrived next month. The agreement between both countries involved South Africa relocating a further 12 cheetahs every year for the next eight to ten years.[39]

The first cheetah being introduced into the park

On 11 March 2023, a male and a female were released together into the wild and were confirmed to have successfully hunted prey in the park.[40][41] In the subsequent weeks, further cheetahs were released into the wild and the released animals were tracked by radio collars.[42][43] Later in the month, a female died due to kidney complications.[44] On April 24, another cheetah death was reported due to heart failure.[45][46] In May, three more animals were released into the wild.[47] Following the death of three cheetah cubs, the Central government appointed a high-level steering committee, comprising national and international experts, to oversee the implementation on May 25.[48]

In May 2023, South African wildlife expert Vincent van der Merwe clarified that recent cheetah deaths does not mean that the Project Cheetah is failing, as similar mortality rates have been reported in African reintroduction and 50 percent mortality rate is expected in the first year.[49] In July 2023, Namibia-based Cheetah Conservation Fund wrote a letter to the Supreme Court of India, suggesting that the cheetah deaths could have been prevented with better monitoring and adequate veterinary care. It was based on the postmortem reports which indicated that cheetahs had died of various causes including starvation and infection due to wounds made by the tracking radio collar.[50] By January 2024, three more deaths were recorded pushing the count of dead animals to ten since the start of the project.[51][52][53] As of September 2024, the remaining 12 animals were moved to enclosures due to the high mortality rate.[54]

Breeding

[edit]

One of the released cheetahs, gave birth to four cubs on 24 March 2023, the first recorded live cheetah birth in over 70 years.[55] On 9 May 2023, a female was killed during a fight with a male cheetah during mating.[56] Following the incident, wildlife experts raised concerns on the sex ratio of the cats in the park and suggested that adequate number of animals of both sexes in the breeding age are required for successful breeding.[57] Three cubs were born in January and a further six cubs were born in March 2024, raising the total number of cheetahs in the national park to 27.[58][59]

Sustainability and impact

[edit]
A cheetah, introduced as a part of the project, in Kuno National Park

The scientific reaction to the translocation has been mixed. Veterinary pharmacologist Adrian Tordiffe viewed India as providing a "protected space" for the fragmented and threatened cheetah population.[11] Zoologist K. Ullas Karanth was critical of the effort, considering it to be a "public relations exercise." He further commented that the "realities" such as human overpopulation, and the presence of larger feline predators and packs of feral dogs, could cause potentially "high mortalities," and require a continual import of African cheetahs.[11]

Kuno National Park is a relatively new national park, having declared as such in 2018. It was founded previously as a wildlife sanctuary to implement the Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project, which aimed to establish a second Asiatic lion population in India and protect the isolated lions of the Gir National Park in Gujarat from potential mass mortality events such as an outbreak of an epizootic.[60] Although the state government of Gujarat was ordered by the Supreme Court in April 2013 to transfer a small population of lions to Kuno within six months, the order was not ultimately impleented.[61] It was estimated that Kuno National Park had adequate prey population to support about 20 cheetahs. With an increase in the predator population due to the introduction of cheetahs, prey population has been impacted and periodic studies of prey population is being conducted to take required corrective action.[62]

Scientists from Namibia have indicated concern on the spatial ecology. Cheetahs in Africa typically have individual territories of 100 km2 (39 sq mi) and it will be difficult to sustain 20 cheetahs at Kuno National Park with a core zone of 748 km2 (289 sq mi) and a buffer zone of 487 km2 (188 sq mi). Increasing cheetah population leads to the animals venturing out of the core zones of the park into adjoining agricultural lands and non-forested areas, bringing them into conflict with humans.[63][64] On 2 April 2023, a male cheetah escaped from the boundaries of the park before being captured in a village 20 km (12 mi) from the park.[65][66] In the same month, the Supreme Court of India ordered the central government to look for an alternative site to augment the existing facility as the park did not have an adequate amount of space for the growing number of felines.[67][68]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Nowell, K. & Jackson, P. (1996). "Asiatic cheetah" (PDF). Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. pp. 41–44. ISBN 978-2-8317-0045-8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  2. ^ Pocock, R. I. (1939). "Acinonyx jubatus". The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Vol. Mammalia. – Volume 1. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 324–330.
  3. ^ Lodh, Sayan (December 2020). "Portrayal of 'Hunting' in Environmental History of India". Altralang. 02 (2). Oran, Algeria: University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed.: 193. doi:10.52919/altralang.v2i02.84. ISSN 2710-8619. Archived from the original on 3 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  4. ^ Sharad Singh Negi (1994). Indian Forestry Through the Ages. Indus Publishing Company. p. 222. ISBN 978-8-173-87020-0.
  5. ^ Tritsch, M. F. (2001). Wildlife of India. London: HarperCollins. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-007-11062-9. Before it was so heavily settled and intensively exploited, the Punjab was dominated by thorn forest interspersed by rolling grasslands which were grazed on by millions of Blackbuck, accompanied by their dominant predator, the Cheetah. Always keen hunters, the Moghul princes kept tame cheetahs which were used to chase and bring down the blackbuck. Today the Asiatic cheetah is extinct in India and the severely endangered blackbuck no longer exists in the Punjab.
  6. ^ a b Divyabhanusinh, Chavda (1999). The End of a Trail: the Cheetah in India. New Delhi: Banyan Books. p. 40. ISBN 978-8-195-58781-0.
  7. ^ Niraj Rai; Sunil Kumar Verma; Ajay Gaur; Florin Mircea Iliescu; Mukesh Thakur; Tirupathi Rao Golla; Kailash Chandra; Satya Prakash; Wajeeda Tabasum; Sreenivas Ara; Lalji Singh; Kumarasamy Thangaraj; Guy S. Jacobs (March 2020). "Ancient mtDNA from the extinct Indian cheetah supports unexpectedly deep divergence from African cheetahs". Scientific Reports. 10 (1). Nature: 4618. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.4618R. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-60751-7. PMC 7067882. PMID 32165662. Retrieved 1 August 2022. Project: Wildlife Forensic and Conservation of animals in India
  8. ^ "Rare triplet Asiatic cheetah cubs mark an important first for the species". CNN. 11 May 2022. Archived from the original on 29 December 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  9. ^ Lee, Kenneth (3 April 2001). "Can cloning save endangered species?". Current Biology. 11 (7): R245–R246. Bibcode:2001CBio...11.R245L. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00126-9. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 11413007. S2CID 967990.
  10. ^ a b c Dey, A. (16 July 2009). "Rajasthan to be home for cheetahs". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  11. ^ a b c d e Schmall, Emily; Kumar, Hari (16 September 2022). "After 75 Years, Cheetahs Return to India in a Grand Experiment". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
  12. ^ Malhotra, Ragu (10 June 2022). "How cheetahs went extinct in India, and the plan to reintroduce them into the wild". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 5 August 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  13. ^ "India plans return of the cheetah". BBC. 20 September 2009. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  14. ^ a b c Sahaubbudin, Ghazala. Reclaiming the Grassland for the Cheetah (PDF) (Report). Center for the Advanced Study of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  15. ^ Bagla, Pallava (28 January 2003). "CCMB's Iran hope for Asiatic cheetah". The Indian Express. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  16. ^ Lamont, James (5 August 2009). "India tries cheetah diplomacy on Iran". FT. Archived from the original on 8 September 2009. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  17. ^ a b "Workshop on cheetah relocation begins, views differ". The Times of India. Press Trust of India. 9 September 2009. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  18. ^ a b Sebastian, Sunny (20 September 2009). "India joins the race to save Cheetahs". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  19. ^ "Experts eye African cheetahs for reintroduction, to submit plan". IANS. 10 September 2009. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  20. ^ Marker, Laurie (24 April 2018). "Cheetah reintroduction in India is a project worth revisiting". Down to Earth. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  21. ^ Ravindran, Shruti (5 October 2009). "Spotted: Lean Cat Rerun". Outlook. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  22. ^ "Three Sites Recommended for Reintroduction of Cheetah" (Press release). Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. 28 July 2010. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
  23. ^ Dey, Anindo (26 July 2009). "Rajasthan to be home for cheetahs". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 29 July 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  24. ^ Project Cheetah (PDF) (Report). Government of India. September 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  25. ^ Assessing the potential for reintroducing the cheetah in India (PDF). Wildlife Trust of India (Report). 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
  26. ^ A report on the feasibility of cheetah reintroduction in India (PDF). Wildlife Trust of India (WTI) and Wildlife Institute of India (WII) (Report). 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 October 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
  27. ^ "SC stays Cheetah Re-introduction Project". Deccan Herald. Press Trust of India. 8 May 2012. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  28. ^ Srivasthava, Kumar (8 May 2012). "Supreme Court stalls Centre's plan to reintroduce cheetahs in India". Down to Earth. Archived from the original on 3 March 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
  29. ^ "Supreme Court allows Centre to bring African cheetah to suitable wildlife habitat in India". The Hindu. Indo-Asian News Service. 28 January 2020. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  30. ^ "Court paves way for African cheetahs to be shipped to India". Agence France-Presse. 28 January 2020. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  31. ^ Action Plan for Introduction of Cheetah in India (PDF) (Report). Wildlife Institute of India. ISBN 81-85496-65-X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
  32. ^ Roy, Esha (20 August 2022). "Cheetahs from Namibia set to reach in Sept: Union Minister Bhupender Yadav". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
  33. ^ Nandi, Jayashree (28 August 2022). "Not rejected any of the 8 cheetahs to be translocated from Namibia, says Centre". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  34. ^ "India plans to reintroduce cheetahs: All you need to know about the vulnerable species". Moneycontrol. 29 July 2022. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  35. ^ "India Gets Cheetahs Again After 70 Years: 10 Points". NDTV. 17 September 2022. Archived from the original on 17 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  36. ^ Noronha, Rahul (7 November 2022). "African cheetahs at Kuno National Park kill cheetal, make history". India Today. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  37. ^ "'Great news': PM Modi tweets as two cheetahs shift to bigger enclosure at Kuno National Park". The Indian Express. 6 November 2022. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  38. ^ "Two female cheetahs pass quarantine, join three males in Kuno enclosure". Hindustan Times. 28 November 2022. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  39. ^ Goodwin, Allegra (27 January 2023). "South Africa to send dozens of cheetahs to India under new deal". CNN. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  40. ^ Naveen, P. (11 March 2023). "India's first cheetah couple released into the wild of Kuno National Park". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  41. ^ Naveen, P. (13 March 2023). "India's first cheetah couple released in wild in Kuno". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  42. ^ "2 More Namibian Cheetahs Released Into Wild At Kuno National Park". NDTV. 22 March 2023. Archived from the original on 25 June 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  43. ^ "2 Namibian cheetahs first to be released into the wild in Kuno". The Indian Express. 12 March 2023. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  44. ^ Subramaniam, Tara; Suri, Manveena (28 March 2023). "A cheetah relocated from Namibia to India as part of conservation efforts has died". CNN. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
  45. ^ "Second African cheetah dies in India's Kuno National Park". Aljazeera. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  46. ^ "Cheetah in India died of cardiac failure". BBC News. 24 April 2023. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  47. ^ "Three more cheetahs released into wild at MP's Kuno National Park; count rises to six". India Today. 20 May 2023. Archived from the original on 20 May 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  48. ^ "New committee set up to oversee cheetah project". The Hindu. 25 May 2023. Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  49. ^ "India's Cheetah reintroduction project is going to see even higher mortalities: South African expert". Mathrubhumi. 25 May 2023. Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  50. ^ "Cheetahs in Kuno: Is India's effort to reintroduce the big cat facing a crisis?". BBC News. 5 August 2023. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  51. ^ Tomar, Shruti (3 August 2023). "Another cheetah dies at Madhya Pradesh's Kuno". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 4 August 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  52. ^ "Ninth Cheetah in Kuno Died Due to Maggot Infection". The Wire. 14 July 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  53. ^ Dwary, Anurag. "10th Cheetah Dies At Kuno National Park In Madhya Pradesh". NDTV. Archived from the original on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
  54. ^ Chellam, Ravi (14 September 2024). "Cheetah Reintroduction in India Faces Setbacks: All Adult Cats in Captivity After Two Years". Frontline. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  55. ^ Gillett, Francesca (29 March 2023). "First cheetah cubs born in India since extinction 70 years ago". BBC News. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
  56. ^ "Female Cheetah 'Daksha' dies in Kuno National Park". Mint. 9 May 2023. Archived from the original on 9 May 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  57. ^ Nitnaware, Himanshu (23 December 2023). "Captive for months, experts fear cheetahs at Kuno may face breeding issues". Down to Earth. Archived from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  58. ^ "Three cubs born to Namibian cheetah at Kuno National Park". The Hindu. Press Trust of India. 23 January 2024. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  59. ^ "Cheetah Gamini gives birth to five cubs at MP's Kuno National Park; big cat count rises to 26". The Economic Times. Press Trust of India. 10 March 2024. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  60. ^ Khudsar, F. A.; Sharma, K.; Rao, R. J.; Chundawat, R. S. (2008). "Estimation of prey base and its implications in Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 105 (1): 42–48.
  61. ^ Anand, U. (2013). "Supreme Court gives Madhya Pradesh lions' share from Gujarat's Gir". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  62. ^ Naveen, P. (15 December 2023). "In-principle approval for release of cheetah into Kuno's wilderness". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  63. ^ "India's cheetah reintroduction plan ignored spatial ecology, scientists say". The Hindu. Press Trust of India. 21 April 2023. Archived from the original on 3 May 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  64. ^ "Inadequate space for cheetahs in MP's Kuno National Park, claims ex-WII official". The Economic Times. Press Trust of India. 30 April 2023. Archived from the original on 3 May 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  65. ^ Nitnaware, Himanshu (12 April 2023). "Cheetah 'Oban' escapes, strays into village 20 km from Kuno; teams deployed to bring it back". Down to Earth. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  66. ^ Perinchery, Aathira (12 April 2023). "Cheetah Ventures Out of Kuno, Authorities Bring It Back". The Wire. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  67. ^ "Inadequate space for cheetahs at KNP, says ex-WII official". The Tribune. 30 April 2023. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  68. ^ "SC concerned over death of cheetahs at KNP, ask Centre to consider shifting them to Rajasthan". The Indian Express. 18 May 2023. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Cheetah_reintroduction_in_India&oldid=1251471790"