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Tiger reserves of India

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The tiger reserves in India were set up as a part of Project Tiger initiated in 1973 and are administered by the National Tiger Conservation Authority of Government of India. As of December 2024, there are 57 protected areas that have been designated as tiger reserves. As of 2023, there were 3,682 wild tigers in India, which is almost 75% of the world's wild tiger population.

Goal

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As per the section 38 of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, the state governments are responsible preparing a Tiger Conservation Plan which includes planning and management of notified areas and maintaining the requisite competent staff to ensure the protection of the tiger reserve and providing inputs for maintaining a viable population of tigers, co-predators and prey animals.[1][2]

Tiger population

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State wise tiger population (2018)

In 2006, it was estimated that there were 1,411 tigers living in the wild, the lowest ever recorded.[3] The 2010 National Tiger Assessment estimated the total population of wild tigers in India at 1,706. As per Ministry of Environment and Forests, the wild tiger population in India stood at 2,226 in 2014 with an increase of 30.5% since the 2010 estimate.[4]

In 2018, according to the National Tiger Conservation Authority, there were an estimated 2,967 wild tigers in existence in India. The wild tiger population increased to 3,682 as of 2022.[5] As India is home to majority of the global wild tiger population, the increase in population of tigers in India played a major role in driving up global populations as well; the number of wild tigers globally rose from 3,159 in 2010 to 3,890 in 2016 according to World Wildlife Fund and Global Tiger Forum.[6]

Tiger reserves

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Tiger reserves were set up as a part of Project Tiger initiated in 1973 and are administered by the National Tiger Conservation Authority of Government of India. Tiger reserves consist of a core area which includes part(s) of protected areas such as a national park or a wildlife sanctuary and a buffer zone which is a mix of forested and non-forested land. Project tiger is aimed at performing the necessary activities to ensure viability of tiger population in the core area and to promote a balance between the existence of people and animals in the buffer zones.[7]

In 1973, nine protected areas were initially designated as tiger reserves. By the late 1980s, the initial nine reserves covering an area of 9,115 km2 (3,519 sq mi) had been increased to 15 reserves covering an area of 24,700 km2 (9,500 sq mi). More than 1100 tigers were estimated to inhabit the reserves by 1984.[8] By 1997, 23 tiger reserves encompassed an area of 33,000 km2 (13,000 sq mi).[9] As of December 2024, there are 57 protected areas that have been designated as tiger reserves.[10]

List of tiger reserves[11][12]
Name Inclusion Last Notified State Tiger population (2023)[5] Core area (km2) Buffer area (km2) Total area (km2)
Bandipur 1973–74 2007 Karnataka 150 872.24 584.06 1,456.3
Corbett 1973–74 2010 Uttarakhand 260 821.99 466.32 1,288.31
Kanha 1973–74 2007 Madhya Pradesh 105 917.43 1,134.36 2,051.79
Manas 1973–74 2008 Assam 58 526.22 2,310.88 2,837.10
Melghat 1973–74 2007 Maharashtra 57 1,500.49 1,268.03 2,768.52
Palamau 1973–74 2012 Jharkhand 1 414.08 715.85 1,129.93
Ranthambore 1973–74 2007 Rajasthan 57 1,113.36 297.92 1,411.29
Similipal 1973–74 2007 Odisha 16 1,194.75 1,555.25 2,750
Sunderbans 1973–74 2007 West Bengal 100 1,699.62 885.27 2,584.89
Periyar 1978–79 2007 Kerala 30 881 44 925
Sariska 1978–79 2007 Rajasthan 19 881.11 332.23 1,213.34
Buxa 1982–83 2009 West Bengal 1 390.58 367.32 757.90
Indravati 1982–83 2009 Chhattisgarh 1 1,258.37 1,540.70 2,799.07
Namdapha 1982–83 1987 Arunachal Pradesh 1 1,807.82 245.00 2,052.82
Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam 1982–83 2007 Andhra Pradesh 58 2,595.72 700.59 3,296.31
Dudhwa 1987–88 2010 Uttar Pradesh 135 1,093.79 1,107.98 2,201.77
Kalakad-Mundanthurai 1988–89 2007 Tamil Nadu 5 895.00 706.54 1,601.54
Valmiki 1989–90 2012 Bihar 54 598.45 300.93 899.38
Pench 1992–93 2007 Madhya Pradesh 77 411.33 768.30 1,179.63
Tadoba-Andhari 1993–94 2007 Maharashtra 97 625.82 1,101.77 1,727.59
Bandhavgarh 1993–94 2007 Madhya Pradesh 135 716.9 820.03 1,536.93
Panna 1994–95 2007 Madhya Pradesh 55 576.13 1,021.97 1,598.10
Dampa 1994–95 2007 Mizoram 0 500 488 988
Bhadra 1998–99 2007 Karnataka 28 492.46 571.83 1,064.29
Pench (MH) 1998–99 2007 Maharashtra 48 257.26 483.96 741.22
Pakke 1999–2000 2012 Arunachal Pradesh 6 683.45 515 1,198.45
Nameri 1999–2000 2000 Assam 3 320 144 464
Satpura 1999–2000 2007 Madhya Pradesh 50 1,339.26 794.04 2,133.31
Anamalai 2008–09 2007 Tamil Nadu 16 958.59 521.28 1,479.87
Udanti–Sitanadi 2008–09 2009 Chhattisgarh 1 851.09 991.45 1,842.54
Satkosia 2008–09 2007 Odisha 0 523.61 440.26 963.87
Kaziranga 2008–09 2007 Assam 104 625.58 548 1,173.58
Achanakmar 2008–09 2009 Chhattisgarh 5 626.19 287.82 914.02
Kali 2008–09 2007 Karnataka 17 814.88 282.63 1,097.51
Sanjay Dhubri 2008–09 2011 Madhya Pradesh 16 812.57 861.93 1,674.5
Mudumalai 2008–09 2007 Tamil Nadu 114 321.00 367.59 688.59
Nagarhole 2008–09 2007 Karnataka 141 643.35 562.41 1,205.76
Parambikulam 2008–09 2009 Kerala 31 390.89 252.77 643.66
Sahyadri 2009–10 2012 Maharashtra 0 612.00 565.45 1,165.57
Biligiri Ranganatha Temple 2010–11 2007 Karnataka 37 359.10 215.72 574.82
Kawal 2012–13 2012 Telangana 0 892.23 1,123.21 2,015.44
Sathyamangalam 2013–14 2013 Tamil Nadu 85 793.49 614.91 1,408.40
Mukandra Hills 2013–14 2013 Rajasthan 1 417.17 342.82 759.99
Nawegaon–Nagzira 2013–14 2015 Maharashtra 11 653.67 1,241.27 1,894.94
Amrabad 2014 2015 Telangana 12 2,166.37 445.02 2,611.39
Pilibhit 2014 2014 Uttar Pradesh 63 602.79 127.45 730.25
Bor 2014 2012 Maharashtra 9 138.12 678.15 816.27
Rajaji 2015 2015 Uttarakhand 54 819.54 255.63 1,075.17
Orang 2016 2016 Assam 16 79.28 413.18 492.46
Kamlang 2016 2017 Arunachal Pradesh 0 671 112 783
Srivilliputhur–Megamalai 2021 2021 Tamil Nadu 12 641.86 374.7 1,016.57
Ramgarh Vishdhari 2022 2022 Rajasthan 1 481.91 1,019.99 1,501.90
Ranipur 2022 2022 Uttar Pradesh NA 230.31 299.05 529.36
Veerangana Durgavati 2023 2023 Madhya Pradesh NA 1,414 925.12 2,339.12
Dholpur–Karauli 2023 2023 Rajasthan NA 599.64 0 599.64
Guru Ghasidas–Tamor Pingla[13] 2024 2024 Chhattisgarh NA 2,049.23 780.15 2,829.38[14]
Ratapani[15] 2024 2024 Madhya Pradesh NA 763.81 507.65 1,271.47

References

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  1. ^ Tiger reserves (Report). National Tiger Conservation Authority. Archived from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  2. ^ "Project Tiger" (PDF). Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
  3. ^ "India's tiger population sees 33% increase". BBC News. 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-08-01. Retrieved 2019-07-29.
  4. ^ "Tiger Estimate in India" (PDF). Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India. 28 March 2011. p. 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
  5. ^ a b Qureshi, Q.; Jhala, Y. V.; Yadav, S. P. & Mallick, A. (2023). Status of tigers, co-predators and prey in India 2022 (PDF) (Report). National Tiger Conservation Authority & Wildlife Institute of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-05-05. Retrieved 2024-04-10.
  6. ^ "2967 – What the new global Tiger number means". World Wide Fund. 2016. Archived from the original on 2019-09-27. Retrieved 2019-05-27.
  7. ^ "Project Tiger". National Tiger Conservation Authority. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  8. ^ Panwar, H. S. (1987). "Project Tiger: The reserves, the tigers, and their future". In Tilson, R. L.; Sel, U. S. (eds.). Tigers of the world: the biology, biopolitics, management, and conservation of an endangered species. Park Ridge, N.J.: Minnesota Zoological Garden, IUCN/SSC Captive Breeding Group, IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. pp. 110–117. ISBN 978-0-815-51133-5.
  9. ^ Thapar, V. (1999). "The tragedy of the Indian tiger: starting from scratch". In Seidensticker, J.; Christie, S.; Jackson, P. (eds.). Riding the Tiger. Tiger Conservation in human-dominated landscapes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 296–306. ISBN 978-0-521-64057-2.
  10. ^ "Ratapani forest notified as eighth tiger reserve in Madhya Pradesh". Deccan Herald. 3 December 2024. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
  11. ^ "Tiger Reserves of India". Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  12. ^ MEE summary report (PDF) (Report). National Tiger Conservation Authority. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2024. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  13. ^ "56th Tiger Reserve of the country notified in Chhattisgarh". Press Information Bureau (Press release). 19 November 2024. Archived from the original on 18 November 2024. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
  14. ^ "Chhattisgarh's Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla declared India's 56th and 3rd largest tiger reserve". Moneycontrol. 19 November 2024. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
  15. ^ "Madhya Pradesh gets its eighth tiger reserve in Ratapani". The Indian Express. 3 December 2024. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
  16. ^ "Tiger Reserves". Wildlife Institute of India. Archived from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  17. ^ "Tiger Reserves". National Tiger Conservation Authority. Archived from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
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