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New Glenn

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New Glenn
New Glenn debut on the launch pad, February 2024
FunctionHeavy-lift launch vehicle
ManufacturerBlue Origin
Country of originUnited States
Project costAt least US$2.5 billion[1]
Cost per launch$68 million[2]
Size
Height98 m (322 ft)[3]
Diameter7 m (23 ft)
Stages2
Capacity
Payload to LEO
Mass45,000 kg (99,000 lb)[4][5]
Payload to GTO
Mass13,600 kg (30,000 lb)[4][5]
Payload to TLI
Mass7,000 kg (15,000 lb)[6]
Associated rockets
Comparable
Launch history
StatusActive
Launch sitesCape Canaveral, LC‑36
Vandenberg, SLC‑9 (future)
First flightNET NET 4th Quarter, 2024 (planned)[7]
Type of passengers/cargo
First stage – GS1
Height57.5 m (189 ft)
Diameter7 m (23 ft)
Powered by7 × BE-4
Maximum thrust17,100 kN (3,850,000 lbf)
PropellantLOX / CH4
Second stage – GS2
Height23.4 m (77 ft)
Diameter7 m (23 ft)
Powered by2 × BE-3U
Maximum thrust1,540 kN (346,000 lbf)
PropellantLOX / LH2
[edit on Wikidata]

New Glenn is a heavy-lift launch vehicle developed by Blue Origin, named after NASA astronaut John Glenn, the first American astronaut to orbit Earth.[8] New Glenn is a two-stage rocket with a diameter of 7 m (23 ft). Its first stage is powered by seven BE-4 engines that are also designed and manufactured by Blue Origin. It is intended to launch from Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 36 (and eventually Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 9),[9] with the first stage landing on a barge called Landing Platform Vessel 1.[10][11] The inaugural vehicle was unveiled on the launch pad in February 2024.[12][13]

Development of the New Glenn rocket started before 2013 and was formally announced in 2016,[14][15] with an inaugural flight planned for 2020.[16] After multiple delays, as of October 2024, the first launch is expected to take place no earlier than November 2024, carrying a prototype Blue Ring spacecraft. This launch will also serve as a National Security Space Launch demonstration mission.[7]

Like the New Shepard suborbital launch vehicle used for space tourism activities, the New Glenn's first stage has been designed to be reusable since its inception.[15] In 2021, the company started a program to make the second stage reusable as well, with the project codenamed Project Jarvis.[17] A first test tank for Project Jarvis was created in 2021.[18]

History

[edit]

After initiating the development of an orbital rocket system prior to 2012, and stating in 2013 on their website that the first stage would do a powered vertical landing and be reusable,[14] Blue Origin publicly announced their orbital launch vehicle intentions in September 2015.[19] In January 2016, Blue Origin indicated that the new rocket would be many times larger than New Shepard even though it would be the smallest of the family of Blue Origin orbital vehicles.[20] Blue Origin publicly released the high-level design of the vehicle and announced the name New Glenn—with both two-stage and three-stage variants planned—in September 2016.[15]

Early design work on orbital subsystems

[edit]

Blue Origin began developing systems for orbital human spacecraft prior to 2012. A reusable first-stage booster was projected to fly a suborbital trajectory, taking off vertically like the booster stage of a conventional multistage launch vehicle. Following stage separation, the upper stage would continue to propel astronauts to orbit while the first-stage booster would descend to perform a powered vertical landing similar to its New Shepard suborbital vehicle. From the earliest design concepts, the first-stage booster was to be refueled and relaunched to reduce costs of access for humans to space.[14]

The booster launch vehicle was projected to lift Blue Origin's biconic Space Vehicle capsule to orbit, carrying astronauts and supplies. After completing its mission in orbit, the Space Vehicle was also conceptually designed to reenter Earth's atmosphere and land under parachutes on land, to be reused on future missions.[14]

Engine testing for the (then-named) Reusable Booster System (RBS) launch vehicle began in 2012. A full-power test of the thrust chamber for Blue Origin BE-3 liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen upper-stage rocket engine (BE-3U) was conducted on a stand at the John C. Stennis Space Center (NASA test facility) in October 2012. The chamber successfully achieved full thrust of 100,000 lbf (about 440 kN).[21] By early 2018,[22] it was announced that the BE-3U hydrolox engine would power the second stage of the New Glenn.[23]

Development

[edit]

Design work on the vehicle began in 2012, with the beginning of BE-4 engine development. Further plans for an orbital launch vehicle were made public in 2015. In mid-2016, the launch vehicle was briefly referred to publicly by the placeholder name of "Very Big Brother".[24][25] It was stated to be a two-stage-to-orbit liquid-propellant rocket,[19] with the launcher intended to be reusable.[26] In early 2016, Blue Origin indicated that the first orbital launch was expected no earlier than 2020 from the Florida launch facility,[25] and in September 2017 continued to forecast a 2020 debut.[27] In a February 2016 interview, Blue Origin president Rob Meyerson referred to engine development and orbital launch vehicle milestones.[28][29]

The vehicle itself, and the high-level specifications, were initially publicly unveiled in September 2016. New Glenn was described as a 7 m (23 ft) diameter, two- or three-stage rocket, with the first and second stages being liquid methane/liquid oxygen (methalox) designs using Blue Origin engines.[15] The first stage is planned to be reusable and will land vertically, just like the New Shepard suborbital launch vehicle that has been flying suborbitally since the mid-2010s. Although these plans would subsequently change, the 2016 plans called for the first stage to be powered by seven of Blue Origin's BE-4 single-shaft oxygen-rich staged combustion[30] liquid methane/liquid oxygen rocket engines, the second-stage to be powered by a single vacuum-variant of the BE-4 (BE-4U) and the third stage to use a single BE-3 hydrolox engine.[15] In 2016, the first stage was planned to be designed to be reused for up to 100 flights.[4][5] Blue Origin announced that they intended to launch the rocket from Launch Complex 36 (LC-36), and manufacture the launch vehicles at a new facility to be built on nearby land in Exploration Park. Acceptance testing of the BE-4 engines was also announced to be planned for Florida.[26]

Blue Origin explained in the 12 September 2016 announcement that the rocket would be named New Glenn in honor of the first American astronaut to orbit the Earth, John Glenn, with an inaugural flight planned no earlier than 2020.[15][16] Three weeks of wind tunnel testing of a scale model New Glenn were completed in September 2016 in order to validate the CFD design models of transonic and supersonic flight.[31][32]

In March 2017, Jeff Bezos showed graphics of the New Glenn which had two large strakes at the bottom of the booster.[33] In the September 2017 announcement, Blue Origin announced a much larger payload fairing for New Glenn, this one 7 m (23 ft) in diameter, up from 5.4 m (18 ft) in the originally announced design.[27]

By March 2018, the launch vehicle design had changed. It was announced that the New Glenn second stage would now be powered by two vacuum versions of the flight proven BE-3 liquid hydrogen/liquid oxygen rocket engine (BE-3U) with a single BE-3U engine for the third stage deep space option. The three-stage booster variant was subsequently cancelled completely in January 2019.[34] By mid-2018, the low-level design was not yet complete and the likelihood of achieving an initial launch by 2020 was being called into question by company engineers, customers, industry experts, and journalists.[35][36] In October 2018, the Air Force announced Blue Origin was awarded US$500 million for development of New Glenn as a potential competitor in future contracts, including Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) Phase 2.[37] The October 2018 award was terminated[why?] in December 2020 after Blue received US$255.5 million of the US$500 million.[38][39]

By February 2019, several launches for New Glenn had been contracted: five for OneWeb, an unspecified amount of Telesat, one each for Eutelsat, mu Space Corp and SKY Perfect JSAT.[40][41][27][42][23] In February 2019, Blue Origin indicated that no plans to build a reusable second stage were on the company's roadmap.[43] In the event, by July 2021, Blue Origin was again evaluating options for getting to a reusable second-stage design: Project Jarvis.[44]

In August 2020 the Air Force announced that New Glenn was not selected for the National Security Space Launch Phase 2 launch procurement. Due to this, in February 2021 Blue Origin announced that the first flight would slip to no earlier than late 2022.[38]

By December 2020, Blue Origin indicated that the BE-4 engine delivery to ULA would slip to summer 2021, and ULA disclosed that the first launch of the New Glenn competitor ULA Vulcan Centaur would now be no earlier than 4Q 2021.[45] Blue Origin announced a further schedule slip for the first launch of New Glenn in March 2021 when the company said New Glenn "would not launch until the fourth quarter of 2022, at the earliest".[46]

By 2021, Blue had changed the published reuse specification for New Glenn to a minimum of 25 flights,[47] from the previous design intent of 2016 to support up to 100 flights.[4][5]

In March 2022, the expected first launch of New Glenn slipped to no earlier than Q4 2023.[48]

In January 2024, the first stage of New Glenn was being transported at Kennedy Space Center from the factory to the launch complex in preparation for a 2024 launch.[49]

In February 2024, a boiler plate of both the first and second stages of New Glenn have been erected on launch pad LC-36 for the first time. This test vehicle was not in flight-ready condition, however, as there were no functioning engines mounted to it.[50] In May 2024, New Glenn was rolled out again for additional testing prior to launch later in the year.[51]

"Jarvis" reusable upper stage

[edit]
John Glenn, the first American to orbit Earth and the namesake of the New Glenn spacecraft, piloting the Friendship 7 space capsule during his flight on 20 February 1962

Information became public in July 2021 that Blue Origin had begun a "project to develop a fully reusable upper stage for New Glenn", under the name "Project Jarvis", just as SpaceX is aiming to do with their Starship second stage. If Blue Origin is able to realize such a second stage design and bring it into operational use, New Glenn would become a fully-reusable launch vehicle and would benefit from a substantial reduction in cost per launch.[44]

Beyond the technical changes indicated, Bezos created a new management structure for the new efforts, walling off "parts of the second-stage development program from the rest of Blue Origin [telling] its leaders to innovate in an environment unfettered by rigorous management and paperwork processes".[44][18] However, no indication of the budget allowed to the development of this reusable second-stage was released to the public.

Part of the effort is focusing on developing a stainless steel propellant tank and main structure for the second stage rocket, and evaluating it as a part of a solution for a complete second stage system.[18] In August 2021, Blue Origin rolled a stainless steel test tank to their Launch Complex 36 facility, on which ground pressure testing with cryogenic propellants was to take place.[18]

In addition to the Jarvis team working on a new second stage tank design, Blue Origin set up another team in 2021 to focus on design approaches that might be used to make a New Glenn second stage reusable, something that was not a design objective for the original second stage planned for New Glenn prior to 2021. As of August 2021, three approaches are being explored: adding wings to allow the stage to operate as a spaceplane on reentry; using an aerospike engine on the second stage that could double as a heat shield on reentry; and an approach similar to SpaceX's Starship concept using high-drag flaps in combination with propulsive deceleration. A decision on which approach to take into full development was slated for late 2021.[18][needs update]

Inaugural launch

[edit]

On 12 June 2024 Blue Origin received the communications license for the inaugural flight of New Glenn.[52] The vehicle was selected for the NSSL program with expectation that the inaugural launch would occur no later than December 2024.[53]

Preparations began in earnest in late August for what was to be New Glenn's debut launch, carrying the ESCAPADE mission consisting of two Photon satellites destined for Mars on a VADR contract from NASA. An increase of vehicle testing and the completion and testing of key infrastructure like the landing barge are planned leading up to the launch. The mission was unusual with regards to inaugural launches in the industry, a majority of launch vehicle maiden flights have been test payloads.[54] After consultation with NASA, it was decided however to forgo the October launch window to avoid "significant cost, schedule, and technical challenges", as well as the risks of removing fuel from the vehicle in the event of a launch delay.[7]

As of September 2024, the debut launch is planned to be a demonstration launch for the United States Space Force's National Security Space Launch program, carrying a prototype Blue Ring spacecraft platform.[7] The booster for the flight is named So You’re Telling Me There’s a Chance, alluding to the difficulty of landing a reusable booster on the first attempt.[55]

Testing continued in October 2024 with successful hot fire tests of the second stage.[56] The completed first stage (GS1) moved to the pad on 30 October 2024 ahead of the first flight, keeping the first launch on track for November.[57][better source needed]

The Flight 1 vehicle was moved to the launchpad on 20 November 2024 for static fire testing.[58][non-primary source needed][full citation needed]

Description and technical specifications

[edit]
The first hotfire-tested Blue Origin BE-4 rocket engine, serial number 103, at the 34th Space Symposium in Colorado Springs, Colorado, April 2018, showing the liquid methane inlet side of the engine

The New Glenn is a 7 m (23 ft) diameter two-stage orbital launch vehicle with a reusable first stage[23] and an expendable second stage.[43] An optional third stage was envisaged with a single BE-3U engine, and was planned as of October 2018.[59]

The first stage (GS1[60][61]) is designed to be reusable for a minimum of 25 flights,[47] and will land vertically, a technology previously developed by Blue Origin and tested in 2015–2016 on its New Shepard suborbital launch vehicle. The second stage (GS2[60][61]) will share the same diameter and is, "roughly 88 feet (26.8 meters) tall"[62] and will be expendable. Both stages will use orthogrid aluminum tanks with welded aluminum domes and common bulkheads. Both stages will also use autogenous pressurization.[59]

The first stage will be powered by seven BE-4 methane/oxygen engines—designed and manufactured by Blue Origin—producing 17,000 kN (3,800,000 lbf) of liftoff thrust.[4] The second stage will be powered by two BE-3U vacuum optimized engines, also designed and manufactured by Blue Origin, using hydrogen/oxygen as propellants.

The company stated in 2019 that the planned full operational payload capacity of the two-stage version of New Glenn would be 13,000 kg (29,000 lb) to GTO and 45,000 kg (99,000 lb) to a 51.6° inclined LEO,[4] though the initial operating capability could be somewhat lower.[59] As of 2018, dual-satellite launches wer intended to be offered after the first five flights.[63]

Launches of the New Glenn are planned to be made from the Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida, with Launch Complex 36 (LC-36) leased to Blue Origin in 2015 in support of the New Glenn program.[15][25] As of 2023, Blue Origin and the U.S. Space Force also plan to build a West Coast launch facility for the New Glenn at Vandenberg Space Force Base in California, to be called Space Launch Complex 9 (SLC-9).[64]

New Glenn will also be available for space tourism flights, with priority given to customers of New Shepard.[65] The first stage boosters of New Glenn are intended to be reusable, and were originally intended to be recovered downrange on the Atlantic Ocean via their landing platform ship Jacklyn, which would have acted as a floating movable landing platform. The hydrodynamically stabilized ship would have increased the likelihood of successful recovery in rough seas.[23] That ship was scrapped, and a new landing barge named Landing Platform Vessel 1, also nicknamed Jacklyn, was commissioned and became operational in 2024.

Manufacturing

[edit]

The main assembly of the New Glenn launch vehicle will occur in the Blue Origin rocket manufacturing facility in Florida, near Launch Complex 36 (LC-36) which the company leased from Spaceport Florida. Launch Complex 36 (LC-36) has hosted more than 100 launches, formerly launching the Atlas II and Atlas III.

Tooling and equipment for the factory began to be ordered and built in 2015. In July 2018, the build of the largest device, a 16 m (52 ft) tall × 41 m (135 ft) long × 13 m (43 ft) wide Ingersoll "Mongoose" cryogenic-tank and fairing fabrication machine, was completed after a three-year design/build process. It was to be installed in the Florida facility in Exploration Park later in 2018.[66][needs update] As of September 2018, Blue Origin had invested over US$1 billion in its Florida manufacturing facility and launch site, and stated it intended to spend much more going forward.[23][67]

Launch services

[edit]

Blue Origin will offer both single-payload dedicated flights and, after the fifth launch, dual-manifesting of large communications satellites to be transported to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO).[68] All contracted launches from the start will feature a reusable first-stage, so just like the practice in commercial aircraft transport, landing conditions can affect the timing and flight parameters of a launch.[68]

Launch service customers

[edit]

By 2018, Blue Origin had contracts in place with four customers for New Glenn flights. Eutelsat, Thailand startup mu Space Corp and SKY Perfect JSAT have geosynchronous orbit communications satellite launches planned after 2020, while internet satellite constellation fleet operator OneWeb had an agreement by 2018 for five launches.[41][42][69]

In January 2019, Telesat signed a multi-launch contract "to launch satellites for its future low-Earth-orbit broadband constellation on multiple New Glenn missions" and thus is Blue Origin's fifth customer.[70]

In 2022, Amazon announced that it had contracted 12 flights of New Glenn, with an option for 15 more, for deployment of the Kuiper satellite constellation.[71] Amazon, founded by Blue Origin owner Jeff Bezos, had also ordered 38 launches of Vulcan from ULA and 18 launches of Ariane 6 from Arianespace.[citation needed]

In February 2023, NASA announced that it had selected Blue Origin to launch the ESCAPADE spacecraft to Mars.[72] In May 2024, it was announced the spacecraft had reached substantial completion in preparation for launch later in the year;[73] however NASA subsequently moved the ESCAPADE payload to another launch vehicle.[7]

Schedule-oriented launch cadence

[edit]

Blue Origin intends to contract its launch services in a different structure compared to contract options that have been traditionally offered in the commercial launch market. The company has stated they will contract to aim to have a regular launch cadence of up to eight launches a year. If one of the payload providers for a multi-payload launch is not ready on time, Blue will hold to the launch timeframe, and fly the remaining payloads on time at no increase in price.[68] This is different from how dual-launch manifested contracts have been traditionally handled by Arianespace (Ariane 5 and Ariane 6) and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (H-IIA and H3). SpaceX and International Launch Services can offer dual-launch contracts, but prefer dedicated missions.[68]

Funding

[edit]

The development and manufacture of the New Glenn is being funded by Jeff Bezos, founder of Amazon.com,[15][74] and the Department of the Air Force. Initially funded entirely by Bezos, after 2019 New Glenn will also receive US$500 million in funding under the United States Space Force National Security Space Launch (NSSL) program.[75] By September 2017, Bezos had invested US$2.5 billion into New Glenn.[27]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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