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RS1 (rocket)

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RS1
FunctionSmall-lift launch vehicle
ManufacturerABL Space Systems
Country of originUnited States
Cost per launchUS$12 million
Size
Height26.8 m (88 ft)
Diameter1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)
Stages2
Capacity
Payload to LEO
Orbital inclination28.5°
Mass1,350 kg (2,980 lb)
Payload to SSO
Orbital inclination98.7°
Mass970 kg (2,140 lb)
Payload to GTO
Orbital inclination28.5°
Mass320 kg (710 lb)
Launch history
StatusRetired
Launch sites
Total launches1
Failure(s)1
Notable outcome(s)1 (pre-flight destruction)
First flight10 January 2023
First stage (Block 1)
Diameter1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)
Powered by9 × E2 Sea Level
Maximum thrust485 kN (109,000 lbf)
PropellantRP-1 or Jet-A / LOX
First stage (Block 2)
Diameter1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)
Powered by11 × E2 Sea Level
Maximum thrust591.615 kN (133,000 lbf)
PropellantRP-1 or Jet-A / LOX
Second stage
Diameter1.82 m (6 ft 0 in)
Powered by1 × E2 Vacuum
Maximum thrust58 kN (13,000 lbf)
PropellantRP-1 or Jet-A / LOX
[edit on Wikidata]

The RS1 is ABL Space Systems's main launch vehicle platform. Both stages are powered by ABL's E2 rocket engine, with nine to eleven[1] in the first stage, and one in the second stage. They are powered by RP-1 or Jet-A kerosene as propellant and liquid oxygen (LOX) as the oxidizer. [2]

The containerized launch system and rocket can be deployed to and launched from a suitably flat site, the main requirements being access for trucks capable of carrying up to 16 m (52 ft)-long ISO containers (for the RS-1 first stage), and a flat concrete pad 46 m (151 ft) x 15 m (49 ft).

History

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In 2020, ABL Space Systems was planning the first orbital launch of its RS1 rocket in 2022. The firm received contracts worth US$44.5 million from the United States Air Force, as well as private funding equaling US$49 million. According to Dan Piemont, the US$44.5 million Air Force contracts[3] include a one-year deal from the tech incubator AFWERX to demonstrate launch technology and an agreement with Space and Missile Systems Center's Space Enterprise Consortium to conduct three demonstrations of a RS1 vehicle variant and deployable ground infrastructure in 2022.[4]

The RS1 claims to be capable of carrying a payload of 1,350 kg (2,980 lb) to low Earth orbit.[4] It is 27 m (89 ft) tall. Launches where planned to be sold for US$12 million per flight.[5][6] ABL had over 70 launch agreements.[7]

The maiden flight on January 10, 2023, failed after a fire in the aft cavity damaged key harnessing, causing the engines to shut down 11 seconds into flight.[8] RS1 crashed down near the launch pad, damaging infrastructure at the Pacific Spaceport Complex.[9] The second attempt at launch failed on July 19, 2024 due to a static fire testing failure.[10] After the second flight failure, ABL decided to terminate their commercial launch program, and instead focusing on turning RS1 into a missile defense launch vehicle.[11]

ABL is also currently developing a modified RS1 with first stage engine replaced with an aerospike engine, as part of AFRL's ARISE program.[12] In September 2022, AFRL designated X plane number X-63 to this modified RS1 configuration.[13] A test launch was initially scheduled for 2023, but has now since been delayed to an unspecified time.[14]

Previous design

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In 2019, RS1 was planned to have three E1 engines, each producing 190,000 N (42,000 lbf) of thrust to power the rocket's first stage. A single E2 engine, with 58,000 N (13,000 lbf) of thrust, was planned for the rocket's second stage. Both engines would use liquid oxygen and RP-1 propellants. The first development build of the vehicle has been completed.[15]

Testing

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In 2019, ABL Space conducted testing of the E2 rocket engine at the company's test facilities at Spaceport America, New Mexico, which "provided the perfect location and support staff for us to test the E2 rocket engine". The test was considered a success.[16]

In early 2020, the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) joined with ABL Space Systems to test and develop rocket-propulsion components.[17] In October 2020, the second stage with E2 engine was tested at Edwards Air Force Base.[5]

On 19 January 2022, an anomaly during testing at Mojave Air and Space Port resulted in the destruction of the second stage of the RS1 rocket.[18] On 27 January, the source of the anomaly was publicly identified by ABL's CEO Harry O'Hanley as being one of the second stage's E2 Vacuum engine's turbopumps suffering a hard start, which led to a "substantial fire on the aft end of the vehicle, resulting in a complete failure about 20 seconds later".[19]

After three earlier attempts to launch their RS1 rocket in December 2022, ABL shifted the launch attempt to January 2023.[20] The maiden flight on January 10, 2023 failed.[8]

The second attempt at an orbital launch (DEMO-2 mission) was precluded as the rocket being prepared for that launch suffered irreparable damage in a fire at the launch pad following a static-fire test on 19 July 2024.[21]

Launches sites

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Pacific Spaceport Complex

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The first RS1 flight was planned for 2022 from the Pacific Spaceport Complex on Kodiak Island,[22] but the launch attempt was aborted. After two additional aborts, the first launch occurred on January 10, 2023.[8] The maiden flight also failed and did not reach orbit.

Cape Canaveral

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On 1 November 2021, Amazon announced that the first two prototype satellites of the Kuiper constellation, KuiperSat-1 and KuiperSat-2, would be launched using RS1 in the fourth quarter of 2022 from Launch Complex 48 at the Kennedy Space Center.[23] Amazon subsequently shifted these satellites to Vulcan Centaur,[24] subsequently moving them to an Atlas V launch on October 6, 2023.[25] Meanwhile on March 7th, 2023, it was announced that the Space Force allocated ABL Space Space Launch Complex 15 (SLC-15). [26]

SaxaVord Spaceport

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On 7 February 2021, Lockheed Martin and the United Kingdom announced a contract with ABL to launch the UK Pathfinder mission (6 CubeSats) in 2022, from the Shetland Space Centre on the island of Unst, Scotland.[27][28] The UK Pathfinder launch was scheduled to take place in late 2024.[29]

Launches

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Flight No. Name Date and

time (UTC)

Launch site Payload Payload mass Orbit Customer Launch outcome
1 DEMO-1 10 January 2023[30] Kodiak, LP-3C[31] VariSat 1A & 1B[32] Unknown Polar (200 x 350 km x 87°)[31] OmniTeq[33] Failure
First flight of the RS1 launch vehicle. The vehicle suffered an anomaly shortly after liftoff and was destroyed. Failure was attributed to an overly restrictive launch mount and flame diverter causing plume recirculation and overloading of headshield causing fire. Fire subsequently caused damage to key harnesses causing loss of power and simultaneous loss of thrust in all engines due to de-energization of valves.[34]
N/A DEMO-2 19 July 2024[10] Kodiak, LP-3C[35] — — Polar (200 x 275 km x 87°)[35] — Precluded
(failure pre-flight)
Second RS-1 vehicle equipped with 11 E2 engines was irrecoverably damaged during pre-flight testing [10]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Flight 2 – Static Fire Update".
  2. ^ "Even Rockets Can Be Simple". ABL Space Systems. 2020. Archived from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  3. ^ "AFRL awards agreements under Aerospike Rocket Integration and Sub-orbital Experiment (ARISE) Program". Wright-Patterson AFB. 13 April 2020. Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  4. ^ a b Erwin, Sandra (3 August 2020). "Small launch startup ABL secures over US$90 million in new funding and Air Force contracts". SpaceNews. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  5. ^ a b "ABL Space Systems tests launch vehicle stage". SpaceNews. 22 October 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  6. ^ Foust, Jeff (February 1, 2019). "ABL Space Systems increases performance and cuts price of its small launch vehicle". SpaceNews. Retrieved November 11, 2019.
  7. ^ "The Road to Flight 2, with Dan Piemont (ABL Space)" (video). YouTube. Oct 31, 2023.
  8. ^ a b c Wattles, Jackie (2023-01-11). "Start-up fails first launch as rocket explodes off Alaska's coast". CNN. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 2023-01-11.
  9. ^ "FAA Closes RS1 Mishap Investigation". ABL Space Systems. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  10. ^ a b c "Post by abl". X. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  11. ^ Erwin, Sandra (15 November 2024). "ABL Space exits commercial launch market, shifts focus to missile defense". SpaceNews. Retrieved 15 November 2024.
  12. ^ "ARISE AND FLY – Air Force Research Laboratory". afresearchlab.com. AFRL. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  13. ^ "AFRL'S ROCKET LAB PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE" (PDF). afresearchlab.com. AFRL. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  14. ^ Norris, Guy. "AFRL Responsive Space X-Vehicle Flight Tests On Track For 2023 | Aviation Week Network". aviationweek.com. Aviation Week. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  15. ^ Foust, Jeff (1 February 2019). "ABL Space Systems increases performance and cuts price of its small launch vehicle". SpaceNews. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  16. ^ Clark, Carol A. (29 December 2019). "Spaceport America announces test operations of ABL Space Systems". Los Alamos Daily Post. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  17. ^ "Rocket Report". Ars Technica. 7 January 2020. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  18. ^ "ABL Space Systems rocket stage destroyed in test accident". SpaceNews. 20 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  19. ^ "ABL Space Systems test accident to delay first launch by three months". SpaceNews. 27 January 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  20. ^ Wall, Mike (December 16, 2022). "Rocket startup ABL Space Systems pushes debut launch to Jan. 9". space.com. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
  21. ^ Foust, Jeff (July 23, 2024). "ABL loses rocket after static-fire test". SpaceNews. Retrieved July 23, 2024.
  22. ^ Foust, Jeff (16 September 2021). "ABL Space Systems to launch NASA technology demonstration mission". SpaceNews. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  23. ^ "Amazon's satellite launch schedule puts it nearly 4 years behind Starlink". 1 November 2021. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  24. ^ "Amazon's Project Kuiper satellites will fly on the new Vulcan Centaur rocket in early 2023". US About Amazon. 2022-10-12. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
  25. ^ Mike, Wall (6 October 2023). "Atlas V rocket launches Amazon's 1st 2 internet satellites to orbit (video)". Space.com. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
  26. ^ "Space Force allocates three historic Cape Canaveral launch pads to four companies". 10 March 2023.
  27. ^ "Lockheed Martin selects ABL Space Systems for UK launch". SpaceNews. 7 February 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  28. ^ "British military's space campaign picks up steam with "Skynet" upgrade". C4ISRNET. 8 February 2021. Archived from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  29. ^ "RS1 | UK Pathfinder".
  30. ^ "ABL Space Systems' rocket fails on maiden launch". Reuters. 2023-01-11. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 2023-01-11.
  31. ^ a b "OET Special Temporary Authority Report". FCC. Archived from the original on 8 August 2022. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
  32. ^ "RS1". Gunter's Space Page. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
  33. ^ "VariSat 1A, 1B, 1C". Gunter's Space Page. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
  34. ^ "FAA Closes RS1 Mishap Investigation". ablspacesystems.com. ABL. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  35. ^ a b "OET Special Temporary Authority Report". FCC. 21 September 2022. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
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