Portal:Biology

Darlingtonia californica — California pitcher plant This patch of Darligtonias is the northernmost natural patch.
Harvestman (Opilio canestrinii), male, on a geranium flower. He is cleaning his leg by drawing it through his jaws.

Biology is the scientific study of life. It is a natural science with a broad scope but has several unifying themes that tie it together as a single, coherent field. For instance, all organisms are composed of at least one cell that processes hereditary information encoded in genes, which can be transmitted to future generations. Another major theme is evolution, which explains the unity and diversity of life. Energy processing is also important to life as it allows organisms to move, grow, and reproduce. Finally, all organisms can regulate their own internal environments. (Full article...)

Featured article

The history of biology traces the study of the living world from ancient to modern times. Although the concept of biology as a single coherent field arose in the 19th century, the biological sciences emerged from traditions of medicine and natural history reaching back to Ayurveda, ancient Egyptian medicine and the works of Aristotle, Theophrastus and Galen in the ancient Greco-Roman world. This ancient work was further developed in the Middle Ages by Muslim physicians and scholars such as Avicenna. During the European Renaissance and early modern period, biological thought was revolutionized in Europe by a renewed interest in empiricism and the discovery of many novel organisms. Prominent in this movement were Vesalius and Harvey, who used experimentation and careful observation in physiology, and naturalists such as Linnaeus and Buffon who began to classify the diversity of life and the fossil record, as well as the development and behavior of organisms. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek revealed by means of microscopy the previously unknown world of microorganisms, laying the groundwork for cell theory. The growing importance of natural theology, partly a response to the rise of mechanical philosophy, encouraged the growth of natural history (although it entrenched the argument from design).

Over the 18th and 19th centuries, biological sciences such as botany and zoology became increasingly professional scientific disciplines. Lavoisier and other physical scientists began to connect the animate and inanimate worlds through physics and chemistry. Explorer-naturalists such as Alexander von Humboldt investigated the interaction between organisms and their environment, and the ways this relationship depends on geography—laying the foundations for biogeography, ecology and ethology. Naturalists began to reject essentialism and consider the importance of extinction and the mutability of species. Cell theory provided a new perspective on the fundamental basis of life. These developments, as well as the results from embryology and paleontology, were synthesized in Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. The end of the 19th century saw the fall of spontaneous generation and the rise of the germ theory of disease, though the mechanism of inheritance remained a mystery. (Full article...)

Popular pages

Period: 2024-12-01 to 2024-12-31

Total views: 10,900,942

Updated: 04:12, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

Rank	Page title	Views	Daily average	Assessment	Importance
1	Sex	670,602	21,632	B	Top
2	Ejaculation	155,929	5,029	C	Mid
3	Animal	146,567	4,727	GA	Top
4	Aristotle	114,855	3,705	GA	Top
5	Charles Darwin	105,900	3,416	FA	Top
6	Typhoid fever	99,136	3,197	B	Low
7	Sarcoidosis	96,678	3,118	B	Mid
8	DNA	93,603	3,019	FA	Top
9	Organ (biology)	76,599	2,470	C	High
10	Hydrogen	73,298	2,364	FA	Unknown
11	Taxonomy (biology)	70,913	2,287	GA	High
12	Botany	67,127	2,165	GA	High
13	Hermaphrodite	66,840	2,156	C	High
14	Death	66,684	2,151	B	Top
15	Twin	66,622	2,149	B	Mid
16	Sexual dimorphism	66,425	2,142	B	High
17	Oxygen	64,512	2,081	FA	Unknown
18	Virus	60,252	1,943	FA	Top
19	Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event	59,690	1,925	FA	High
20	Extraterrestrial life	58,495	1,886	C	High
21	Plant	57,315	1,848	GA	Top
22	Ovulation	56,947	1,837	B	Low
23	List of common misconceptions	56,486	1,822	List	Mid
24	Species	53,427	1,723	GA	Top
25	Parthenogenesis	50,769	1,637	C	High
26	Bacteria	50,724	1,636	FA	Top
27	Life	50,390	1,625	GA	Top
28	Louis Pasteur	49,201	1,587	B	High
29	Mirror life	48,791	1,573	Start	Low
30	Carbon	48,609	1,568	GA	Unknown
31	Vivisection	48,411	1,561	C	High
32	Genus	46,849	1,511	C	Mid
33	Extinction	46,651	1,504	C	High
34	Nitrogen	46,330	1,494	GA	Unknown
35	Vertebrate	46,168	1,489	GA	High
36	Biology	45,636	1,472	GA	Top
37	List of longest-living organisms	45,411	1,464	List	Low
38	Nervous system	44,622	1,439	B	High
39	Abiogenesis	43,853	1,414	GA	High
40	Apex predator	43,548	1,404	GA	Low
41	Carl Linnaeus	42,991	1,386	GA	Top
42	Conjoined twins	42,643	1,375	C	Low
43	Cell (biology)	42,460	1,369	C	Top
44	Evolution	41,941	1,352	FA	Top
45	Blood pressure	41,627	1,342	B	Low
46	Conservation status	41,533	1,339	C	Mid
47	Menstruation	40,822	1,316	B	Low
48	Alice Roberts	40,525	1,307	B	Low
49	Disease	39,629	1,278	B	High
50	Adolescence	39,374	1,270	B	Mid
51	Parasitism	39,169	1,263	GA	High
52	Extinction event	38,064	1,227	B	High
53	Sexual reproduction	36,398	1,174	C	Mid
54	Endemism	36,390	1,173	C	High
55	Gregor Mendel	36,207	1,167	B	Mid
56	Strangling	36,119	1,165	C	Low
57	Female	35,962	1,160	C	Top
58	James Watson	34,549	1,114	B	High
59	Kingdom (biology)	33,676	1,086	B	Mid
60	Pituitary gland	33,624	1,084	C	Mid
61	White blood cell	33,453	1,079	B	Mid
62	Organism	33,191	1,070	GA	Top
63	Health	32,879	1,060	B	High
64	Lymph node	32,847	1,059	C	Mid
65	Neuron	32,566	1,050	B	High
66	Female reproductive system	32,205	1,038	C	High
67	Developmental coordination disorder	32,194	1,038	B	Mid
68	Rosalind Franklin	32,105	1,035	B	High
69	Taxonomic rank	31,434	1,014	B	Mid
70	Homeostasis	31,368	1,011	C	High
71	Anger	31,212	1,006	B	Mid
72	Biotechnology	30,791	993	C	Low
73	Behavioral sink	30,386	980	C	Mid
74	Male	30,261	976	C	Top
75	Paleontology	29,905	964	GA	Top
76	Binomial nomenclature	29,797	961	C	Mid
77	Infant	29,676	957	B	Mid
78	Thalassemia	29,514	952	B	Mid
79	Color	29,473	950	C	Low
80	Fossil	29,217	942	B	High
81	Homosexual behavior in animals	28,845	930	C	Low
82	Nail clubbing	28,548	920	C	Low
83	Anatomy	28,377	915	GA	Top
84	Prednisolone	28,048	904	C	Mid
85	Shyamala Gopalan	27,840	898	C	Low
86	Childbirth	27,560	889	B	Top
87	Last universal common ancestor	26,969	869	GA	Mid
88	Hybrid (biology)	26,773	863	GA	Mid
89	Protozoa	26,570	857	C	High
90	Male reproductive system	26,476	854	C	Mid
91	Closed-eye hallucination	26,447	853	C	Low
92	Linus Pauling	26,175	844	B	High
93	Child	26,092	841	B	Mid
94	Genetics	25,390	819	FA	Top
95	Emergence	25,238	814	Start	Mid
96	Zoology	25,221	813	B	Top
97	Aquiline nose	24,737	797	C	Low
98	Drake equation	24,727	797	B	High
99	Family (biology)	24,577	792	Start	Mid
100	Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale	24,558	792	C	Low
101	Race and intelligence	24,521	791	C	Mid
102	History of HIV/AIDS	24,401	787	B	High
103	DNA and RNA codon tables	24,258	782	FL	High
104	Ecology	24,213	781	GA	Top
105	Protist	24,019	774	B	Low
106	Microorganism	24,013	774	GA	Top
107	Multiple birth	23,929	771	C	Low
108	Unethical human experimentation in the United States	23,902	771	B	Low
109	Epidemiology	23,713	764	C	Low
110	Microscope	23,507	758	C	High
111	Natural selection	23,382	754	GA	Top
112	Jagadish Chandra Bose	23,349	753	B	Mid
113	Paul Nurse	23,228	749	C	Mid
114	Intelligence	23,161	747	B	High
115	Visual snow syndrome	23,038	743	Start	Low
116	Physiology	22,605	729	B	High
117	Old age	21,874	705	B	Mid
118	Miscarriage	21,850	704	B	Mid
119	Neontology	21,490	693	Start	Mid
120	Symbiosis	21,379	689	C	Mid
121	Germ theory of disease	21,149	682	C	Low
122	Infidelity	21,055	679	B	Mid
123	Neoteny	20,996	677	B	Low
124	Plankton	20,849	672	C	High
125	Domain (biology)	20,815	671	B	Mid
126	Handedness	20,786	670	C	Low
127	Entomology	20,660	666	C	High
128	Mutation	20,657	666	B	Top
129	Secondary sex characteristic	20,403	658	C	Mid
130	Biochemistry	20,327	655	C	High
131	Domestication	20,316	655	GA	Mid
132	Defecation	20,250	653	C	Low
133	Francis Crick	20,169	650	B	High
134	Galen	20,061	647	B	High
135	Neuroscience	19,974	644	B	High
136	Sense	19,852	640	B	Mid
137	Mitochondrial Eve	19,789	638	B	Mid
138	Alexander von Humboldt	19,497	628	B	Top
139	Breast milk	19,445	627	C	Mid
140	Chirality	19,355	624	B	Mid
141	HeLa	19,073	615	C	Low
142	Anus	19,070	615	Start	Mid
143	Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	19,028	613	B	High
144	Largest organisms	18,725	604	Start	High
145	Hadal zone	18,696	603	C	Mid
146	Adipose tissue	18,675	602	B	Mid
147	Basal metabolic rate	18,350	591	C	Mid
148	Incense	18,177	586	C	Mid
149	Reproduction	18,078	583	B	High
150	Carnivore	17,977	579	B	Low
151	Pelagic zone	17,934	578	C	Mid
152	Wildlife	17,815	574	C	High
153	Order (biology)	17,790	573	C	High
154	Human feces	17,561	566	C	High
155	Unicellular organism	17,398	561	C	Low
156	Preadolescence	17,283	557	Start	Mid
157	Biological warfare	17,271	557	B	Mid
158	Ambidexterity	17,133	552	Start	Low
159	Megadiverse countries	17,073	550	Start	Mid
160	Bret Weinstein	17,041	549	C	Low
161	Life on Mars	16,750	540	B	Mid
162	Senescence	16,730	539	C	Mid
163	John M. Jumper	16,644	536	Start	Low
164	Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw	16,634	536	B	Low
165	Genetic code	16,444	530	GA	Top
166	Antonie van Leeuwenhoek	16,434	530	B	High
167	Albinism in humans	16,361	527	C	Low
168	Metamorphosis	16,224	523	C	Mid
169	Living fossil	16,144	520	C	Mid
170	Toddler	16,132	520	Start	Mid
171	List of life sciences	16,131	520	List	Mid
172	De-extinction	15,907	513	C	Mid
173	Ageing	15,748	508	B	High
174	Embryo	15,735	507	B	Mid
175	Bioinformatics	15,646	504	C	Low
176	Extant taxon	15,616	503	Redirect	NA
177	Human reproduction	15,468	498	C	High
178	Violence	15,410	497	C	Mid
179	Implantation (embryology)	15,253	492	C	Mid
180	Microbiology	15,130	488	C	Mid
181	Biological immortality	15,017	484	B	Top
182	Natural History Museum, London	14,971	482	C	Mid
183	Exponential growth	14,876	479	B	Low
184	Birth rate	14,707	474	C	Mid
185	Composition of the human body	14,552	469	C	Low
186	History of life	14,521	468	GA	Top
187	List of causes of death by rate	14,363	463	List	Low
188	Human–animal hybrid	14,223	458	C	Low
189	Sex allocation	14,202	458	C	Low
190	Adult	14,131	455	B	Mid
191	CRISPR gene editing	14,021	452	B	Top
192	Jared Diamond	14,014	452	B	Mid
193	Male pregnancy	14,006	451	B	Low
194	Gary Ruvkun	13,791	444	B	Low
195	Ethology	13,727	442	B	High
196	Macrophage	13,662	440	B	Low
197	Sex ratio	13,657	440	Start	Mid
198	Robert Koch	13,629	439	C	High
199	Stromatolite	13,623	439	B	Low
200	The Selfish Gene	13,605	438	B	Mid
201	Lordosis behavior	13,507	435	Start	Low
202	Torpor	13,368	431	C	Mid
203	Habitable zone	13,351	430	B	Low
204	Commensalism	13,274	428	C	Mid
205	Biology and sexual orientation	13,214	426	C	Mid
206	Father	13,198	425	C	Mid
207	Polyphenol	13,186	425	Start	Low
208	Keystone species	13,177	425	GA	Low
209	Cosmopolitan distribution	13,123	423	Start	Mid
210	Mother	12,979	418	C	High
211	Biosphere	12,929	417	C	Top
212	Sibling	12,906	416	C	Mid
213	Cultured meat	12,833	413	B	Unknown
214	Fiber	12,802	412	C	Mid
215	Panspermia	12,780	412	B	Low
216	Stress (biology)	12,645	407	C	High
217	Floater	12,585	405	B	Low
218	Monosaccharide	12,574	405	C	High
219	Alfred Russel Wallace	12,505	403	FA	High
220	In situ	12,446	401	Start	Unknown
221	Scientific law	12,438	401	C	Mid
222	Thermoregulation	12,417	400	C	Mid
223	List of organisms by chromosome count	12,398	399	List	Low
224	Littoral zone	12,248	395	Start	Mid
225	Adolescent sexuality	12,239	394	B	Mid
226	Bipedalism	12,232	394	B	Mid
227	Earliest known life forms	12,014	387	C	High
228	Tradition	11,995	386	B	Mid
229	Albert Bourla	11,987	386	C	Low
230	Sex differences in humans	11,961	385	C	High
231	Competition	11,956	385	C	Top
232	Sneeze	11,895	383	Start	Low
233	Phosphene	11,826	381	C	Mid
234	Molecular biology	11,777	379	C	Top
235	Gerontology	11,680	376	B	Mid
236	Beta thalassemia	11,618	374	B	Mid
237	Morphology (biology)	11,403	367	C	Low
238	Lists of animals	11,328	365	List	High
239	Cryopreservation	11,253	363	C	Low
240	Robin Wall Kimmerer	11,232	362	C	Low
241	Natural history	11,208	361	C	High
242	Venki Ramakrishnan	11,207	361	B	Mid
243	Ronald Fisher	11,064	356	B	High
244	Caenorhabditis elegans	11,044	356	GA	Top
245	Crying	10,926	352	C	Low
246	Vaginal flatulence	10,922	352	Stub	Low
247	Gravidity and parity	10,895	351	C	Mid
248	Lordosis	10,855	350	C	Low
249	Selective breeding	10,823	349	C	Mid
250	Flora	10,754	346	C	High
251	Insemination	10,754	346	C	Mid
252	Cell biology	10,745	346	C	High
253	Nerve	10,707	345	C	High
254	Forced fatherhood	10,680	344	Start	Mid
255	Moulting	10,505	338	C	High
256	Fauna	10,440	336	C	High
257	Mebendazole	10,377	334	C	Mid
258	Heritability of IQ	10,299	332	C	Low
259	Polycephaly	10,292	332	B	Mid
260	List of human hormones	10,208	329	List	Mid
261	Gestation	10,169	328	Start	Mid
262	Thomas N. Seyfried	10,118	326	Start	Low
263	Respiration (physiology)	10,039	323	Start	High
264	The Naked Woman	9,765	315	Stub	Low
265	Marine life	9,741	314	B	High
266	Astrobiology	9,739	314	B	High
267	Excretion	9,706	313	Start	High
268	Abyssal zone	9,676	312	Start	Low
269	Visual perception	9,570	308	C	Low
270	Birth	9,469	305	C	Mid
271	Parenchyma	9,467	305	Start	Mid
272	Human overpopulation	9,462	305	C	Low
273	Goose bumps	9,390	302	Start	Mid
274	Coolidge effect	9,364	302	Start	Low
275	Melanism	9,364	302	C	Low
276	Hypothetical types of biochemistry	9,347	301	C	Low
277	Acedia	9,226	297	Start	Low
278	Toxicology	9,212	297	C	High
279	Evolutionary biology	9,191	296	C	Top
280	Biological agent	9,171	295	C	Mid
281	Human voice	9,121	294	B	Mid
282	Color vision	9,121	294	C	High
283	He Jiankui genome editing incident	9,118	294	C	High
284	Protein folding	9,114	294	C	Low
285	Vitalism	9,085	293	B	High
286	Flow cytometry	9,071	292	C	Low
287	Violence against Muslims in independent India	9,063	292	B	Mid
288	Smallest organisms	9,023	291	C	Mid
289	Life extension	8,991	290	B	Mid
290	Ectotherm	8,961	289	Start	Mid
291	Subcutaneous tissue	8,865	285	Start	Low
292	Biological engineering	8,844	285	C	High
293	Benthic zone	8,834	284	C	Low
294	Senicide	8,820	284	C	Mid
295	RNA world	8,786	283	C	Mid
296	Offspring	8,778	283	Start	Mid
297	List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine	8,731	281	FL	High
298	Theophrastus	8,728	281	C	High
299	Animal suicide	8,663	279	C	Mid
300	Icelandic Phallological Museum	8,611	277	FA	Low
301	Marine biology	8,588	277	C	High
302	Victor Ambros	8,513	274	B	Low
303	William Harvey	8,501	274	C	High
304	Dark oxygen	8,493	273	Start	Low
305	Tooth	8,490	273	B	Low
306	Anthropometry	8,453	272	C	Low
307	Male lactation	8,450	272	C	Low
308	Alar Karis	8,448	272	Start	Low
309	Abyssal plain	8,438	272	GA	Low
310	Detritus	8,400	270	C	Mid
311	List of sovereign states by sex ratio	8,400	270	List	Low
312	In vitro	8,381	270	C	Mid
313	Hypercarnivore	8,352	269	Start	Low
314	Homogeneity and heterogeneity	8,336	268	C	Mid
315	Three-domain system	8,260	266	C	High
316	List of animals displaying homosexual behavior	8,215	265	List	Low
317	Food safety	8,184	264	C	Mid
318	Animal testing	8,047	259	GA	Mid
319	Human sex pheromones	8,002	258	Start	Low
320	Christine Grady	7,991	257	Start	Low
321	Har Gobind Khorana	7,874	254	C	High
322	Body shape	7,755	250	C	Low
323	Lynn Margulis	7,723	249	B	High
324	Catgut	7,632	246	C	Low
325	Lists of organisms by population	7,618	245	List	Low
326	Rainbow baby	7,608	245	Start	Low
327	Introduced species	7,562	243	B	Low
328	Female promiscuity	7,562	243	C	Low
329	Native American disease and epidemics	7,464	240	C	Mid
330	Convention on Biological Diversity	7,457	240	C	Mid
331	Square–cube law	7,443	240	Start	Mid
332	Development of the human body	7,434	239	C	High
333	Embryology	7,385	238	C	Mid
334	Biomimetics	7,379	238	C	High
335	Extraterrestrial intelligence	7,373	237	Start	Low
336	Linnaean taxonomy	7,344	236	C	Top
337	Hematophagy	7,294	235	C	Mid
338	Ribose	7,205	232	B	High
339	J. B. S. Haldane	7,204	232	C	Low
340	Electroreception and electrogenesis	7,180	231	GA	Low
341	Common descent	7,152	230	B	High
342	Sequential hermaphroditism	7,127	229	B	Low
343	Koch's postulates	7,118	229	C	Mid
344	Animal echolocation	7,104	229	GA	Mid
345	Single parent	7,058	227	B	Mid
346	List of unsolved problems in biology	7,057	227	List	Mid
347	Biomechanics	7,031	226	C	High
348	Child development stages	6,984	225	List	High
349	Designer baby	6,932	223	B	High
350	Hydrosphere	6,919	223	C	High
351	Evolution of sexual reproduction	6,918	223	B	Mid
352	Biophysics	6,892	222	C	Mid
353	Abiotic component	6,861	221	Start	Low
354	Virus classification	6,857	221	C	High
355	Root	6,848	220	B	Mid
356	Erythropoiesis	6,843	220	C	Mid
357	Baby boom	6,807	219	Start	Low
358	Gastrulation	6,777	218	C	High
359	Age of consent reform	6,714	216	C	Low
360	Catechin	6,707	216	Start	Mid
361	Immortalised cell line	6,657	214	C	Mid
362	Motility	6,649	214	Start	Low
363	Masha and Dasha Krivoshlyapova	6,614	213	C	Mid
364	Biologist	6,612	213	C	High
365	Miraculous births	6,602	212	B	Mid
366	Classification	6,579	212	C	Mid
367	Bioethics	6,433	207	Start	Mid
368	Triploid syndrome	6,421	207	Start	Low
369	Human microbiome	6,417	207	B	Mid
370	Xenophilia	6,319	203	Start	Low
371	Biological specificity	6,283	202	Start	Mid
372	Georges Cuvier	6,280	202	B	High
373	Dormancy	6,256	201	C	High
374	Sexual characteristics	6,238	201	Start	Low
375	Desiccation	6,228	200	C	Low
376	Aestivation	6,198	199	C	High
377	Entoptic phenomenon	6,188	199	C	Low
378	Lipid bilayer	6,125	197	GA	High
379	Symmetry in biology	6,110	197	C	High
380	Parent	6,082	196	C	Mid
381	Age of consent reform in the United Kingdom	6,070	195	C	Low
382	Dissection	6,054	195	B	High
383	Free energy principle	5,984	193	C	Low
384	Blastocyst	5,974	192	C	Low
385	Mathematical and theoretical biology	5,963	192	C	High
386	Phosphorylation	5,886	189	C	Low
387	Electroejaculation	5,871	189	Start	Low
388	Phenotypic trait	5,788	186	Start	Mid
389	Barbara McClintock	5,784	186	FA	Mid
390	Molecular machine	5,779	186	C	Mid
391	Biological life cycle	5,755	185	C	High
392	Biostasis	5,713	184	C	Unknown
393	Radiosynthesis (metabolism)	5,690	183	Start	Low
394	Invented tradition	5,668	182	C	Low
395	Sleep cycle	5,630	181	C	Mid
396	Host (biology)	5,628	181	GA	High
397	Homochirality	5,625	181	B	Mid
398	Hearing	5,615	181	C	Low
399	Life on Venus	5,588	180	C	Mid
400	Warm-blooded	5,585	180	Start	Mid
401	Artificial womb	5,565	179	C	Low
402	Fine motor skill	5,546	178	C	Mid
403	Cleavage (embryo)	5,532	178	C	Low
404	Sammy Basso	5,532	178	C	Low
405	Howard Hughes Medical Institute	5,518	178	C	Mid
406	Binocular vision	5,435	175	Start	Low
407	Organ (anatomy)	5,426	175	Redirect	NA
408	Afterimage	5,400	174	C	Low
409	List of extinction events	5,366	173	List	Mid
410	Biogeography	5,337	172	Start	Mid
411	Mid-20th century baby boom	5,329	171	Start	Mid
412	Anastomosis	5,325	171	C	Low
413	Bioreactor	5,320	171	C	Low
414	Ontogeny	5,309	171	B	Mid
415	Relict (biology)	5,303	171	C	Low
416	Sexual maturity	5,263	169	Start	Mid
417	Lepidopterology	5,247	169	C	Low
418	Pair bond	5,229	168	Start	Mid
419	Hormesis	5,185	167	Start	Low
420	History of malaria	5,136	165	GA	High
421	Life support	5,134	165	Start	Mid
422	Recapitulation theory	5,075	163	C	Mid
423	Luigi Galvani	5,073	163	Start	Mid
424	Semelparity and iteroparity	5,065	163	C	Low
425	Blind spot (vision)	5,060	163	Start	Low
426	Conservation biology	5,055	163	B	High
427	Craig Venter	5,048	162	C	Mid
428	Thanatology	5,032	162	Start	Low
429	First universal common ancestor	5,027	162	Start	Unknown
430	Disease vector	5,005	161	Start	Low
431	The Voyage of the Beagle	4,952	159	Start	Unknown
432	Artificial life	4,942	159	B	Mid
433	Death of Maddox Derkosh	4,928	158	C	Low
434	Frances Arnold	4,876	157	B	High
435	Life on Titan	4,874	157	B	Low
436	Long-term memory	4,838	156	C	Low
437	Model organism	4,799	154	B	Mid
438	Magnetoreception	4,793	154	GA	Mid
439	Halima Cissé	4,766	153	Start	Low
440	Developmental biology	4,765	153	C	High
441	Antimalarial medication	4,741	152	C	High
442	Boring Billion	4,741	152	GA	Low
443	List of mammals displaying homosexual behavior	4,713	152	List	Mid
444	History of evolutionary thought	4,706	151	FA	High
445	Sororicide	4,703	151	C	Low
446	Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact	4,694	151	GA	Low
447	Levomefolic acid	4,688	151	C	Low
448	Secondary metabolite	4,687	151	Start	Low
449	Feed a cold, starve a fever	4,685	151	C	Low
450	Syncytium	4,663	150	C	Low
451	Neoteny in humans	4,662	150	C	Low
452	Superorganism	4,628	149	B	Mid
453	Quantum biology	4,620	149	C	High
454	Depth perception	4,617	148	Start	Low
455	Sister	4,605	148	Start	Low
456	Colony-forming unit	4,580	147	C	Low
457	Brother	4,569	147	C	Mid
458	Non-cellular life	4,557	147	Start	Mid
459	Dryland farming	4,555	146	Start	Low
460	Female sperm	4,550	146	Start	Mid
461	Plant reproductive morphology	4,491	144	C	Low
462	Aerobic organism	4,482	144	Start	Mid
463	Enteric fever	4,461	143	Stub	Low
464	Malesia	4,450	143	C	Mid
465	Folding@home	4,422	142	B	Mid
466	Cellular senescence	4,394	141	C	Low
467	Microtome	4,356	140	C	Mid
468	Ginkgo Bioworks	4,352	140	Start	Low
469	Linnean Society of London	4,344	140	B	High
470	List of unusual biological names	4,338	139	List	Mid
471	Cross-link	4,325	139	C	Mid
472	Pain in fish	4,284	138	B	Unknown
473	Gas exchange	4,277	137	Start	Mid
474	Ronald Ross	4,276	137	C	Mid
475	Biological Weapons Convention	4,260	137	B	Low
476	Craniocervical instability	4,250	137	Start	Unknown
477	Biological process	4,219	136	Start	High
478	Babies switched at birth	4,218	136	Start	Low
479	Geneticist	4,204	135	Start	Mid
480	Mesopelagic zone	4,202	135	C	Mid
481	Ectoderm	4,197	135	C	Low
482	Mary Logan Reddick	4,171	134	B	Low
483	Native species	4,163	134	Start	Mid
484	Do-it-yourself biology	4,154	134	C	Mid
485	Plastination	4,152	133	C	Mid
486	Sex pheromone	4,137	133	Start	Low
487	Viscera	4,116	132	Redirect	NA
488	Animal embryonic development	4,112	132	Start	Mid
489	Generation time	4,102	132	Start	Low
490	Courtship display	4,074	131	C	Low
491	Armstrong limit	4,054	130	C	Low
492	Purple Earth hypothesis	4,042	130	Start	Low
493	Glossary of biology	4,041	130	C	Mid
494	Invasive earthworms of North America	4,033	130	Start	Low
495	Photoperiodism	4,022	129	C	Mid
496	Acclimatization	4,015	129	C	High
497	Biological interaction	4,002	129	C	High
498	Thermal comfort	3,998	128	B	Low
499	Exercise physiology	3,988	128	B	Low
500	Hans Krebs (biochemist)	3,972	128	C	Mid