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2025 Canadian federal election

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2025 Canadian federal election
← 2021 April 28, 2025 (2025-4-28)
343 seats in the House of Commons
172 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
 
Mark_Carney.jpg
Pierre Poilievre in 2023 (edited).jpg
Yves-François Blanchet Entrevue no smile 2023 (cropped-2).png
Leader Mark Carney Pierre Poilievre Yves-François Blanchet
Party Liberal Conservative Bloc Québécois
Leader since March 9, 2025 September 10, 2022 January 17, 2019
Leader's seat Running in Nepean Carleton Beloeil—Chambly
Last election 160[a] seats, 32.62% 119 seats, 33.74% 32 seats, 7.64%
Current seats 152 120 33
Seats needed Increase 20 Increase 52 N/A[b]
 
Jagmeet Singh in Brantford 2022 2 (cropped3).jpg
Gord4Guelph Rally Guelph 2015 029 (22333571922).jpg
P1288411-2.jpg
Maxime Bernier portrait 2023.png
Leader Jagmeet Singh Elizabeth May & Jonathan Pedneault Maxime Bernier
Party New Democratic Green People's
Leader since October 1, 2017 November 19, 2022 / February 4, 2025 September 14, 2018
Leader's seat Burnaby South
Running in Burnaby Central[c] 		Saanich—Gulf Islands / Running in Outremont Running in Beauce
Last election 25 seats, 17.82% 2 seats, 2.33% 0 seats, 4.94%
Current seats 24 2 0
Seats needed Increase 148 Increase 170 Increase 172
New electoral districts to be used for this election
Incumbent Prime Minister

Mark Carney
Liberal



The 2025 Canadian federal election will be held on April 28 to elect members of the House of Commons to the 45th Canadian Parliament. The writs of election were issued on March 23, 2025, after Governor General Mary Simon accepted a request to dissolve parliament from Prime Minister Mark Carney.

This will be the first election to use a new 343-seat electoral map based on the 2021 Canadian census.

Background

The 2021 Canadian federal election, held on September 20, 2021, saw only minor changes from the preceding 2019 election.[1] The incumbent Liberal Party, led by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, did not win the popular vote and failed to win enough seats to gain a parliamentary majority, winning only a plurality of seats and retaining its status as a minority government. The Conservatives won the popular vote and continued as the Official Opposition.[2][a] In March 2022, the Liberals struck a deal with the fourth-place New Democratic Party (NDP), where the latter would provide confidence and supply for the duration of the Parliament in exchange for certain policy concessions.[3] The agreement lasted until September 2024, when the NDP terminated the deal.[4]

One week after the election, on September 27, Annamie Paul resigned as the Green Party leader, citing lack of party support.[5] The subsequent leadership election was won by former leader Elizabeth May, who ran on a "joint ticket" with Jonathan Pedneault, proposing a co-leadership model; Pedneault was officially named the deputy leader, pending a change to the party's constitution to allow co-leadership.[6] May and Pedneault formally became co-leaders on February 4, 2025.[7]

On February 2, 2022, Conservative leader Erin O'Toole was removed as leader by a caucus vote.[8] Following a leadership election, Pierre Poilievre was elected the new leader of the Conservative Party.[9]

Government transition

Main articles: 2024–2025 Canadian political crisis and 2025 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election

The government was plunged into a political crisis on December 16, 2024 when finance minister Chrystia Freeland abruptly resigned, only hours before she was set to present the government's fall economic statement, due to her opposition to Trudeau's fiscal policy.[10] Trudeau, who had already faced down a caucus revolt in October, was faced with renewed questions about his leadership.[11] By December 22, 21 Liberal MPs had publicly called for Trudeau to step down.[12] On January 6, 2025, Trudeau announced his intention to resign as prime minister after the party elected his successor.[13] The ensuing leadership election was won by Mark Carney, former governor of the Bank of Canada.[14] Carney was sworn in as prime minister on March 14.[15]

Date of the election

See also: Electoral Participation Act § Movement of fixed election date

Under the fixed-date provisions of the Canada Elections Act, which requires federal elections to be held on the third Monday in October in the fourth calendar year after the polling day of the previous election, the election was scheduled to take place on October 20, 2025.[16] However, elections can occur before the scheduled date if the governor general dissolves Parliament on the recommendation of the prime minister, either for a snap election or after the government loses a vote on a supply bill or a specific motion of no confidence.[17]

On March 20, 2024, the government introduced the Electoral Participation Act, which included an amendment to the Canada Elections Act that would have changed the fixed election date to October 27, 2025, to avoid conflicting with Diwali, as well as municipal elections in Alberta.[18][19] The bill died on the order paper when the Parliament of Canada was prorogued by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau after he announced his resignation.[20]

On March 23, 2025, after a request from Prime Minister Mark Carney, the Governor General dissolved parliament and called an election for April 28, 2025.[21] This will be the first Canadian federal election under the reign of King Charles III, who acceded to the throne in 2022.

Political parties and standings

See also: List of federal political parties in Canada

The table below lists parties represented in the House of Commons after the 2021 federal election and their current standings. Kevin Vuong, despite being elected as a Liberal, was disavowed by the party too late to alter his affiliation on the ballot and has since sat as an independent.[22]

Name Ideology Position Leader(s) 2021 result Current standing
Votes (%) Seats
Liberal Liberalism
Social liberalism 		Centre to centre-left Mark Carney
32.62%
160 / 338
152 / 338
Conservative Conservatism
Social conservatism
Economic liberalism 		Centre-right to right-wing Pierre Poilievre
33.74%
119 / 338
120 / 338
Bloc Québécois Quebec nationalism
Quebec sovereigntism
Social democracy 		Centre-left Yves-François Blanchet
7.64%
32 / 338
33 / 338
New Democratic Social democracy Centre-left to left-wing Jagmeet Singh
17.82%
25 / 338
24 / 338
Green Green politics Elizabeth May & Jonathan Pedneault
2.33%
2 / 338
2 / 338
People's Right-wing populism
Canadian nationalism
Conservatism 		Right-wing to far-right Maxime Bernier
4.94%
0 / 338
0 / 338
Independents N/A
0.19%
0 / 338
3 / 338
Vacant N/A
4 / 338

Electoral system

Canada's electoral system, a "first-past-the-post" system, is formally referred to as a single-member plurality system. Voters select a representative nominated for their electoral district (sometimes referred to as a riding), and the candidate with more votes than any other candidate is elected to a seat in the 343-member House of Commons and represents that riding as its member of Parliament (MP). The party that wins the most seats in the House of Commons usually forms government, with that party's leader becoming prime minister. The largest party by seat count that is not the government or part of a governing coalition becomes the Official Opposition. That party receives more finances and privileges than the other opposition parties.[23][24]

An absolute majority of the votes cast in the last election is not needed to form government and is rarely achieved. Additionally, the government party does not need to obtain a majority of the seats in the House of Commons; under the current multi-party system, it is common for the government party to lack a majority. However, to pass bills, the governing party must have support of a majority of MPs. Without majority support, the government can be defeated, then a new party is named government or an election has to be held.[citation needed]

Redistribution

Main article: 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution
The transposed results of the 2021 election, if they had taken place under the 2023 Representation Order
( Interactive map version, with notional results shown in clickable points)

This will be the first election contested under the new electoral districts established in the 2022 redistribution. Consequently, media outlets tend to report seat gains and losses as compared to notional results. These are the results if all votes cast in 2021 were unchanged but regrouped by new electoral district boundaries, as published by Elections Canada.[25]

2021 results transposed onto 2023 boundaries
Party MPs
2021 actual result 2021 notional result Change
Liberal 160 157 Decrease 3
Conservative 119 126 Increase 7
Bloc Québécois 32 34 Increase 2
New Democratic 25 24 Decrease 1
Green 2 2 Steady
Total seats 338 343 5 Increase

Incumbents not running for re-election

Main article: List of MPs who stood down at the 2025 Canadian federal election
Party MPs retiring
2021 election[d] Current
Liberal 40 38
Conservative 13 12
New Democratic 4 4
Bloc Québécois 4 4
Independent 0 3
Total 60 60

As of April 2025, 60 MPs have announced they will not run in the 2025 federal election. One MP lost their party nomination race to run again. One MP had their candidacy revoked by their party and was barred from running under its banner.

Four MPs announced their intention not to stand again, but later resigned from Parliament before the election.[26][27][28][29][30] Five further MPs initially announced their intention to stand down before later changing their minds.[31][32][33][34][35][36]

Timeline

See also: 44th Canadian Parliament and By-elections to the 44th Canadian Parliament
Changes in seats held (2021–2025)
Seat Before Change
Date Member Party Reason Date Member Party
Spadina—Fort York November 22, 2021 Kevin Vuong █ Liberal Excluded from caucus[37] █ Independent
Mississauga—Lakeshore May 27, 2022 Sven Spengemann █ Liberal Resigned to accept a position with the United Nations[38][39] December 12, 2022[40] Charles Sousa █ Liberal
Richmond—Arthabaska September 13, 2022 Alain Rayes █ Conservative Left caucus[41] █ Independent
Winnipeg South Centre December 12, 2022 Jim Carr █ Liberal Died in office[42] June 19, 2023 Ben Carr █ Liberal
Calgary Heritage December 31, 2022 Bob Benzen █ Conservative Resigned to return to the private sector[43] July 24, 2023 Shuvaloy Majumdar █ Conservative
Oxford January 28, 2023 Dave MacKenzie █ Conservative Retired[44] June 19, 2023 Arpan Khanna █ Conservative
Portage—Lisgar February 28, 2023 Candice Bergen █ Conservative Resigned[45] June 19, 2023 Branden Leslie █ Conservative
Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Westmount March 8, 2023 Marc Garneau █ Liberal Retired[46] June 19, 2023 Anna Gainey █ Liberal
Don Valley North March 22, 2023 Han Dong █ Liberal Left caucus[47] █ Independent
Durham August 1, 2023 Erin O'Toole █ Conservative Resigned March 4, 2024 Jamil Jivani █ Conservative
Toronto—St. Paul's January 16, 2024 Carolyn Bennett █ Liberal Resigned to become ambassador of Canada to Denmark[48] June 24, 2024 Don Stewart █ Conservative
LaSalle—Émard—Verdun February 1, 2024 David Lametti █ Liberal Resigned to join law firm[49] September 16, 2024 Louis-Philippe Sauvé █ Bloc Québécois
Elmwood—Transcona March 31, 2024 Daniel Blaikie █ New Democratic Resigned to work with Premier of Manitoba Wab Kinew[50] September 16, 2024 Leila Dance █ New Democratic
Cloverdale—Langley City May 27, 2024 John Aldag █ Liberal Resigned to run as the BC NDP candidate for Langley-Abbotsford in the 2024 British Columbia general election[51] December 16, 2024 Tamara Jansen █ Conservative
Halifax August 31, 2024 Andy Fillmore █ Liberal Resigned to run for the mayoralty of Halifax, Nova Scotia, in the 2024 Halifax municipal election April 14, 2025 (cancelled) █ Vacant
Honoré-Mercier September 19, 2024 Pablo Rodriguez █ Liberal Left caucus █ Independent
Honoré-Mercier January 20, 2025 Pablo Rodriguez █ Independent Resigned to run for the leadership of the Quebec Liberal Party, in the 2025 Quebec Liberal Party leadership election Vacant seat until the 2025 federal election █ Vacant
Esquimalt—Saanich—Sooke January 30, 2025 Randall Garrison █ New Democratic Resigned Vacant seat until the 2025 federal election █ Vacant
Eglinton—Lawrence March 14, 2025 Marco Mendicino █ Liberal Resigned to become Chief of Staff to the Prime Minister Vacant seat until the 2025 federal election █ Vacant

2021

  • September 27 – Annamie Paul announced her intent to resign as leader of the Green Party.[52]
  • November 10 – Paul formally submitted her resignation and ended her membership in the party.[53] The Green Party accepted her resignation a few days later.[54][55]
  • November 15 – Senator Denise Batters launched a petition to review the leadership of Erin O'Toole.[56] Party president Robert Batherson decided the petition was not in order.[56] The following day, Batters was removed from the Conservative caucus.[57]
  • November 24 – Amita Kuttner was appointed as Green Party interim leader.[58][59]
  • December 5 – The People's Party concluded its leadership review of Maxime Bernier. He was confirmed and continued as leader.[60][61]

2022

2023

2024

2025

Campaign

Party slogans

Party English French Translation (unofficial) Ref.
█ Liberal
"Canada Strong"
"Un Canada fort"
"A strong Canada"
[85]
█ Conservative
"Canada First – for a Change"
"Le Canada d'abord – pour faire changement"
"Canada First – to make a Change"
[86]
█ Bloc Québécois —
"Je choisis le Québec"
"I choose Québec"
[87]
█ New Democratic
"In it for you"
"Du cœur au ventre"
"From the heart to the stomach" or "To be brave"
[88]
█ Green
"Change, Vote for it."
"Votez pour du changement"
"Vote for change"
[89]
█ People's

Policy platforms

Party Economy Housing Environment Immigration Foreign affairs Culture
█ Liberal Reduce lowest income tax bracket from 15% to 14%[90] Eliminate the GST on new home purchases under $1-million for first-time home buyers[91]

Double the number of homes built in Canada annually to nearly 500,000[92]

Increase annual funding for CBC/Radio-Canada by CA$150 million, and enshrine such funding in law[93]
█ Conservative Reduce lowest income tax bracket from 15% to 12.75%[94]

Increase tax-free savings account annual contribution limit by $5,000, if invested in Canadian businesses[95]

Eliminate the GST on new home purchases under $1.3-million for all home buyers[91] Eliminate the carbon tax on industry[96]

Repeal environmental assessment law to fast-track resource projects, like pipelines and mining.[97]

Grant Quebec the power to select the majority of temporary immigrants under the International Mobility Program[98] End funding for CBC's English-language operations while maintaining Radio-Canada's French-language programming[99]
█ Bloc Québécois
█ New Democratic Eliminate the GST on Canadian-made vehicles and require federal agencies to only purchase Canadian vehicles[100]

Require foreign automakers to manufacture some vehicles in Canada or use some Canadian-made parts to sell in Canada, and forbid US automakers from moving equipment purchased with government grants out of Canada[101]

Use federal Crown land to build more than 100,000 rent-controlled homes over the next 10 years[102]

Retrofit 3.3 million homes in Canada[103]
Tie federal housing funding for provinces and municipalities to tenant protection policies like rent control.[104]

█ Green
█ People's Cut foreign aid spending[105]

Endorsements

Endorsements received by each party
Type Liberal Conservative Bloc Québécois New Democratic Green People's
Media
Public figures
Unions and business associations

Leaders' debates

Main article: Canadian leaders' debates § 2025 debates

In its May 2022 report, the Leaders' Debates Commission recommended various improvements for future debates, and that it remain a permanent publicly funded entity to organize leaders' debates.[118][119] In October 2024, the Leaders' Debate Commission announced that the English-language debate will be hosted by TVO's Steve Paikin, while the French-language debate will be hosted by Ici RDI's Patrice Roy.[120]

TVA Nouvelles had announced plans to host its own French-language debate with the Bloc, Conservative, Liberal, and NDP leaders, but cancelled the event after the Liberal Party withdrew.[121][122]

On April 1, 2025, the Commission announced that it had invited the leaders of the Bloc Québécois, Conservative Party, Green Party, Liberal Party, and New Democratic Party to the debates. The People's Party was not invited, as it did not meet the criteria for either holding a seat in Parliament or polling at least 4%.[123][124]

2025 Canadian general election debates
Date Organizers Location Language Moderator  P  Participant  A  Absent (invited)  I  Invited  N  Not invited  TBA  To Be Announced Source
Carney Poilievre Blanchet Singh Pedneault[e] Bernier
April 16, 2025 Leaders' Debates Commission Maison de Radio-Canada, Montreal French Patrice Roy I I I I I N [120][123][124]
April 17, 2025 English Steve Paikin I I I I I N [123][124]

Candidates

Main article: Candidates of the 2025 Canadian federal election

Candidate nominations are open until April 7. Elections Canada will publish a list of nominated candidates on April 9.[126]

Nominated candidates for the 2025 Canadian federal election as of April 7, 2025
Party Party leader Seats at dissolution Nominated candidates
Liberal Mark Carney 152 343
Conservative Pierre Poilievre 120 343
Green Elizabeth May / Jonathan Pedneault 2 328
New Democratic Jagmeet Singh 24 328
People's Maxime Bernier 0 300
Bloc Québécois Yves-François Blanchet 33 76
Marxist–Leninist Anna Di Carlo 0 36
Christian Heritage Rod Taylor 0 31
Rhinoceros Chinook Blais-Leduc 0 30
Communist Elizabeth Rowley 0 24
Canadian Future Dominic Cardy 0 22
Libertarian Jacques Boudreau 0 20
Centrist A. Q. Rana 0 15
United Grant Abraham 0 12
Animal Protection Liz White 0 8
Marijuana Blair Longley 0 4
Source: Canadian Elections Tracker[127]

Opinion polls

Main article: Opinion polling for the 2025 Canadian federal election
Evolution of voting intentions according to polls conducted during the 2025 Canadian federal election campaign period, graphed from the data in the tables below. Trendlines are 25-poll local regressions, with polls weighted by proximity in time and a logarithmic function of sample size. 95% confidence ribbons represent uncertainty about the trendlines, not the likelihood that actual election results would fall within the intervals.
Evolution of voting intentions according to polls conducted during the pre-campaign period of the 45th Canadian federal election, graphed from the data in the table below. Trendlines are 30-poll local regressions, with polls weighted by proximity in time and a logarithmic function of sample size. 95% confidence ribbons represent uncertainty about the trendlines, not the likelihood that actual election results would fall within the intervals.
Opinion polling for
Canadian federal elections
2011
Opinion polls • By constituency
2015
Opinion polls • By constituency
2019
Opinion polls • By constituency
2021
Opinion polls • By constituency
2025
Opinion polls • By constituency

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b While formal results showed the Liberals winning or leading in 160 seats, those totals include Kevin Vuong, who was disavowed during the campaign by his party, and sat as an Independent in the House of Commons from 2021 to 2025.
  2. ^ Though parties registered with Elections Canada can field candidates in any riding they wish, the Bloc Québécois has never fielded candidates outside of Quebec (78 seats), thus rendering it impossible for the party to gain a majority in Parliament.
  3. ^ Burnaby South was dissolved during the 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution; Singh is seeking re-election in Burnaby Central, which encompasses much of the same territory.
  4. ^ Party affiliation of retiring MPs at the time of the 2021 federal election
  5. ^ Despite having two co-leaders, the Greens chose Pedneault to represent them in all debates and interviews.[125]

References

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