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1904 Nobel Prize in Literature

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1904 Nobel Prize in Literature
José Echegaray Eizaguirre and
Frédéric Mistral
Echegaray "in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama," and Mistral "in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist."
Date
  • 6 October 1904 (announcement)
  • 10 December 1904
    (ceremony)
LocationStockholm, Sweden
Presented bySwedish Academy
First awarded1901
WebsiteOfficial website
← 1903 · Nobel Prize in Literature · 1905 →

The 1904 Nobel Prize in Literature was the fourth literary prize resulting from Alfred Nobel's will. It was equally divided between the French Provençal philologist Frédéric Mistral (1830–1914) "in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist" and the Spanish engineer and dramatist José Echegaray Eizaguirre (1832–1916) "in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama." The winners were announced in October 1904 by Carl David af Wirsén, permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy.[1]

It was the first of the four occasions (1917, 1966, and 1974) when the Nobel Prize in Literature has been shared between two individuals.[2]

Laureates

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Mirèio published in 1859 by Frédéric Mistral.

Frédéric Mistral

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Main article: Frédéric Mistral

Mistral’s passion for poetry was sparked by one of his teachers, the Provençal poet Joseph Roumanille. He spent many years compiling Trésor dóu Félibrige, a dictionary of the Provençal language published by the Felibrige literary society, which he founded himself. His most important work, Mirèio, was published in 1859, the result of eight years of work.[3] He also authored Lou Tresor dóu Félibrige (1878–1886), which to date remains the most comprehensive dictionary of the Occitan language, and one of the most reliable, thanks to the precision of its definitions. It is a bilingual dictionary, Occitan-French, in two large volumes, with all of the dialects of oc, including Provençal. Mistral owes to François Vidal the work of typesetting and revising that dictionary.

José Echegaray Eizaguirre

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Main article: José Echegaray y Eizaguirre

Echegaray’s literary debut took place relatively late, in 1874 when he was 42 years old. He subsequently had a productive career, publishing an average of two plays a year for the rest of his life. A mathematician, engineer and administrator, he built his plays with the same regard for exactitude and duty that inspired his public life. Conflicts involving duty are at the heart of most of his plays, and he upheld the idea with uncompromising severity. His exalted romanticism is apparent in his choice of subjects.[4] His most famous plays include El gran Galeoto (adapted into a silent film entitled "The World and His Wife"), La esposa del vengador ("The Avenger's Wife", 1874), and Conflicto entre dos deberes ("Conflict of Two Duties", 1882). He also extensively wrote 25 to 30 mathematical physics volumes.[4]

Deliberations

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Nominations

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For the 1904 prize, the Swedish Academy received 29 nominations for 21 writers.[5] Among the nominees were Albert Sorel, Anatole France (awarded later in 1921), Leo Tolstoy, Henrik Ibsen, Algernon Charles Swinburne, Rudyard Kipling (awarded in 1907), and Henryk Sienkiewicz (awarded later in 1905). Two of the nominees were women, Swedish novelist Selma Lagerlöf (awarded later in 1909) and French actress Émilie Lerou.

The authors Edwin Arnold, Anton Chekhov, Kate Chopin, Karl Emil Franzos, Lafcadio Hearn, Theodor Herzl, Wilhelm Jordan, Mór Jókai, Antonio Labriola, Dumitru Theodor Neculuță, Auguste Molinier, Larin Paraske, Ștefan Petică, Abai Qunanbaiuly, Samuel Smiles, Leslie Stephen, Hans von Hopfen, and Jose Clemente Zulueta died in 1904 without having been nominated for the prize.

Official list of nominees and their nominators for the prize
No. Nominee Country Genre(s) Nominator(s)
1 Demetrios Bernardakis (1833–1907)  Greece drama, history, essays Athanasios Vernardakis (1848–1925)[a]
2 Georg Brandes (1842–1927)  Denmark literary criticism, essays Troels Frederik Lund (1840–1921)
3 William Chapman[b] (1850–1917)  Canada poetry, translation François Lhomme (1846–1929)
4 Robert Langton Douglas[c] (1864–1951)  Great Britain history, essays
5 José Echegaray Eizaguirre (1832–1916)  Spain drama Daniel de Cortázar Larrubia (1844–1927)[d]
6 Anatole France (1844–1924)  France poetry, essays, drama, novel, literary criticism Marcellin Berthelot (1827–1907)
7 Henrik Ibsen (1828–1906)  Norway drama Jakob Minor (1855–1912)
8 Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936)  Great Britain short story, novel, poetry Edwin Arnold (1832–1904)[e]
9 Selma Lagerlöf (1858–1940)  Sweden novel, short story Harald Hjärne (1848–1922)
10 Émilie Lerou[f] (1855–1935)  France novel, memoirs, drama Jules Claretie (1840–1913)
11 Maurice Maeterlinck (1862–1949)  Belgium drama, poetry, essays Paul Thomas (1852–1937)[g]
12 George Meredith (1828–1909)  Great Britain novel, poetry 3 members of the Incorporated Society of Authors
13 Frédéric Mistral (1830–1914)  France poetry, philology
  • Per Geijer (1886–1976)
  • Carl Wahlund (1846–1913)
14 John Morley[h] (1838–1923)  Great Britain biography, literary criticism, essays
15 Lewis Morris[i] (1833–1907)  Great Britain poetry, songwriting, essays
16 Henryk Sienkiewicz (1846–1916)  Russia
( Poland) 		novel Harald Hjärne (1848–1922)
17 Albert Sorel[j] (1842–1906)  France history, essays Gabriel Hanotaux (1853–1944)
18 Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837–1909)  Great Britain poetry, drama, literary criticism, novel
19 Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910)  Russia novel, short story, drama, poetry
20 Jaroslav Vrchlický (1853–1912)  Austria–Hungary
( Czechoslovakia) 		poetry, drama, translation
21 Theodor Zahn[l] (1838–1933)  Germany theology, essays Lars Dahle (1843–1925)

Prize decision

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It was later revealed that the Swedish Academy's official justification for a shared prize is not supported by how the Academy actually made their decision. The shared prize was in fact a compromise solution, caused by certain incompetence by the Nobel committee during the process.[citation needed] The shortlist consisted of Henryk Sienkiewicz, Frédéric Mistral and José Echegaray.[citation needed] During the committee's deliberations, Sienkiewicz's Quo Vadis was hailed as a masterpiece, but was passed over to the following year.[citation needed] Mistral, being shortlisted, appealed the committee because of his Provençal dialect, but the committee chairman Carl David af Wirsén was uncertain about the poor quality of translations of Mistral's works by committee member Rupert Nyblom, especially on his masterpiece Mirèio. Carl David af Wirsén was worried about the reputation of the committee and proposed withdrawing Mistral's candidacy and opting for Echegaray instead. After failing to get major approval and only find fifty per cent support for this proposal, the committee decided to share the prize, as a compromise choice, between the two men.[7][page needed][8][page needed]

Reactions

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There was an uproar in the press in Spain and Italy, as Spain thought Benito Pérez Galdós – one of Europe's greatest living novelists at the time – would get the prize, same as Italians felt when they found that their national poet Giosuè Carducci was not recognized.[8][page needed]

Award Ceremony

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At the award ceremony in December 10, 1904, af Wirsén said:

"The Academy has thought particularly of two authors who would both have been worthy of the whole Nobel Prize. Both have attained the final limits not only of the poetic art, but even of human life; one is seventy-four years old, the other two years younger. Therefore the Academy believes it should not wait longer to confer on them a distinction they both equally merit, although from different points of view, and it has awarded half the annual Prize to each. If the material value of the award is thus diminished for each of the laureates, the Academy nonetheless wishes to state publicly that, in this particular case, it considers each of these two Prizes as the equivalent of the whole Prize."[9]

Echegaray was not able to partake in nobel banquet and the awarding ceremony in Stockholm due to health conditions.[9]

Notes

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  1. ^ Athanasios Bernardakis [Vernardakis] is the brother of Demetrios Bernardakis.
  2. ^ Chapman: Les aspirations : poésies canadiennes ("Aspirations: Canadian Poems", 1904)[6]
  3. ^ Douglas: Life and Works of Fra Angelico (1902) and History of the Republic of Siena (1902)[6]
  4. ^ According to the minutes of a meeting of the Nobel Committee, the nomination arrived late due to slow mail service and it was decided to include it in the nominations for 1904 and not moved for 1905.
  5. ^ According to the minutes of a meeting of the Nobel Committee, the nomination letter had been temporarily misplaced, and it was decided to include it in the nominations for 1904 and not moved for 1905.
  6. ^ Lerou: Hiésous ("Jesus", 1903)[6]
  7. ^ The nomination was made by Paul Thomas and 14 other professors at the Faculty of philosophy at the University of Ghent, Belgium.
  8. ^ Morley: The Life of William Ewart Gladstone (1903)[6]
  9. ^ Morris: The Epic of Hades (1877), The Works (1901), and Harvest Tide: A Book of Verse (1901)[6]
  10. ^ Sorel: L’Europe et la révolution française ("Europe and the French Revolution", 1885–1904)[6]
  11. ^ The nomination was made by Arnosy Kraus and 23 other professors at the Czech University in Prague, Czechoslovakia.
  12. ^ Zahn: Forschungen zur Geschichte des neutestamentlichen Kanons und der altkirchlichen Litteratur ("Research on the History of the New Testament's Canon and Early Church Literature", 1881–1908), Geschichte des neutestamentlichen Kanons ("History of the New Testament's Canon", 1889–92), and Einleitung in das neue Testament ("Introduction to the New Testament", 1900)[6]

References

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  1. ^ The Nobel Prize in Literature 1904 nobelprize.org
  2. ^ Facts on the Nobel Prize in Literature nobelprize.org
  3. ^ Frédéric Mistral – Facts nobelprize.org
  4. ^ a b José Echegaray – Facts nobelprize.org
  5. ^ Nomination archive – 1904 nobelprize.org
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Svensén, Bo (2001). Nobelpriset i litteratur. Nomineringar och utlåtanden 1901–1950. Svenska Akademien. ISBN 9789113010076. Retrieved 11 November 2020. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  7. ^ David Carter "Half a Prize for Spanish Flare" in How to Win the Nobel Prize in Literature: A Handbook for the Would-Be Laureate, Hesperus Press 2013
  8. ^ a b Gustav Källstrand Andens Olympiska Spel: Nobelprisets historia, Fri Tanke 2021
  9. ^ a b Award Ceremony speech nobelprize.org
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