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Ziyadoghlu

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Ziyadoghlu Qajar (Azerbaijani: Ziyadoğlu Qacar, زیاد اوغلو قاجار, lit. 'Qajars (who are) sons of Ziyad') or Ziyadlu (Persian: زیادلو) were a branch of the Qajar tribe[1] that governed Safavid Karabakh from 1546[2]–1554[3][4] to 1743 (sometimes, also including Safavid Kakheti[5][6]), Astarabad[1] in various times, Ganja Khanate from 1747 to 1805.[7] Some authors suggested that, Qovanlu branch of Qajars who ruled Iran from 1789 to 1925, which is currently better known as Qajar dynasty was a cadet-branch of Ziyadoghlu family.[8]

History

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Karabakh-Ganja branch

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According to Mohammad Masum Isfahani, the branch took its name from a popular sufi Ummat beg, son of Khizir beg Qajar who was given this name by Ismail I.[9][10] Ummat beg's son Shahverdi Sultan was the first Safavid beylerbey of Karabakh appointed by Tahmasp I.[11] There were other Qajars such as Piri Beg Qajar and his son Rustam beg who governed Karabakh earlier as hakems, however.[12] Beylerbeys of Karabakh were marcher lords[2] and received 25000 tomans and 987 dinars as salary and could raise a military contingent of 6100 soldiers.[13] Shahverdi's brother descendants governed as beylerbeys as well.[1] Shahverdi was succeeded by his brother Ibrahim (1568–1570) and then his son Yusuf Khalifa (1570), who was assassinated by his cousin Peykar khan (1570–1577). Khalil, a son of Shahverdi was appointed as beylerbey of Astarabad in 1563. Ziyadoghlus returned to rule Karabakh in 1588 when Muhammad, son of Khalil was appointed as beylerbey (later, also Ganja in 1606[1][2]). Another son of Khalil Hasan[1] became darugha of Shiraz in 1590–1597, Ray in 1597–1605, Arasbaran in 1605–1607. His brother Husain beg was beylerbey of Astarabad[8] and later Karabakh in 1607 (he may have been same person with Hasan[2]). Muhammad's son Murshidqoli was governor of Kakheti in 1606. His son Mohammadqoli was also a beylerbey of Karabakh.[11] His brother Mortezaqoli ruled Karabakh in 1651-1664 and Kakheti.[5] He was succeeded by his son Ughurlu whose tenure spanned from 1664 to 1666. Oghurlu's son Abbasqoli Khan served in Karabakh from 1666 and in Kakheti from 1688 to 1694. He was succeeded by his brother Kalbali (or Qalb-ʿAlī Khan)[14] who ruled Karabakh and Kakheti from 1694 to 1702 also had the title mosaheb (associate).[15] Kalbali's son was Oghurlu II who succeeded him in 1702 and ruled until November 1738 when he was killed during a campaign together with Nader's brother Ebrahim against Qazikumukh. His son Shahverdi became beylerbey in 1740, succeeding his father. However, he later supported Sam Mirza, a pretender who claimed to be son of Shah Soltan Hussein and was forced to seek exile in Georgia after facing an attack from Nasrullah Mirza, son of Nader. After assassination of Nader in 1747, Shahverdi founded the Ganja Khanate, whose dynasty ruled until 1805.

Desdendants of branch were later known as Ziyadkhanov in Russian empire (eg. Adil Khan Ziyadkhanov), while Iranian descendants adopted the surname Javadkhani.

Yerevan branch

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This clan was better known as Ziadlu or Qajar-Ziadlu. First ruler of Iravan Khanate from Ziyadoghlu family was Hasan Ali Khan (1755–1759/62) who also bore the title Sardar Iravani.[16] He was succeeded by his brother Hoseyn Ali Khan (1759/62-83); his son Ghulam Ali Khan (1783–84); his brother Mohammad Khan (1784–1805).[17] Mohammad Khan was replaced by non-Ziadlu rulers like Mahdi-Quli Khan (1805–06) and Ahmed Khan (1806–07). Last sardar of Iravan was Hoseyn-Quli Khan (1807–28), a son of Mohammad Khan.[18] According to historian George Bournoutian Hossein-Quli and his father Mohammad were from Qovanlu branch, thus very close to ruling Qajar dynasty,[18] however they were Ziyadlu according to Arian K. Zarrinkafsch-Bahman and Amir-Ali Sardar Iravani - both descendants of Qajars. According to former's version Mohammad khan was married to a Mah Ruhsar Khanum Zin al-Dawla, a daughter of Fath Ali Shah, that's why they became extended members of Qajar dynasty.[8] According to latter, who holds a copy of waqf document, Hasan Ali and Hoseyn Ali, were sons of Muhammad Khan Qajar-Iravani[17] who was the assassin of Nader Shah.[19]

This branch married into Qajar dynasty became extended family of royal house. Descendants of this branch in Iran bear the surnames Sardar Iravani, Ziadlou and others; Russian branch were surnamed Erivanski or Iravanski (for example, Karim Khan Iravanski). A branch who moved to Turkey is surnamed Turgut.[20]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Sümer, F. (1997). "Kādjār". E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume IV: IRAN-KHA. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 387–399. ISBN 90-04-05745-5.
  2. ^ a b c d Reid, James J. (1978). "The Qajar Uymaq in the Safavid Period, 1500–1722". Iranian Studies. 11 (1–4): 117–143. doi:10.1080/00210867808701542. ISSN 0021-0862.
  3. ^ "I . Die Statthalter der Reichsprovinzen". Provinzen und Zentralgewalt Persiens im 16. Und 17. Jahrhundert (in German). De Gruyter. 2015-02-06. p. 4. doi:10.1515/9783110831092.3. ISBN 978-3-11-083109-2.
  4. ^ Syed, Muzaffar Husain; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (2011-09-14). Concise History of Islam. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 217. ISBN 978-93-82573-47-0.
  5. ^ a b Bournoutian, George (2020-12-29). From the Kur to the Aras: A Military History of Russia's Move into the South Caucasus and the First Russo-Iranian War, 1801-1813. BRILL. p. 50. ISBN 978-90-04-44516-1.
  6. ^ Vladimir Minorsky (1943). Tadhkirat al-Mulūk, A Manual of Safavid Administration. Cambridge: W.Heffer & Sons Ltd. p. 166.
  7. ^ Javānshīr Qarābāghī, Jamāl (2004). Two chronicles on the history of Karabagh : Mirza Jamal Javanshir's Tarikh-e Karabagh and Mirza Adigözal Beg's Karabagh-name. George A. Bournoutian. Costa Mesa, Calif.: Mazda. p. 153. ISBN 1-56859-179-9. OCLC 55962200.
  8. ^ a b c Zarrinkafsch-Bahman, Arian K. (2019-01-01). "Origins of the Qajars II – Are we Afrasiyab's heirs?". Origins of the Qajar Dynasty.
  9. ^ Nesterov, A. G.; Qacar, Mahal (2019). "Ziyad-oglu Qacarlar and Karabakh Province Foundation in 16 Century". Nauchniy Dialog (in Russian) (6): 351–361. doi:10.24224/2227-1295-2019-6-351-361. S2CID 239073548.
  10. ^ Eṣfahāni, Moḥammad Maʿṣum (1989). Afšār, Iraj (ed.). Ḵolāṣat al-siar. Tehran. pp. 319, 385.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. ^ a b Naṣīrī, ʻAlī Naqī (2008). Titles & emoluments in Safavid Iran : a third manual of Safavid administration. Translated by Floor, Willem M. Washington, DC: Mage Publishers. pp. 258–259. ISBN 978-1-933823-23-2. OCLC 183928765.
  12. ^ Society and culture in Qajar Iran : studies in honor of Hafez Farmayan. Hafez F. Farmayan, Elton L. Daniel. Costa Mesa, Calif.: Mazda Publishers. 2002. p. 5. ISBN 1-56859-138-1. OCLC 49386367.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  13. ^ Helfgott, L.M. (1973). The Rise of the Qajar Dynasty: The Political Economy of Tribalism in Eighteenth Century Persia (PhD Dissertation). University of Maryland. p. 143.
  14. ^ Lang, David Marshall (1982). "'Abbās-qolī Khan". Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 1. pp. 84–85. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
  15. ^ Nasiri (2008), p. 93
  16. ^ Tokatlian, Armen. "The Persian Khanate of Erevan". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  17. ^ a b Ritter, Markus (2009). "The Lost Mosque(s) in the Citadel of Qajar Yerevan: Architecture and Identity, Iranian and Local Traditions in the Early 19th Century". Iran & the Caucasus. 13 (2): 259. doi:10.1163/157338410X12625876281109. ISSN 1609-8498. JSTOR 25703805.
  18. ^ a b BOURNOUTIAN, GEORGE A. "ḤOSAYNQOLI KHAN SARDĀR-E IRAVĀNI". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2011-10-09.
  19. ^ Perry, John R. (2015-05-14). Karim Khan Zand: A History of Iran, 1747-1779. University of Chicago Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-0-226-66102-5.
  20. ^ "Hüseyn xan Turqut İrəvanski - Türkiyənin hərb tarixinə adını yazdırmış generalımız » Teref.az". Teref.az. Retrieved 2022-11-09.
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