Yenghe hatam
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The Yenghe hatam is one of the four major manthras, and one of the most important prayers in Zoroastrianism.[1] It is interpreted as a call to pray specifically to the Amesha Spentas,[2] or generally to all Zoroastrian divinities.[3]
Jointly with the Ahuna vairya, the Ashem vohu, and the Airyaman ishya; the Yenghe hatam forms the four manthras that enclose the Gathas in the Yasna and form the linguistically oldest part of the Avesta.[4] It is furthermore found throughout many other parts of the Avesta, where it often marks the transition from one portion of the text to the next.[1]
Text and interpretation
[edit]The Yenghe hatam reads as follows
yeŋ́hē hātąm āat̰ yesnē paitī vaŋhō
mazdå ahurō vaēθā aṣ̌āt̰ hacā
yåŋhąmcā tąscā tåsca yazamaidē
A Pahlavi and Parsi Avestan translation would be:
That one (masculine or neuter singular) of the beings indeed is for worship
who Mazda Ahura knows as better according to righteousness from the female beings also
These ones (masculine) and these ones (feminine) we worship.
Starting with the early exegesis of the Yenghe hatam in the Young Avestan period, the beings (hātąm) in the first line are generally interpreted to refer to the Amesha Spentas.[2] However, some scholars have opined that it may refer to living men and women.[5] The latter interpretation has become more influencal in modern interpretations of the manthra.[1]
Source
[edit]The Yenghe hatam is generally considered to have been derived from Yasna 51.22, i.e., the 22nd verse of the Vohukhshathra Gatha. It reads as follows:
yehiiā mōi aṣ̌āt̰ hacā vahištəm yesnē paitī
vaēdā mazdā̊ ahurō yōi ā̊ŋharəcā həṇticā
tą yazāi xvāiš nāmə̄nīš pairicā jasāi vaṇtā
The main difference is to whom the worship is addressed. In the Gathic verse, the first line can be translated as "At whose sacrifice Ahura Mazda knows the best for me according to righteousness." In the Yenghe hatam, however, this is changed to "At whose of-the-beings [masc.] and of whom [fern. pl.] therefore Ahura Mazda knows the better for worship according to righteousness."[6]
Language
[edit]The Yenghe hatam is placed within a series of texts, which are linguistically distinct from the other parts of the Avesta. These texts are the major manthras, the Gathas and the Yasna Haptanghaiti. The language in these texts is considered to be more archaic and is therefore referred to as Old Avestan vis-a-vis the Younger Avestan of the other texts.[7] However, among these texts, the language of the Yenghe hatam has been singled out due to a number of differences. One example of this differences in the languange in the Yenghe hatam is the relative pronoun yeŋ́hē (whose), which seems closer to the Young Avestan form yeŋ́he than the Old Avestan yehiiā as used in Y. 51.22.[8]
To account for this, Karl Hoffmann has for instance labelled it pseudo-Old-Avestan.[9] It has been argued that the manthra may have originated during the early Young Avestan period but was composed to make it appear more ancient.[10] On the other hand, scholars like Cantera and Redard group the manthra together with a number of other texts, which, they claim form a distinct intermediate stage of Avestan. They call this variant Middle Avestan, and opine that these texts were composed chronologically between the Old and Young Avestan texts, thus representing proper Avestan during this time.[11]
Authorship
[edit]There is no consensus on the authorship of the Yenghe hatam. According to Yasna 21, originally being the 3. frargard of the Bag nask, Zarathustra is its author.[12] This identification has, e.g., been affirmed by scholars like Gershevitch.[13] On the other hand, scholars like Boyce have pointed to the linguistic idiosyncracies of the manthra and concluded that it was composed by his early followers, who used the Gathic verse Y 51.22 as a model.[14]
Translations
[edit]Like the other manthras, the Yenghe hatam can be diffucult to translate due to its brevity, complex grammatical forms and poetic ambiguity.[1] As a result, a number of different translations exist. For examples, Skjaervo translates it as follows:
Thus, he among those that are, as well as the women,
in return for whose sacrifice the better good is to be given,
him (and them) Ahura Mazdā knows
to be according to Order
to those men and those women we sacrifice.[15]
Vazquez's liturgically inclined translation is:
They that are,
Who are of any gender,
Ahura Mazda knows through Asha of their glorious sacrifices
Thus we offer them worship!.
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ a b c d Brunner 2015.
- ^ a b Gershevitch 1967, p. 164.
- ^ Kotwal & Kreyenbroek 2015, p. 337.
- ^ Humbach 1991, pp. 13-15.
- ^ Nyberg 1938, p. 270.
- ^ Boyce 1996, p. 262.
- ^ Skjaervø 2009, p. 46.
- ^ Gippert 2003, pp. 167-169.
- ^ Hoffmann 1996, p. 34: "Doch sind einige zusammenhängende jav. Textstücke vor allem durch die Durchführung auslautender Langvokale (§5,2) dem Aav. oberflächlich angeglichen; man kann die Sprache dieser Stücke pseudo-altavestisch (=pseudo-aav) nennen.".
- ^ Humbach 1991, p. 7.
- ^ Cantera & Redard 2023, p. 5.
- ^ Skjærvø 1988.
- ^ Gershevitch 1967, p. 163.
- ^ Boyce 1996, pp. 262-263.
- ^ Skjaervø 2012, p. 219.
Bibliography
[edit]- Boyce, Mary (1996). A History Of Zoroastrianism: The Early Period. Brill. ISBN 9789004088474.
- Brunner, Christopher J. (2015). "YEŊ́HĒ HĀTĄM". Encyclopædia Iranica. Iranica Foundation.
- Cantera, Alberto; Redard, Céline (2023). An Introduction to Young Avestan: A Manual for Teaching and Learning. Translated by Niroumand, Richard. Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 9783447120920.
- Gershevitch, Ilya (1967). The Avestan Hymn to Mithra. Cambridge University Press.
- Gippert, Jost (2003). "The Avestan language and its problems". Indo-Iranian Languages and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford Academic. ISBN 9780191753961.
- Hoffmann, Karl (1996). Avestische Laut- und Flexionslehre (in German). Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck.
- Humbach, Helmut (1991). The Gathas of Zarathustra and the Other Old Avestan Texts. Carl Winter Universitätsverlag.
- Kotwal, Firoze M.; Kreyenbroek, Philip G. (2015). "Prayer". In Stausberg, Michael; Vevaina, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw (eds.). The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism. Wiley Blackwell.
- Nyberg, Henrik Samuel (1938). Die Religionen des alten Iran. Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatisch-Aegyptischen Gesellschaft. Hinrichs. doi:10.25673/33282.
- Skjaervø, P. Oktor (2009). "Old Iranian". In Windfuhr, Gernot (ed.). The Iranian Languages. Routledge. ISBN 9780203641736.
- Skjaervø, P. Oktor (2012). The Spirit of Zoroastrianism. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17035-1.
- Skjærvø, Prods O. (1988). "BAG NASK". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. III. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. pp. 400–401.
External links
[edit]- Other texts on the religion of Ahura Mazda