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===Kargil War===
===Kargil War===
[[Grenadier]] [[Yogendra Singh Yadav]] of the Indian Army was awarded the highest Indian military honour, [[Param Vir Chakra]] for his actions during the Kargil War on 4 July 1999.<ref>K.M. Dayashankar. [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-districtplus/article1025667.ece ''Kargil hero accorded warm welcome'']. The Hindu, January 3, 2011</ref>
[[Grenadier]] [[Yogendra Singh Yadav]] of the Indian Army was awarded the highest Indian military honour, [[Param Vir Chakra]] for his actions during the Kargil War on 4 July 1999.<ref>K.M. Dayashankar. [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-districtplus/article1025667.ece ''Kargil hero accorded warm welcome'']. The Hindu, January 3, 2011</ref>

===Maoist movement in Bihar===
On 3 November 2005, Yadavas aligned with the Indian Maoist movement attacked [[Anandipur]] police outpost, under [[Chandan]] police station. Of the 12 Maoists involved, 5 of them, all from the Yadav community, were arrested and then sentenced to death in 2007.<ref>Gautam Sarkar. [http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071208/asp/nation/story_8643926.asp ''Sentence puts Bihar on alert'']. The Telegraph (India), December 8, 2007</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 10:01, 11 July 2011

This article is about modern Indian agricultural caste. For other uses, see Yadav (disambiguation).
Yadav (यादव)
ClassificationClaimed Chandravanshi Kshatriya, otherwise classified as Shudra
ReligionsHinduism
LanguagesHindi, Ahirwati Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi and dialects of these languages
Populated statesIndia, Nepal
SubdivisionsAhir, Saini, Dhangars, Maniyani, Konar, Gaur, etc. 57 sub-castes/clans

Yadav (Devnagari: यादव; Yādav) refers to a group of communities or castes found in India and Nepal. The term is often seen as synonymous with Ahir, or potentially referring to Ahirs who have identified as Yadav.[1][2][3] The caste was historically devoted to cowherding.[4] In modern India, Yadavs form a powerful political caste across party lines.[5][where?] Many clans within Yadavas claims descent from the ancient King Yadu of the Chandravanshi Kshatriya clan, and thus claim Kshatriya varna for themselves.[6][7][8] However, their varna status is contested, as at times Yadavs have been labeled within the Shudra (cultivator) varna as "upper Shudra".[9][10][11][12]

Genetically, Yadavs comes under Indo-Caucasoid family.[13]

Legendary origin

Main article: Yadu

Yadavs claim to be the descendants of Yadu, believed to be an ancestor of the god Krishna. Yadu was the eldest son of King Yayati.[14][15] It is written in the Vishnu Puran that he did not inherit his father's throne, and therefore retired towards Punjab and Iran. He had five sons, of whom only Satjit and Krishna produced children. Satjit had three sons: Bibai (Biveya), Hai (Heya) and Ahai (Aheya), the claimed ancestor of the Ahir community.[16][17]

Subdivisions

The Yadavas of Eastern India are traditionally divided into three major clans[citation needed] or shakhas (branches):

Yadavas of Western India (whom Denzil Ibbetson also terms as Ahir) are traditionally divided into three major khanap (clans):[20]

  • Yaduvanshi - descendants of Yadu
  • Nandvanshi - descendants of Nand Baba who was Ahir
  • Gwalvanshi - descendants of Holy Gwals (Gwalvanshis Ahirs claim to have descended from the Gwala, friends of Krishna).[21]

Modern India

Delhi National Capital Region

Swami Ramdev (Ramkishan Yadav) born in Mahendragarh Haryana
See also: National Capital Region (India) and Ethnic groups in Delhi

Rao Birender Singh Yadav was the second chief minister of Haryana and Chaudhary Brahm Prakash Yadav was the first chief minister of Delhi. Devender Yadav is the only Yadav Legislature in Delhi. In Marubhumi (Marwar), Saurashtra and Maharashtra they served the local rulers and established their own rule. Ishwarsena, a great Ahir general, became master of Western Deccan in place of the famous Satava-hanas. He took the title of Rajan and an era was named after him. His descendants continued to rule for nine generations.

Pran Sukh Yadav (1802–1888) was an military commander and close friend of Hari Singh Nalwa and famous Punjab ruler Ranjit Singh. In his early career he trained the Sikh Khalsa army. After the death of Ranjit Singh he fought in both the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars. Due to his extreme hatred towards British after the defeat of Sikhs he started giving military training to the farmers of Narnaul and Mahendragarh region.

King Rao Tula Ram of Rewari was born on 9 December 1825 in a Royal Rao Bhadur Nirpur Yadav family which belonged to "Rao Bhadur Ghari-Bolni" in village Rampura (Rewari). His father was Puran Singh and his mother's name was Gyan Kaur who was daughter of Great Jat ruler Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

In 1857, Rao Tula Ram led the rebellion in Haryana along with his brother Rao Bhadur Tula Ram of Ghari Bolni and Rao Gopal Dev of Nirpur. For centuries the Ahirs were eclipsed as a political power in Haryana until the time of the Pratihara dynasty. In time they became independent rulers of Southwest Haryana. Although the Ahirs and Yadavas form one group, the former are an important community of Haryana, but numerically they constitute less than 10% of the total population.[22] Most of them live in the region around Rewari, Narnaul, Mahendragarh and Gurgaon which is therefore known as Ahirwal or the abode of Ahirs.[23][24]

In Maharashtra

The 1881 census records of the British India state that "the Yadavas, who in their turn are identified with the Gaolis and Ahirs, were the dominant race at that time."[25][26] Among the claimed Yadav clans of Maharashtra are the Solaskar of Satara district, the Dhangar, and the Jadhav.

In Tamil Nadu

The Konar (also known as Idaiyar, Ayar, or Tamil Yadavar)[27] are a caste from the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, and a sub-division of the Yadava. When Yadavas became the rulers of the south, the "eer" of Aheer was sufixed with Aya making it Ayeera or Aiyar.[28] Ilango Adigal had mentioned Konars of Madurai in his Tamil epic Silapathikaram, which is considered to be one of the five famous epics of Tamil literature. According to this epic, they gave accommodation for Kannagi. They occupied grasslands known as Mullai in the ancient Tamil country.

Konars traditionally raise cows, goats and sheeps and sell milk.[29]

Kerala

Maniyani is a caste of Kerala that claims descent from Krishna. Maniyanis are also known as Kola-Aya or Kolayars. They are the Yadavas of Kolathnadu and Thulunad. They are found in Kannur and Kasargod Districts.[citation needed]

Ayar is a common surname for Yadavas throughout India. They settled in north Kerala about 3000 years back. Kola is the name of a Yadava clan who settled in North Kerala and Southern Karnataka.[citation needed]

Caste politics

All-India Yadav Mahasabha

The transformation of all Ahirs (Yaduvanshi Ahirs, Nandvanshi and Gwalvanshi) into Yaduvanshi Yadavs was promoted by the All India Yadav Mahasabha which was founded in 1927.[30] The emergence of an educated and religiously orthodox elite among the Yadavs, after the religious movements of Arya Samaj and Janeu movements led to the formation of the All-India Yadava Mahasabha in 1923 in Allahabad. The AIYM immediately engaged itself in two issues. It appealed to its castemen in all regions to add “Yadav” to their names and at the same time launched on a major programme of social reform. The regional organisation of the Hyderabad Rashtra Yadav Mahajana Samajam, for example, appealed to the Census Commission that their caste name Ahir be changed to Yadava.

All India Yadav Mahasabha also pressed Indian government for the formation of Yadav regiment in Indian Army after they showed their bravery in the 1965 Indo-China war. In 1966 the AIYM held its annual conference in Etawa, with Mulayam Singh Yadav as chairman of the reception committee and Rao Birender Singh the scion of the Rewari dynasty as president.[31][32][33] After Independence, the Yadavs have emerged as the leaders of the other backward classes. Professor Rao’s study of the Yadava elite in the various states (based on the members and supporters of the All India Yadav Sabha and not on those of the rival All India Yadav Mahasabha) reveals the growth of varied business and professional groups within the caste category. Heading the list are businessmen who comprise roughly 21% of the elite. They include dairy owners, contractors, tobacco and timber merchants, wholesale grass dealers, owners of engineering firms and other industries as well as restaurant owners. They are followed by the large farmers who comprise around 21 per cent of the Yadav elite. Politicians (MPs, MLAs, ministers, municipal councillors, district board members, office-bearers of political parties) constitute 17% of the elite and school and college teachers, doctors, lawyers and engineers together another 20%.[34]

Military

The Yadav have served the British and Indian armed and defense forces in numerous conflicts. Some prominent conflicts fought by Yadav soldiers are the 1962 India-China War, the Kargil War,[35] and the 2001 Parliament attacks.[36] Yadavs have also played a role in the Maoist insurgencies in Nepal and India.

World War II

Namdev Jadhav received the Victoria Cross during the Burma Campaign of the Second World war. Havaldar Umrao Singh,[37] a gunner, won the Victoria Cross in hand to hand combat with the Japanese infantry raiding his gun position in the Kaladan Valley. He killed ten with his bare hands armed only with the gun bearer (a heavy metallic tool). He was found exhausted and bleeding in the morning but still alive amidst a pile of Japanese corpses littered around the gun, which was found to be still fit for immediate firing.

Kargil War

Grenadier Yogendra Singh Yadav of the Indian Army was awarded the highest Indian military honour, Param Vir Chakra for his actions during the Kargil War on 4 July 1999.[38]

See also

References

  1. ^ M. S. A. Rao (1974). Urban sociology in India: reader and source book. Orient Blackswan. p. 286. ISBN 9780861252961. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
  2. ^ "Central List Of Other Backward Classes". Ncbc.nic.in. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
  3. ^ "List Of Backward Classes In Haryana State". Socialjusticehry.nic.in. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
  4. ^ Philip Oldenburg (October 1995). India briefing: staying the course. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 225–. ISBN 9781563246104. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  5. ^ Dipankar Gupta. Caste in question: identity or hierarchy? Sage, 2004
  6. ^ Lynch1969:71[clarification needed]
  7. ^ K. C. Brahmachary (2004). We and our administration. Mittal Publications. pp. 388–. ISBN 9788170999164. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
  8. ^ Great Britain. Indian Statutory Commission; Viscount John Allsebrook Simon Simon (1930). Report of the Indian Statutory Commission ... Vol. 16. H.M. Stationery Office. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
  9. ^ Bindeshwar Pathak (1 January 1992). Action sociology and development. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 119–. ISBN 9788170223191. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
  10. ^ Sandria B. Freitag (1989). Culture and power in Banaras: community, performance, and environment, 1800-1980. University of California Press. pp. 122–. ISBN 9780520063679. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
  11. ^ Norman Gerald Barrier (1981). The Census in British India: new perspectives. Manohar. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
  12. ^ Sabyasachi Bhattacharya (2002). Education and the disprivileged: nineteenth and twentieth century India. Orient Blackswan. pp. 54–. ISBN 9788125021926. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
  13. ^ R Ashma, V.K Kashyap. Genetic polymorphism at 15 STR loci among three important subpopulation of Bihar, India. Forensic Science International Volume 130, Issue 1 , Pages 58-62, 5 November 2002
  14. ^ J.P. Mittal (1 January 2006). History of Ancient India: From 7300 BC to 4250 BC. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 142–. ISBN 9788126906154. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  15. ^ Gaṅgā Rām Garg (1992). Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 18–. ISBN 9788170223740. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  16. ^ Ram Sarup Joon (1968). History of the Jats. Jaitly Painting [sic] Press, foreword. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  17. ^ Kaikhushru Dhunjibhoy Sethna (1989). Ancient India in a new light. Aditya Prakashan. ISBN 9788185179124. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  18. ^ Leon Jr. Swartzberg (1 January 1979). The North Indian Peasant Goes to Market. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. pp. 11–. ISBN 9788120830394. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
  19. ^ Edward Balfour (1885). The cyclopædia of India and of eastern and southern Asia, commercial industrial, and scientific: products of the mineral, vegetable, and animal kingdoms, useful arts and manufactures. Bernard Quaritch. p. 1183. Retrieved 22 May 2011.[where?]
  20. ^ Ecole pratique des hautes études (France). Section des sciences économiques et sociales; University of Oxford. Institute of Social Anthropology; Research Centre on Social and Economic Development in Asia (2004). Contributions to Indian sociology. Mouton. p. 49. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
  21. ^ Kripal Chandra Yadav (1 October 2002). Modern Haryana: history and culture, 1803-1966. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. p. 223. ISBN 9788173043710. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  22. ^ Ahirs, Haryana-online.com
  23. ^ Sandeep Unnithan (30 November 2007). "Bridal air". India Today.
  24. ^ Rama Lakshmi (20 March 2009). "Rural India, an expanding market".
  25. ^ Reginald Edward Enthoven (1 January 1990). The tribes and castes of Bombay. Asian Educational Services. pp. 24–. ISBN 9788120606302. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  26. ^ W.Chichele Plowden, (1883), Report on the Census of British India taken on the 17th February 1881. London, Eyre and Spottiswoode, p. 326
  27. ^ Jacob Pandian (1987). Caste, nationalism and ethnicity: an interpretation of Tamil cultural history and social order. Popular Prakashan. pp. 110–. ISBN 9780861321360. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
  28. ^ J.N. Singh Yadav (1 October 1997). Yadavas Through the Ages. Vol. 1. Sharada Publishing House. p. 118. ISBN 9788185616032. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  29. ^ Kumar Suresh Singh; B. V. Bhanu; Anthropological Survey of India (2004). People of India: Maharashtra. Popular Prakashan. pp. 1100–. ISBN 9788179911013. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
  30. ^ Lucia Michelutti (2008). The vernacularisation of democracy: politics, caste, and religion in India. Routledge. p. 80. ISBN 9780415467322. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  31. ^ Dipankar Gupta (1 October 2004). Caste in question: identity or hierarchy?. Sage Publications. pp. 15–. ISBN 9780761933243. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  32. ^ G.S. Ghurye (2008). Caste and race in India. Popular Prakashan. pp. 450–. ISBN 9788171542055. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  33. ^ Christophe Jaffrelot (2003). India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India. Permanent Black. pp. 235–. ISBN 9788178240800. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  34. ^ "Yadav Mahasabha USA - Home". Yadavmahasabha.org. Retrieved 27 April 2010.[unreliable source?]
  35. ^ Merinews.com
  36. ^ ‘Decide soon on Afzal’s hanging’ Hindu.com, July 21, 2007
  37. ^ Umrao Singh at Victoriacross.org.uk
  38. ^ K.M. Dayashankar. Kargil hero accorded warm welcome. The Hindu, January 3, 2011

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