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Worried well

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This article is about the medical concept. For the band, see Worried Well.

The worried well is a term that describes persons who are in relatively good health but believe themselves to be ill or likely to get an illness based on a current circumstance.[1][2][3] As a collective noun, the term is typically used for groups of patients, not clearly defined, who are perceived to be using health services inappropriately or disproportionately.[2][4][5][6]

The phenomenon is also known as worried well syndrome.[7][8] The worried well are within ICD-10 code Z71.1—"Person with feared complaint in whom no diagnosis is made."[9][10]

They are distinct from those suffering from hypochondriasis (health anxiety), whose health concerns are chronic and rise to the level of a psychiatric condition;[11] in contrast, anxiety experienced by worried well patients is usually caused by a specific event.[12][clarification needed]

Etymology

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The term worried well, according to the Oxford English Dictionary,[13][14] was first used in a 1970 Scientific American article by physician Sidney Garfield, who described a "variable entry mix into medical care consisting of (1) the well, (2) the ‘worried well’, (3) the ‘early sick’ and (4) the sick."[15]

In 1997, The Times wrote that "Mental health experts...have...nicknamed them the ‘worried well’—too disturbed to sail through life's challenges but too well to warrant medical treatment."[14][dead link]

Causes, issues, and examples

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Reasons for the presentation of worried-well syndrome may vary.[16] The anxiety that the worried-well experience is likely related to the information to which people are regularly exposed and the uncertainties that arise as result.[1] Any event, be it factual or fictional, can lead to anxiety in worried-well patients.[12]

In 1976, Sidney Garfield and others explained in the New England Journal of Medicine how the "worried well" posed challenges in delivering healthcare.[8][17]

In the 1980s, government campaigns following the arrival of AIDS in the United Kingdom provided genitourinary clinics with drastic increases in the amount of patients wanting to get tested for HIV. However, those testing positive for HIV hardly rose at all; evidently, many of those who tested negative had little to no risk for infection anyway, but had disproportionate anxiety about possibly contracting the virus.[18]

In 2001, following the news of Anthrax being discovered at the Brentwood mail facility in Washington, DC, the George Washington University Hospital received hundreds of walk-ins.[12] Also that year, during a U.S. congressional hearing on "risk communication," Representative Chris Shays stated that, "Driven by fear alone, hordes of the 'worried well' could overwhelm emergency rooms and clinics, impeding diagnosis and treatment of the genuinely ill."[19]

In 2014, following the death of a patient from Ebola in Texas, visits to emergency departments in Metropolitan Dallas–Fort Worth increased by over 1000 per day.[20]

In 2017, research by Imperial College London discovered that the worried well in the UK may be costing £56,000,000 (US$72,000,000) to the National Health Service because of unnecessary appointments with general practitioners. They estimated that up to 1 in 5 people attending medical clinics had abnormal health anxiety, which has possibly been worsened with the increase in cyberchondria—people who have researched their symptoms online and use it as evidence that they have a life-threatening disease.[21][22]

The idea has also been discussed in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic, as there has been concern that 'worried-well' patients could place significant strain on healthcare resources. For instance, experiencing overwhelming numbers of residents concerned about their health, some health officials have found it necessary to establish criteria under which residents could get tested to preserve supply.[12][23][24] As result, when Hayward, California, for example, offered free COVID-19 testing, ultimately 9 out of 10 walk-in residents and 4 out of 5 drive-in residents were denied tests on the opening day (24 March 2020).[12]

Prevalence of the 'worried-well' may also come as a side-effect of the pandemic, as suggested by Pamela Aaltonen—professor emerita of nursing in Purdue University's College of Health and Human Sciences:[1]

One concern during a pandemic is that it is not easy, and sometimes even risky, to seek in-person health care. Conversations individuals might typically be having with one’s health care providers are not occurring and clarity of the meaning of symptoms are left undiscussed. The use of telemedicine is filling this gap in some communities.

Criticism

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The negative connotations associated with the perceived feelings of inappropriate use of health services has led some to advocate for the term to not be used, arguing that it reflects the idea of there being a 'deserving' and 'undeserving' class of people.[2] In fact, labelling patients with the term can lead to dismissing those who may:[2]

  • present with a worrying symptom that later turns out to have no worrying cause;
  • have a real physical illness; or
  • have severe health anxiety and therefore a mental illness requiring medical treatment.

In his February 2020 paper in the British Journal of General Practice, general practitioner Denis Pereira Gray states:[2]

For doctors, it is wrong to imply that worry in patients does not matter and is a lesser symptom than others. The implication of the phrase is that pathologically based disease is more important than emotionally based disease, so the phrase reflects old-fashioned ideas about mental health being less important than physical health.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "Public health nurse on the 'worried well' during COVID-19". Purdue News Service. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  2. ^ a b c d e Gray, Denis Pereira; Dineen, Molly; Sidaway-Lee, Kate (1 February 2020). "The worried well" (PDF). British Journal of General Practice. 70 (691): 84–85. doi:10.3399/bjgp20X708017. ISSN 0960-1643. PMC 7018435. PMID 32001474.
  3. ^ "Worried Well." TERMIUM Plus. Ottawa: Translation Bureau, Government of Canada. 2021 April 4.
  4. ^ Breakwell, Glynis M. (2014). The Psychology of Risk (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-107-01701-6.
  5. ^ Pontious, Michael J. (1 January 2002). "Understanding the "Worried Well"" (PDF). The Journal of Family Practice. 51 (1): 30. PMID 11927059.
  6. ^ Singh, Pipin (17 February 2020). "GP training: Consulting with the 'worried well'". GPonline. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  7. ^ Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Home Affairs Committee (2010). Policing: Police and Crime Commissioners; Second Report of Session 2010-11; Report, Together with Formal Minutes, Oral and Written Evidence. The Stationery Office. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-215-55544-1.
  8. ^ a b Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1981: Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, Ninety-sixth Congress, Second Session. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1980. p. 670.
  9. ^ Buck, Carol J. (2017). 2018 ICD-10-CM Physician Professional Edition - E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 460. ISBN 978-0-323-56780-0.
  10. ^ "ICD-10 Version:2016". icd.who.int. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  11. ^ "Health anxiety". nhs.uk. 18 October 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  12. ^ a b c d e Lebron, Andrea. "Pre-Emergency Safety Planning: Managing Worried Well Patients". www.ravemobilesafety.com. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  13. ^ "worried well". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  14. ^ a b "Wellcome Trust". account.wellcome.ac.uk. Retrieved 23 February 2020.[dead link]
  15. ^ Garfield, Sidney R. [1970] 2006. "The Delivery of Medical Care." The Permanente Journal 10(2):46-56.
  16. ^ Miller, David; Acton, Timothy M. G.; Hedge, Barbara (July 1988). "The Worried Well: Their Identification and Management". Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 22 (3): 158–165. ISSN 0035-8819. PMC 5379321. PMID 3411543.
  17. ^ Garfield, Sidney R.; Collen, Morris F.; Feldman, Robert; Soghikian, Krikor; Richart, Robert H.; Duncan, James H. (1976-02-19). "Evaluation of an Ambulatory Medical-Care Delivery System". New England Journal of Medicine. 294 (8): 426–431. doi:10.1056/NEJM197602192940806. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 813145.
  18. ^ Davey, T., and J. Green. 1991. "The worried well: Ten years of a new face for an old problem." AIDS Care 3(3):289-93. doi:10.1080/09540129108253075.
  19. ^ Subcommittee on National Security, Veterans Affairs and International Relations of the Committee on Government Reform. 2001 November 29. "Risk Communication: National Security and Public Health." 1st session, 107th Congress, 107-22.
  20. ^ Molinari, Noelle-Angelique, Tanya Telfair LeBlanc, and William Stephens. 2018. "The Impact of a Case of Ebola Virus Disease on Emergency Department Visits in Metropolitan Dallas–Fort Worth, TX, July, 2013-July, 2015: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis." PLoS Currents 2018(10). PMC 5878099; PMID 29623242
  21. ^ "Talking therapy could help to battle rising 'cyberchondria' | Imperial News | Imperial College London". Imperial News. 7 September 2017. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  22. ^ Stack, Rebecca (14 September 2017). "Dear worried well, the internet is not your friend". The Conversation. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  23. ^ "Think you need a COVID-19 test? The nation's testing czar says you might not". NBC News. 6 August 2020. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  24. ^ Smith, Chris. "If you're among the 'worried well' you don't need a COVID-19 test | Opinion". The Leaf-Chronicle. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
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