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Women in the Soviet–Afghan War

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Women in the Soviet–Afghan War were active in a variety of roles.[1][2]

Women in the military

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At least 20,000 women were enlisted as support staff by the Soviet military during the War, working in roles such as field nurses, administrators, and military prosecutors. At least 56 Soviet women were killed during the War, however the true number of female casualties is unknown as the Soviet Union did not officially count them. In 2006, the Russian government passed a law declaring civilians who worked in Afghanistan not entitled to war benefits.[3]

The war years saw a number of firsts for women in the Afghan military. In 1983, Khatool Mohammadzai became the first woman from the country to be trained as a paratrooper. However, she was denied combat positions, so she served as an instructor training soldiers for paratroop and commando roles during the war.[4] In 1989, Latifa Nabizada and her sister Laliuma became the first two women pilots to join the Afghan military school in the Afghan Air Force, becoming finally admitted after having been denied admission several times on "medical grounds."[5][6] Some Afghan women attained prominence for their roles in combat, such as Bibi Ayesha, a female warlord who fought against the Soviet invasion.[7]

A number of women were also involved in the Defense of the Revolution irregular paramilitary and popular militia units created by the Communist government of Afghanistan following the 1978 Saur Revolution, armed by the government and employed to guard sensitive infrastructure and maintain public order.[8] However, almost all mention of the NODR disappeared following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979, possibly as the Soviets considered a loosely accountable body of irregular armed groups to be undesirable during their occupation.[9]

Women rights during the war

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During the war, the Soviet-backed government made a number of attempts to modernise the situation of women's rights in Afghanistan, including granting equal employment rights and mandating education for girls. By 1988, women made up 40 percent of the doctors and 60 percent of the teachers at Kabul University; 440,000 female students were enrolled in different educational institutions and 80,000 more in literacy programs.[10]

The Afghan Women's Council (AWC) was an organization under the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–87) and the Republic of Afghanistan (between 1987 and 1992), providing social services to women in Afghanistan, fighting against illiteracy, and offering vocational training.[11] Many feared the sacrificing of the AWC in the national reconciliation talks which started in 1987.[12]

However, despite nominal Soviet efforts to advance women's rights during the War, women still faced intense levels of discrimination and violence, including murder of civilians and rape from Soviet troops, and the end of the war and subsequent collapse of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan led to an intense backlash against women's rights.[13][14][15][16] According to Aisha Ahmad of the University of Cambridge:

Under Communist occupation, wartime rape gained popularity as a military strategy to repress insurgency... It is perhaps due to the great importance of traditional family honor codes in Afghanistan that wartime rape became a prevalent military strategy during the Soviet-Afghan War, employed to intimidate and terrorize enemy factions. Rape and torture were used specifically against those villages that were suspected to have supported the resistance, and soldiers were reported to have raped women in front of their male relatives. Afghan women, while not active combatants against the Soviets, were also the direct targets of "deliberate and arbitrary killings," persecution, terror tactics, and deprivation, as well as sexual abuse, forced marriage, and prostitution by pro-Soviet militia.[10]

According to Amnesty International: "the 20th Century had seen relatively steady progression for women's rights in Afghanistan... But during coups and Soviet occupation in the 1970s, through civil conflict between Mujahideen groups and government forces in the '80s and '90s, and then under Taliban rule, women in Afghanistan had their rights increasingly rolled back."[17]

Logo of the Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan

The Soviet invasion was also not met with support from all women's rights groups. Timothy Nunan of Oxford University has argued that "Soviet and Afghan feminists tried – and largely failed – to communicate with one another at a moment when it appeared possible to create a secular socialist modernity in Afghanistan."[18] The Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan was founded in 1977 by Meena Keshwar Kamal, an Afghan student activist, and began a campaign against Soviet forces and the Soviet-supported government of Afghanistan after the invasion.[19] Kamal was assassinated in Quetta, Pakistan, in 1987, possibly by the Afghan Intelligence Service KHAD or on the orders of fundamentalist Mujahideen leader Gulbuddin Hekmatyar.[20][21]

Women refugees often faced significant issues with discrimination, especially as some refugee camps were de facto controlled by fundamentalist Mujahideen.[22] According to Faridullah Bezhan of Monash University, several refugee camps "served as laboratories for Islamic fundamentalists, allowing them to control and segregate women, a practice that they implemented in full when they took over the country in the early 1990s" and that Western aid for refugees tended to emphasise the geopolitics of bringing down the Soviet-backed government, leading to widespread cooperation with fundamentalist Mujahideen.[23] According to Sima Samar, a doctor and refugee during the War who later served as Minister of Women's Affairs of Afghanistan from 2001 to 2003: "For female refugees the living conditions were particularly dire. There was little to no access to basic necessities such as washrooms, medical clinics, and education. The aid that was being distributed was both male and war dominated."[24]

Women of other nationalities

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Joanne Herring, an American socialite and diplomat who had a long association and political relations with the President of Pakistan Zia-ul-Haq during the 1980s, was a leading figure in creating United States support for the Mujahideen during the War.[25]

In 1988, British journalist Christina Lamb was awarded Young Journalist of the Year for her coverage of the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan.[26][27]

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Jeffrey W. Jones of the University of North Carolina at Greensboro has argued that "the representation of women in Zinky Boys: Soviet Voices from the Afghanistan War by Svetlana Alexievich reflects a changing discourse in Soviet society on the war in Afghanistan that helped pave the way for the collapse of the USSR."[28]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "A Muslim Woman Officer in the Soviet Army During the Soviet-Afghan War. A Soviet "Anti-Hero"". Archived from the original on 2021-07-11. Retrieved 2021-07-17.
  2. ^ "The Mujahidat Dilemma: Female Combatants and the Islamic State – Combating Terrorism Center at West Point". Archived from the original on 2021-06-17. Retrieved 2021-07-17.
  3. ^ "Women recall the 'hell' of Soviet war in Afghanistan". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2021-07-11. Retrieved 2021-07-17.
  4. ^ Yousafzai, Sami (November 28, 2011). "Afghanistan: The Trials of Woman Paratrooper Khatool Mohammadzai". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 22 November 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2016.
  5. ^ Sara, Sally (28 June 2013). "Meet Latifa Nabizada, Afghanistan's first woman military helicopter pilot". Mama Asia. ABC. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  6. ^ "Latifa Nabizada - Afghanistan's First Woman of the Skies". BBC News. 19 June 2013. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  7. ^ Coghlan, Tom. BBC, Afghanistan's feared woman warlord Archived 2021-03-22 at the Wayback Machine, March 16, 2006
  8. ^ Mary Ann Tétreault (1994). Women and Revolution in Africa, Asia, and the New World. Univ of South Carolina Press. pp. 227–. ISBN 978-1-57003-016-1. Archived from the original on 2021-07-13. Retrieved 2021-07-17.
  9. ^ Anthony Arnold (1983). Afghanistan's Two-Party Communism: Parcham and Khalq. Hoover Press. pp. 95–. ISBN 978-0-8179-7793-1. Archived from the original on 2021-07-13. Retrieved 2021-07-17.
  10. ^ a b Ahmad, Aisha (2006). "Afghan Women: The State of Legal Rights and Security". Policy Perspectives. 3 (1): 25–41. JSTOR 42909150. Archived from the original on 2021-07-16. Retrieved 2021-07-17.
  11. ^ Mary Ann Tétreault (1994). Women and revolution in Africa, Asia, and the New World. ISBN 9781570030161. Archived from the original on 2021-07-11. Retrieved 2009-03-24.
  12. ^ Lawrence Kaplan. Fundamentalism in comparative perspective. Univ of Massachusetts Press. p. 144. Retrieved 2009-03-24.
  13. ^ "Afghanistan: Soviet Era: Russian soldiers rape Afghani civilians - ColorQ Human Rights Corner". Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-17.
  14. ^ "4 SOVIET DESERTERS TELL OF CRUEL AFGHANISTAN WAR - NYTimes.com". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2017-04-02. Retrieved 2021-07-17.
  15. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2021-07-11. Retrieved 2021-07-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  16. ^ "'Grim' Nickname Fits Afghan Tales of Torture, Murder - the Washington Post". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2021-07-17.
  17. ^ "Women in Afghanistan: The back story | Amnesty International UK". Archived from the original on 2018-03-26. Retrieved 2021-07-17.
  18. ^ "Under a Red Veil: Staging Afghan Emancipation in Moscow in: The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review Volume 38 Issue 1 (2011)". Archived from the original on 2021-07-18. Retrieved 2021-07-17.
  19. ^ Toynbee, Polly (September 28, 2001). "Behind the burka". The Guardian. Archived from the original on July 13, 2019. Retrieved July 17, 2021.
  20. ^ "Biography of Martyred Meena, RAWA's founding leader". RAWA. Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  21. ^ Ramakrishnan, Nitya (May 2013). In Custody: Law, Impunity and Prisoner Abuse in South Asia. SAGE India. p. 118. ISBN 9788132117513.
  22. ^ Parvanta, Sultana (1992). "The Balancing Act". Women & Therapy. 13 (1–2): 113–128. doi:10.1300/J015V13N01_11. Archived from the original on 2021-07-11. Retrieved 2021-07-17.
  23. ^ Bezhan, Faridullah (2016). "War and the Radicalization of Afghan Society in Maryam Mahboob's Short Stories". Women's Studies. 45: 1–19. doi:10.1080/00497878.2015.1111837. S2CID 147271046. Archived from the original on 2021-07-18. Retrieved 2021-07-17.
  24. ^ "Feminism, Peace, and Afghanistan | JIA SIPA". Archived from the original on 2021-03-03. Retrieved 2021-07-17.
  25. ^ Philip Sherwell (December 2, 2007). "How Joanne Herring won Charlie Wilson's War". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
  26. ^ "Who We Are: Top Talent, Christina Lamb". News UK. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  27. ^ "Christina Lamb Interview on New Book, How Wars Affect Women". Archived from the original on 2020-11-28. Retrieved 2021-07-17.
  28. ^ Jones, Jeffrey W. (2017). "Mothers, prostitutes, and the collapse of the USSR: The representation of women in Svetlana Aleksievich's Zinky Boys". Canadian Slavonic Papers. 59 (3–4): 234–258. doi:10.1080/00085006.2017.1381545. S2CID 158101747. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-17.
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