Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Polio
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Definition
[edit]Polio, also called poliomyelitis, or infantile paralysis, is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus.[1]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Polio_lores134.jpg/100px-Polio_lores134.jpg)
Symptoms
[edit]Polio causes muscle weakness, resulting in an inability to move in roughly one half percent of people, who are infected with the virus.[1]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/A_nurse_shares_a_smile_with_a_child_inside_of_an_iron_lung_%2813911641704%29.jpg/100px-A_nurse_shares_a_smile_with_a_child_inside_of_an_iron_lung_%2813911641704%29.jpg)
Onset of symptoms
[edit]This can occur over a few hours, to a few days.[1][2]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/2_hours_to_5_days.png/100px-2_hours_to_5_days.png)
Areas of the body affected
[edit]The weakness most often involves the legs, but can also include the muscles of the head, neck, and diaphragm.[1]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alem_Mumuni.jpg/100px-Alem_Mumuni.jpg)
Risk of death
[edit]Many people fully recover,[1] but there is a risk of death. About 2 to 5 percent of children, and 15 to 30 percent of adults die, if they develop muscle weakness.[1]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/1956_Maastricht%2C_Ziekenhuis_St-Annadal%2C_poliopati%C3%ABntjes_in_bad.jpg/100px-1956_Maastricht%2C_Ziekenhuis_St-Annadal%2C_poliopati%C3%ABntjes_in_bad.jpg)
Minor symptoms
[edit]Another 25 percent of people infected have minor symptoms such as fever, and a sore throat, that resolve in one to two weeks[1] . Five percent have headache, neck stiffness, and pains in the arms and legs.[1][2] About 70 percent of infections have no symptoms at all.[1]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Symptoms.png/100px-Symptoms.png)
Post-polio syndrome
[edit]Years after recovery ,post-polio syndrome may occur with a slow development of muscle weakness, similar to the persons original symptoms.[3]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Conf89JoanGiniOne.jpg/100px-Conf89JoanGiniOne.jpg)
Spread
[edit]Poliovirus is usually spread from person to person through infected fecal matter entering the mouth, [1] from food or water containing human feces, and less commonly from infected saliva.[1][2]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Drain_in_Kalibari_community_%283682826791%29.jpg/100px-Drain_in_Kalibari_community_%283682826791%29.jpg)
Duration of infectiousness
[edit]Those who are infected may spread the disease for up to six weeks, even if no symptoms are present.[1]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Dust_in_Sanandaj_-_21_April_2018_09.jpg/100px-Dust_in_Sanandaj_-_21_April_2018_09.jpg)
Diagnosis
[edit]The disease may be diagnosed by finding the virus in the feces, or detecting antibodies against it in the blood.[1] The disease only occurs naturally in humans.[1]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Agar_plate_with_colonies.jpg/100px-Agar_plate_with_colonies.jpg)
Prevention
[edit]Polio is preventable with the polio vaccine; however, multiple doses are required for it to be effective.[2]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Polio_Vaccination_in_Tehran.jpg/100px-Polio_Vaccination_in_Tehran.jpg)
Vaccine boosters
[edit]The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends polio vaccination boosters for travelers, and those who live in countries where the disease is occurring.[4]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/United_States_Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_logo.svg/100px-United_States_Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_logo.svg.png)
Treatment and current cases
[edit]Once infected there is no specific treatment.[2] In 2018, there were 33 cases of wild polio, and 103 cases of vaccine-derived polio.[5] This is down from 350,000 wild cases in 1988.[2] In 2018, the disease was only spread between people in Afghanistan and Pakistan.[5]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Number_of_wild_polio_and_cVDPV_cases_since_2000.png/100px-Number_of_wild_polio_and_cVDPV_cases_since_2000.png)
History
[edit]Poliomyelitis has existed for thousands of years, with depictions of the disease in ancient art.[1] The disease was first recognized as a distinct condition by the English physician Michael Underwood in 1789,[1] and the virus that causes it was first identified in 1908 by the Austrian immunologist Karl Landsteiner.[6]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Polio_Egyptian_Stele.jpg/100px-Polio_Egyptian_Stele.jpg)
History of endemic polio
[edit]Major outbreaks started to occur in the late 19th century, in Europe and the United States.[1] In the 20th century it became one of the most worrying childhood diseases in these areas.[7]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Modern_diagnosis_and_treatment_of_diseases_of_childern%3B_a_treatise_on_the_medical_and_surgical_diseases_of_infancy_anf_childhood_%281911%29_%2814781801765%29.jpg/100px-Modern_diagnosis_and_treatment_of_diseases_of_childern%3B_a_treatise_on_the_medical_and_surgical_diseases_of_infancy_anf_childhood_%281911%29_%2814781801765%29.jpg)
History of the polio vaccine
[edit]The first polio vaccine was developed in the 1950s by Jonas Salk.[8] In 2013, the World Health Organization hoped that vaccination efforts, and early detection of cases would result in global eradication of the disease by 2018.[9]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Salk_headlines.jpg/100px-Salk_headlines.jpg)
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe C, eds. (2015), "Poliomyelitis", Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (The Pink Book) (13th ed.), Washington DC: Public Health Foundation, (chap. 18), archived from the original on 30 December 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f "Poliomyelitis Fact sheet N°114". who.int. October 2014. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
- ^ "Post-Polio Syndrome Fact Sheet". NIH. 16 April 2014. Archived from the original on 29 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
- ^ "Guidance to US Clinicians Regarding New WHO Polio Vaccination Requirements for Travel by Residents of and Long-term Visitors to Countries with Active Polio Transmission". CDC. 2 June 2014. Archived from the original on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
- ^ a b "This page allows you to request a table with AFP/polio data". WHO. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ Daniel, Thomas M.; Robbins, Frederick C., eds. (1999). Polio (1st ed.). Rochester, N.Y.: University of Rochester Press. p. 11. ISBN 9781580460668. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016.
- ^ Wheeler, Derek S.; Wong, Hector R.; Shanley, Thomas P., eds. (2009). Science and practice of pediatric critical care medicine. London: Springer. pp. 10–11. ISBN 9781848009219. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016.
- ^ Aylward R (2006). "Eradicating polio: today's challenges and tomorrow's legacy". Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 100 (5–6): 401–13. doi:10.1179/136485906X97354. PMID 16899145.
- ^ "Global leaders support new six-year plan to deliver a polio-free world by 2018". who.int. 25 April 2013. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2014.