Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Malaria
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Overview[edit]
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease, that affects humans and other animals.[1]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Malaria_Patient%2C_Nyangaton%2C_Ethiopia_%2815151075077%29.jpg/100px-Malaria_Patient%2C_Nyangaton%2C_Ethiopia_%2815151075077%29.jpg)
Symptoms[edit]
It causes symptoms that typically include, fever, tiredness, vomiting, and headaches.[2]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Symptoms_of_Malaria_whitebackground.png/100px-Symptoms_of_Malaria_whitebackground.png)
Severe malaria symptoms[edit]
In severe cases, Malaria can cause jaundice, seizures, coma, or death.[2]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Jaundice_eye.jpg/100px-Jaundice_eye.jpg)
Symptom timing[edit]
Symptoms usually begin ten to fifteen days after being bitten by an infected mosquito.[1]
Risk of no treatment[edit]
If not properly treated, people may have recurrences of the disease, months later.[1]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Vaccines-against-malaria-rstb20110091-g1.jpg/100px-Vaccines-against-malaria-rstb20110091-g1.jpg)
Partial immunity[edit]
In those who have recently survived an infection, reinfection usually causes milder symptoms.[2]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Immunity_graphic.png/100px-Immunity_graphic.png)
Partial immunity limitations[edit]
This partial resistance disappears over months, to years, if the person has no continuing exposure to malaria.[2]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/No_immunity.png/100px-No_immunity.png)
Cause[edit]
Malaria is caused by single-celled microorganisms of the Plasmodium group.[1]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Malaria_Parasite_Connecting_to_Human_Red_Blood_Cell_%2834034143483%29.jpg/100px-Malaria_Parasite_Connecting_to_Human_Red_Blood_Cell_%2834034143483%29.jpg)
Initial infection[edit]
The disease is most commonly spread by an infected female, Anopheles mosquito.[1] The mosquito bite introduces the parasites from the mosquito's saliva, into a person's blood.[1]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Red_blood_cells_infected_with_malaria.jpg/100px-Red_blood_cells_infected_with_malaria.jpg)
Spread to liver[edit]
The parasites travel in the blood, to the liver, where they mature and reproduce.[2]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Liver2.png/100px-Liver2.png)
Types of malaria[edit]
Five species of the parasite Plasmodium can infect and be spread by humans, [2] with most deaths caused by P. falciparum.[2][1]
Diagnosis[edit]
Malaria is typically diagnosed by the microscopic examination of blood, using blood films,
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/5901_lores.jpg/100px-5901_lores.jpg)
Rapid diagnosis[edit]
or with antigen-based rapid diagnostic tests, [2] although PCR tests are not widely used, in areas where malaria is common, due to their cost and complexity.[3]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/PCR_tubes.png/100px-PCR_tubes.png)
Prevention[edit]
The risk of disease can be reduced, by preventing mosquito bites through the use of mosquito nets, and insect repellents,
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mosquitonet149.jpg/100px-Mosquitonet149.jpg)
Wider prevention[edit]
or with mosquito control measures, such as spraying insecticides, and draining standing water.[2]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Mansprayingkeroseneoil.jpg/100px-Mansprayingkeroseneoil.jpg)
Prophylaxis[edit]
Several medications are available to prevent malaria in travellers to areas where the disease is common.[1]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/GRR1-Dufour-R%C3%A9union.jpg/100px-GRR1-Dufour-R%C3%A9union.jpg)
Prophylaxis in infants and pregnancy[edit]
Occasional doses of the combination medication sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine, are recommended in infants, and pregnancy after the first trimester, in areas with high rates of malaria.[1]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Pregnant_woman.jpg/100px-Pregnant_woman.jpg)
Vaccine[edit]
Despite a need, no effective malaria vaccine exists, although efforts to develop one are ongoing.[1]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg/100px-Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg)
Treatment (primary)[edit]
The recommended treatment for malaria is a combination of antimalarial medications, that includes an artemisinin.[2][1]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Malaria_in_Madagascar_%2838585891191%29.jpg/100px-Malaria_in_Madagascar_%2838585891191%29.jpg)
Treatment (secondary)[edit]
The second medication may be either mefloquine, lumefantrine, or sulfadoxine pyrimethamine.[4]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Malaria_in_Madagascar_%2826809456139%29.jpg/100px-Malaria_in_Madagascar_%2826809456139%29.jpg)
Treatment (alternatives)[edit]
Quinine, along with doxycycline, may be used if an artemisinin is not available.[4]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Determinants-of-relapse-periodicity-in-Plasmodium-vivax-malaria-1475-2875-10-297-12.jpg/100px-Determinants-of-relapse-periodicity-in-Plasmodium-vivax-malaria-1475-2875-10-297-12.jpg)
Diagnosis before treatment[edit]
It is recommended that in areas where the disease is common, malaria is confirmed before treatment is started, due to concerns of increasing drug resistance.[1]
Epidemiology[edit]
The disease is widespread in the tropical and subtropical regions, in a broad band around the equator with 216 million cases in 2016.[2] [5][6]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Paludisme.png/100px-Paludisme.png)
Risk of death[edit]
resulting in an estimated 445,000 to 731,000 deaths. Approximately 90% of both cases, and deaths, occurred in Africa.[7]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Malaria_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/100px-Malaria_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png)
Rates of disease[edit]
Rates of disease decreased by 37% between the years 2000 and 2015,[7] but increased from 2014, during which there were 198 million cases.[8]
Populations at risk[edit]
Malaria is commonly associated with poverty, and has a major negative effect on economic development.[9][10]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Goan_sausages_being_sold_at_the_Mapusa_market%2C_Goa%2C_India_01.jpg/100px-Goan_sausages_being_sold_at_the_Mapusa_market%2C_Goa%2C_India_01.jpg)
Effect on economies[edit]
For instance, in Africa, it is estimated to result in losses of US$12 billion a year, due to increased healthcare costs, lost ability to work, and negative effects on tourism.[11]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Saving_Lives_with_SMS_for_Life.jpg/100px-Saving_Lives_with_SMS_for_Life.jpg)
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Malaria Fact sheet N°94". WHO. March 2014. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Caraballo H (2014). "Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: Malaria, dengue, and west nile virus". Emergency Medicine Practice. 16 (5). Archived from the original on 2016-08-01.
- ^ Nadjm B, Behrens RH (2012). "Malaria: An update for physicians". Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 26 (2): 243–59. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010. PMID 22632637.
- ^ a b Organization, World Health (2010). Guidelines for the treatment of malaria (2nd ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. p. ix. ISBN 978-92-4-154792-5.
- ^ World Malaria Report 2017 (PDF). WHO. 2017. ISBN 978-92-4-156552-3.
- ^ GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
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has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b "Malaria Fact sheet N°94". WHO. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ^ World malaria report 2020 - 20 years of global progress & challenges
- ^ Gollin D, Zimmermann C (August 2007). Malaria: Disease Impacts and Long-Run Income Differences (PDF) (Report). Institute for the Study of Labor. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-18.
- ^ Worrall E, Basu S, Hanson K (2005). "Is malaria a disease of poverty? A review of the literature". Tropical Health and Medicine. 10 (10): 1047–59. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01476.x. PMID 16185240.
- ^ Greenwood BM, Bojang K, Whitty CJ, Targett GA (2005). "Malaria". Lancet. 365 (9469): 1487–98. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3. PMID 15850634.