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Al-Adid (1151–1171) was the fourteenth and last caliph of the Fatimid dynasty, and the twenty-fourth imam of the Hafizi Isma'ili branch of Shi'a Islam, reigning from 1160 to 1171. Like the previous two caliphs, al-Adid came to the throne as a child, a puppet in the hands of various strongmen who became viziers of the Fatimid Caliphate. The power struggles in Cairo weakened the Fatimid state, strengthening both the Kingdom of Jerusalem, a Crusader state, and Nur al-Din, the Sunni ruler of Syria. The Crusaders repeatedly invaded Egypt; the Syrians sent their general, Shirkuh, to counter them. In January 1169, Shirkuh occupied Cairo and became vizier, but died shortly after. He was succeeded by his nephew, Saladin, who was at first conciliatory towards al-Adid, but proceeded to dismantle the Fatimid regime, with al-Adid sidelined. Sunni Islam was established as state religion, culminating in the official proclamation of Abbasid suzerainty in September 1171. Al-Adid died a few days later; his family was placed under house arrest. (Full article...)
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1990 Nepalese revolution

The 1990 Nepalese revolution was a multi-party movement that brought an end to absolute monarchy and the beginning of constitutional monarchy, eliminating the panchayat system in Nepal. The revolution began in February 1990 following an alliance between two opposition groups: the Nepali Congress and the United Left Front. In the subsequent weeks, the movement became increasingly large and dangerous as thousands of students marched against riot police and hundreds were arrested and injured. The movement called for bandhs (a kind of general strike) that quickly spread across the country. In early April, 200,000 people marched to Kathmandu in protest of the monarchy. Over the course of several days, police shot and killed dozens as protesters demanded a restoration of the 1950s-era multiparty democracy system. Protesters surrounded government buildings, and King Birendra eventually removed the ban on political parties on 8 April, ending the revolution. This photograph, taken on 9 April, shows Durga Thapa, a Nepali student, leaping in the air while displaying a double victory sign amidst a large crowd in Asan, Kathmandu.

Photograph credit: Min Ratna Bajracharya

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