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Philip VI of France
Philip VI of France

The Truce of Calais was agreed by King Edward III of England and King Philip VI of France (depicted) on 28 September 1347. After ten years of war both countries were financially and militarily exhausted and Pope Clement VI brokered a truce, to run until 7 July 1348. The Black Death caused the truce to be renewed in 1348, 1349 and 1350. The truce effectively restricted fighting, but did not stop repeated naval clashes nor much fighting on a smaller scale. In 1351 the truce was renewed for one year but in January 1352 full-scale fighting broke out again. On 6 April 1354 a new truce and an outline of a permanent peace treaty were agreed as the Treaty of Guînes. However, King John II of France then decided on an ambitious series of offensives for the 1355 campaigning season and repudiated the treaty. Yet another extension to the Truce of Calais was agreed, until 24 June, when it finally expired. The war resumed in force in October 1355. (This article is part of a featured topic: Hundred Years' War, 1345–1347.)

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Tulainyo Lake
Tulainyo Lake

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Eliud Kipchoge
Eliud Kipchoge

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William the Conqueror
William the Conqueror
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National Bank Notes were United States banknotes issued by national banks chartered by the U.S. federal government. The banknotes were usually backed by bonds deposited by the bank with the United States Treasury. In addition, banks were required to maintain a redemption fund amounting to five percent of any outstanding note balance, in gold or "lawful money". The banknotes were not legal tender in general, but were satisfactory for nearly all payments to and by the federal government. They were retired as a currency type by the federal government in the 1930s, when United States currency was consolidated into Federal Reserve Notes, United States Notes, and silver certificates. These nine banknotes, in denominations from $1 to $1000, were issued by various banks across the country as part of either the original or the 1875 series of National Bank Notes.

Banknote design credit: Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the Bureau of Engraving and Printing; scanned by Andrew Shiva

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