Wetheredella

Wetheredella; Temporal range: Ordovician–Carboniferous PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Clade:	Diaphoretickes
Clade:	SAR
Phylum:	Retaria
Subphylum:	Foraminifera (?)
Class:	incertae sedis (?)
Genus:	†Wetheredella; Wood, 1948. taxon inquirendum (possibly not in foraminifera
Type species
	†Wetheredella silurica; Wood, 1948
Species
	†Wetheredella giganta Bao, 1992; †Wetheredella minuta Bao, 1992; †Wetheredella multiformis Ischenko in Ischenko & Radionova, 1981; †Wetheredella? munneckei Vachard & Cózar, 2010; †Wetheredella nodosum Talent 1963; †Wetheredella pusilla Shuysky in Shuysky & Patrunov, 1991; †Wetheredella silurica Wood, 1948 ; †Wetheredella tenuis Radionova in Ischenko & Radionova, 1981, orth. corr. Vachard & Cózar, 2010 (originally tenue); †Wetheredella tumulus Copper, 1976;
Synonyms
	†Allonema Ulrich & Bassler, 1904

Wetheredella is a genus of calcimicrobes initially described from the Silurian of England, and subsequently reported from the Upper Ordovician to the end of the Carboniferous periods; its reefs are stated as being characteristic of the Ordovician-Silurian periods.^[4] Its taxonomic position is uncertain; it has been suggested to be a foraminiferan,^[6]^[7] a cyanobacterium^[8] or simply treated as a microproblematicum;^[9] Vachard & Cózar (2010) refer it to the Algospongia, a similarly controversial group that they assigned to the Protista but later, per Vachard, 2021, to Algae incertae sedis,^[10] in its own family (Wetheredellidae or Wetheredellaceae) and suborder (Wetheredellina) in the order Moravamminida (= Moravamminales).^[4] The genus is named in honor of the geologist Edward Wethered.^[11]

Wetheredella is characterized by calcified tubes encrusting a foreign body, with convex outer surfaces and inner surfaces coiled around the encrusted grain. Recently it has been shown that structures matching the description of Wetheredella can be produced by sectioning of Allomena, meaning that Wetheredella is possibly a junior synonym of Allomena.^[12]

References

^ Wood, Alan (1948). ""Sphaerocodium," a misinterpreted Fossil from the Wenlock limestone". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 59 (1): 9–22. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(48)80027-1.
^ Loeblich Jr., Alfred R.; Tappan, Helen (1988). "Generic Taxa Erroneously Regarded as Foraminifers". Foraminiferal Genera and Their Classification. Vol. 1. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. p. 730. ISBN 9781489957603. OCLC 680469074. Retrieved 7 January 2019. Wetheredella Wood, 1948 ('3389A). p. 20; type species: Wetheredella silurica Wood, 1948. Alga.
^ J. A. Talent. 1963. The Devonian of the Mitchell and Wentworth Rivers. Geological Survey of Victoria Memoir 24:1-118
^ ^a ^b ^c Vachard, D.; Cózar, P. (2010). "An attempt of classification of the Palaeozoic "incertae sedis" Algospongia". Revista Española de Micropaleontología. 42 (2): 129–241.
^ "Allonema" (html). Fossilworks. Retrieved 17 December 2021. Synonym: Wetheredella Wood 1948 (taxon 117727)
^ Riding, R.; Watts, N. (1981). "Silurian algal reef crest in Gotland". Naturwissenschaften. 68 (2): 91–92. Bibcode:1981NW.....68...91R. doi:10.1007/BF01047229. S2CID 8834679.
^ Nose, Martin; Schmid, Dieter U.; Leinfelder, Reinhold R. (2006). "Significance of microbialites, calcimicrobes, and calcareous algae in reefal framework formation from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden". Sedimentary Geology. 192 (3–4): 243–265. Bibcode:2006SedG..192..243N. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2006.04.009.
^ Kaźmierczak, J.; Kempe, S. (1992). "Recent cyanobacterial counterparts of Paleozoic Wetheredella and related problematic fossils". PALAIOS. 7 (3): 294–304. Bibcode:1992Palai...7..294K. doi:10.2307/3514974. JSTOR 3514974.
^ Liu, Lijing; Wu, Yasheng; Yang, Haijun; Riding, Robert (2016). "Ordovician calcified cyanobacteria and associated microfossils from the Tarim Basin, Northwest China: systematics and significance" (PDF). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 14 (3): 183–210. doi:10.1080/14772019.2015.1030128. S2CID 129684955.
^ Vachard, D. (2021). "Calcareous Algae (Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta)". In Elias, S.; Alderton, D. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Geology, Second Edition. Academic Press. pp. 389–406. ISBN 9780081029091.
^ Riding, Robert; Fan, Jiasong (2001). "Ordovician Calcified Algae and Cyanobacteria, Northern Tarim Basin Subsurface, China". Palaeontology. 44 (4): 783–810. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00201.
^ Jarochowska, E; Munnecke, A. (2014). "The Paleozoic problematica Wetheredella and Allonema are two aspects of the same organism". Facies. 60 (2): 651–662. doi:10.1007/s10347-014-0399-z. S2CID 129772080.

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[1] Wood, Alan (1948). ""Sphaerocodium," a misinterpreted Fossil from the Wenlock limestone". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 59 (1): 9–22. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(48)80027-1.

[Loeblich-2] Loeblich Jr., Alfred R.; Tappan, Helen (1988). "Generic Taxa Erroneously Regarded as Foraminifers". Foraminiferal Genera and Their Classification. Vol. 1. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. p. 730. ISBN 9781489957603. OCLC 680469074. Retrieved 7 January 2019. Wetheredella Wood, 1948 ('3389A). p. 20; type species: Wetheredella silurica Wood, 1948. Alga.

[3] J. A. Talent. 1963. The Devonian of the Mitchell and Wentworth Rivers. Geological Survey of Victoria Memoir 24:1-118

[Vachard_Cózar_2010-4] Vachard, D.; Cózar, P. (2010). "An attempt of classification of the Palaeozoic "incertae sedis" Algospongia". Revista Española de Micropaleontología. 42 (2): 129–241.

[Fossilworks-5] "Allonema" (html). Fossilworks. Retrieved 17 December 2021. Synonym: Wetheredella Wood 1948 (taxon 117727)

[6] Riding, R.; Watts, N. (1981). "Silurian algal reef crest in Gotland". Naturwissenschaften. 68 (2): 91–92. Bibcode:1981NW.....68...91R. doi:10.1007/BF01047229. S2CID 8834679.

[7] Nose, Martin; Schmid, Dieter U.; Leinfelder, Reinhold R. (2006). "Significance of microbialites, calcimicrobes, and calcareous algae in reefal framework formation from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden". Sedimentary Geology. 192 (3–4): 243–265. Bibcode:2006SedG..192..243N. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2006.04.009.

[Kaźmierczak_Kempe_1992-8] Kaźmierczak, J.; Kempe, S. (1992). "Recent cyanobacterial counterparts of Paleozoic Wetheredella and related problematic fossils". PALAIOS. 7 (3): 294–304. Bibcode:1992Palai...7..294K. doi:10.2307/3514974. JSTOR 3514974.

[Liu2016-9] Liu, Lijing; Wu, Yasheng; Yang, Haijun; Riding, Robert (2016). "Ordovician calcified cyanobacteria and associated microfossils from the Tarim Basin, Northwest China: systematics and significance" (PDF). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 14 (3): 183–210. doi:10.1080/14772019.2015.1030128. S2CID 129684955.

[Vachard_2021-10] Vachard, D. (2021). "Calcareous Algae (Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta)". In Elias, S.; Alderton, D. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Geology, Second Edition. Academic Press. pp. 389–406. ISBN 9780081029091.

[11] Riding, Robert; Fan, Jiasong (2001). "Ordovician Calcified Algae and Cyanobacteria, Northern Tarim Basin Subsurface, China". Palaeontology. 44 (4): 783–810. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00201.

[12] Jarochowska, E; Munnecke, A. (2014). "The Paleozoic problematica Wetheredella and Allonema are two aspects of the same organism". Facies. 60 (2): 651–662. doi:10.1007/s10347-014-0399-z. S2CID 129772080.

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