Werner Willikens
Werner Willikens (8 February 1893 in Vienenburg – 25 October 1961 in Wolfenbüttel) was a German politician with the Nazi Party who largely served in agricultural administration. He was also a general officer in the SS. His phrase "working towards the Führer", which he used in a 1934 speech, has become a common description of Nazi bureaucracy.
Biography
[edit]Willikens enrolled in the German Imperial Army in 1912 and served in World War I as an artillery battery commander.[1]
An early Nazi Party member, he joined in 1925 (membership number 3,355) and served as the Ortsgruppenleiter (Local Group Leader) in Goslar.[2] He was a farmer by profession and organised the first training course for Nazi farmers in 1926.[1] Willikens was a member of the Reichstag from electoral constituency 16 (South Hanover-Brunswick), elected as one of the first 12 Nazi deputies in 1928 and retaining his seat until the fall of the Third Reich.[3]
In 1930, Willikens was appointed deputy chairman of Agrarpolitischer Apparat, the Agricultural Affairs Bureau of the NSDAP headed by Richard Walther Darré, and he also chaired the Agrarian League.[4] His appointment to the national executive of the Reichslandbund in 1930 was the first time that the highly conservative group - up to that point firmly linked to the German National People's Party - had given a position of influence to a Nazi.[5] After Adolf Hitler came to power, Willikens was appointed as State Secretary in the Prussian Ministry of Agriculture, Domains and Forests in July 1933, also under Darré. On 31 July 1933, Hermann Göring, the Prussian minister president, appointed him to the recently reconstituted Prussian State Council.[6] When the Prussian ministry was merged with Darré's Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture in January 1935, Willikens continued to serve as a State Secretary in the united Reich Ministry.[7] He became a member of the SS in May 1933 (member number 56,180) and eventually reached the rank of SS-Gruppenführer on 30 January 1938.[8]
Ian Kershaw has argued that a speech made by Willikens in 1934, in particular his use of the phrase "working towards the Führer", was important in laying the framework for the Holocaust. Kershaw argued that the speech recognised the aloofness of Hitler's charismatic leadership and thus encouraged officials to second-guess Hitler's wishes and act accordingly. Kershaw suggests that Adolf Eichmann's rise from minor functionary to a leading role in the SS was built on this principle of "working towards the Führer".[9] Indeed, such was Kershaw's use of Willikens' phrase that his tribute book even bore it as a title.[10] The speech itself was made in Berlin on 21 February 1934 to representatives of the regional agriculture ministries.[11]
After the fall of the Nazi regime, Willikens underwent denazification proceedings, was imprisoned, released and returned to his farm until his death in 1961.
References
[edit]- ^ a b Detlef Mühlberger, Hitler's Voice: The Völkischer Beobachter, 1920-1933. Organisation & Development of the Nazi Party, Volume 1, Peter Lang, 2004, p. 252
- ^ Klee, Ernst (2007). Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Frankfurt-am-Main: Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag. p. 678. ISBN 978-3-596-16048-8.
- ^ Datenbank der deutschen Parlamentsabgeordneten
- ^ Mühlberger, Hitler's Voice, p. 349
- ^ Richard Bessel & E.J. Feuchtwanger, Social Change and Political Development in Weimar Germany, Croom Helm, 1981, ISBN 085664921X, p. 151
- ^ Lilla, Joachim (2005). Der Preußische Staatsrat 1921–1933: Ein biographisches Handbuch. Düsseldorf: Droste Verlag. pp. 249, 296. ISBN 978-3-770-05271-4.
- ^ Donald Bloxham, Tony Kushner, Antony Robin Jeremy Kushner, The Holocaust: Critical Historical Approaches, Manchester University Press ND, 2005, p. 127
- ^ Schiffer Publishing Ltd., ed. (2000). SS Officers List: SS-Standartenführer to SS-Oberstgruppenführer (As of 30 January 1942). Schiffer Military History Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 0-7643-1061-5.
- ^ Ian Kershaw, Moshé Lewin, Stalinism and Nazism: Dictatorships in Comparison, Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 104-6
- ^ Anthony McElligott, Tim Kirk, Ian Kershaw, Working Towards the Führer: Essays in Honour of Sir Ian Kershaw, Manchester University Press, 2003
- ^ Ian Kershaw, Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris, Penguin Books, 1999, p. 529
External links
[edit]- Newspaper clippings about Werner Willikens in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
- Information about Werner Willikens in the Reichstag database
- Brief Biography of Werner Willikens in the Files of the Reich Chancellery of the Weimar Republic
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| People | |
| Other | |
- 1893 births
- 1961 deaths
- 20th-century German farmers
- German Army personnel of World War I
- Members of the Prussian State Council (Nazi Germany)
- Members of the Reichstag 1928–1930
- Members of the Reichstag 1930–1932
- Members of the Reichstag 1932
- Members of the Reichstag 1932–1933
- Members of the Reichstag 1933
- Members of the Reichstag 1933–1936
- Members of the Reichstag 1936–1938
- Members of the Reichstag 1938–1945
- Nazi Party officials
- People from Goslar (district)
- SS-Gruppenführer