User talk:Sofiamcor

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Replaceable fair use File:Everyone loves someone 2.png

Thanks for uploading File:Everyone loves someone 2.png. I noticed that this file is being used under a claim of fair use. However, I think that the way it is being used fails the first non-free content criterion. This criterion states that files used under claims of fair use may have no free equivalent; in other words, if the file could be adequately covered by a freely-licensed file or by text alone, then it may not be used on Wikipedia. If you believe this file is not replaceable, please:

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Replaceable fair use File:Everyone loves someone.png

Thanks for uploading File:Everyone loves someone.png. I noticed that this file is being used under a claim of fair use. However, I think that the way it is being used fails the first non-free content criterion. This criterion states that files used under claims of fair use may have no free equivalent; in other words, if the file could be adequately covered by a freely-licensed file or by text alone, then it may not be used on Wikipedia. If you believe this file is not replaceable, please:

Go to the file description page and add the text {{di-replaceable fair use disputed|<your reason>}} below the original replaceable fair use template, replacing <your reason> with a short explanation of why the file is not replaceable.
On the file discussion page, write a full explanation of why you believe the file is not replaceable.

Alternatively, you can also choose to replace this non-free media item by finding freely licensed media of the same subject, requesting that the copyright holder release this (or similar) media under a free license, or by creating new media yourself (for example, by taking your own photograph of the subject).

If you have uploaded other non-free media, consider checking that you have specified how these media fully satisfy our non-free content criteria. You can find a list of description pages you have edited by clicking on this link. Note that even if you follow steps 1 and 2 above, non-free media which could be replaced by freely licensed alternatives will be deleted 2 days after this notification (7 days if uploaded before 13 July 2006), per the non-free content policy. If you have any questions, please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Eeekster (talk) 02:59, 31 October 2014 (UTC)[reply]

Clarification of LF notions

Hi Sofia, May's idea is really condensed. Here's what I can interpret from his proposal on the two sentences "What did everyone buy for Max?" and "Who bought everything for Max?", which have a LF listed in (6) and (7).

Interaction of wh-phrase and quantifier on LF

Every sentences have a (at least one) LF but not every LF corresponds to the surface structure (SS). For example, LF of (1) corresponds to its SS, whereas that of (2) doesn't.

(1) What did he like?
SS: [_CP what_i did [_TP he like t_i]]
LF: [_CP what_i did [_TP he like t_i]]

(2) Who liked what?
SS: [_CP who_i [_TP t_i liked what]]
LF: [_CP what_j+who_i [_TP t_i liked t_j]]
(To interpret a multiple wh-question (which calls for pair-list answers), the two wh-phrases "who" and "what" are analyzed to move to the same [Spec, CP], cf. Haegeman (1994:502-503))

Similarly, a sentence with quantifiers may have one or two LFs depending on if there's a scopal interaction, as in (3-4). Note that quantifiers have to raise to adjoin to a syntactic category from its original position to get interpreted (cf. Heim and Kratzer 1998: 217).

(3) Everyone loves Sofia.
SS: [_TP everyone loves Sofia]]
LF: [_TP everyone_i [_TP t_i loves Sofia]]
(This LF has the meaning "For all x, x is people, x loves Sofia".)

(4) Everyone loves someone.
SS: [_TP everyone loves someone]]
LF1: [_TP everyone_i [_TP someone_j [_TP ti loves tj]]]
(LF1 has the meaning "For all x, x is people, there is y, y is people, x loves y").

LF2: [_TP someone_j [_TP everyone_i [_TP t_i loves t_j]]]
(LF2 has the meaning "There is y, y is people, for all x, x is people, x loves y.)"

Note that the analysis that (4) has two LFs and thus derives the ambiguity, which is proposed by May (1977), however, is rejected by himself in his (1985) book. The reason is that sentences with two quantifiers are structurally similar to those with two wh-questions with respect to the superiority condition (cf. SKS: 296).

(5a) Who liked what?
(5b) *What did who like?

(5b) is ungrammatical because "what" moves over a c-commanding "who":
(5b) = *[_CP What_i did [_TP who like t_i]]?

May argues that the same reason applies to the LF1 of (4), which should be an ungrammatical syntactic structure on LF (notice that the two movements crossover in both cases, which is the reason assumed to cause ungrammaticality):
LF1: *[_TP everyone_i [_TP someone_j [_TP t_i loves tj]]]

Thus, May argues that (4) has only one LF (i.e., the LF2 above) but he revises definition of c-command so that "someone" and "everyone" can mutually c-command each other, which gives the ambiguity:

(4) Everyone loves someone.
LF: [_TP someone_j [_TP everyone_i [_TP t_i loves t_j]]]

That's why he also analyzes (6) as having one LF but two interpretations due to "what" and "everyone" can c-command each other (in his definition of c-command, which refers to the maximal projection that contains both "what" and "everyone", that is, CP.)

(6) What did everyone buy for Max?
SS: [_CP what_j did [_TP everyone_i [_TP t_i buy t_j for Max]]]
LF: [_CP what_j did [_TP everyone_i [_TP t_i buy t_j for Max]]]

As for (7), he stipulates that "everything" adjoins to VP but not TP, by which only "who" c-commands "everything" but not vice versa. Since "who" asymmetrically c-commands "everything", the LF only gives one interpretation.

(7) Who bought everything for Max?
SS: [_CP who_i [_TP t_i [_VP ti bought everything for Max]]]
LF: [_CP who_i [_TP t_i [_VP everything_j [_VP t_i bought t_j for Max]]]]

--Lingfan (talk) 02:45, 2 November 2014 (UTC)[reply]