User talk:Daizus/Drafts

Bodnaraş

DI

- Comisie constitutionala 1952 EB (GGD, Chisinevski)

Constitutia RPR din 27 septembrie 1952 Mihaela Cristina Verzea pp 22-26 1952: The Constitution of People's Republic of Romania DI nr 8(84) 2003

Odata cu instalarea lui EB (membru al PB al CC al PMR) in fruntea MAN (24 dec 1947) si preluarea completa a conducerii politice in stat, PMR a declansat actiunea de sovietizare a armatei prin copierea modelului sovietic de organizare militara si politica, schimbare a doctrinei de aparare si lupta, determinate, intre altele, si de includerea Romaniei in sistemul strategic al Sovietelor, la inceputul Razboiului rece.

- consilieri militari sovietici ~ Min Fortelor Armate (MAN)

- gen lt Kolganov, sed. Sec CC PMR 9 ian 50

- gen lt K.S. Melnik, sed. PB CC PMR 2 sep 52 - fortificatii

- gen lt Smirnov, gen. maior Golofkin, rap. 0031 24 apr 54 - numire de cadre

Scurta cronica a consilierilor (1948/1949 - 1959/1960) Teofil Oroian pp 28-32 Soviet counsellors in the Romanian army: A brief historical perspective DI nr 12(88) 2003

Historia

nota: acuzata de plagiarism in repetate randuri de MI si DI (!!)

More online refs

Les partis communistes d'Europe, 1919-1955 By Branko M. Lazic, Branko Lazitch

Published 1956 p 105

Né en 1904, originaire de Bukovine, province ayant appartenu avant 1918 à l'Autriche, issu d'une famille ukrainienne, il a changé son nom de Bodnariuk en Bodnaras afin de pouvoir devenir officier de l'armée royale roumaine, où les éléments étrangers avaient des difficultés à s'introduire. Il sortit de l'Académie militaire de Bucarest en 1923, premier de sa promotion. Mais sa carrière d'officier d'artillerie, qui s'annonçait brillante, fut interrompue à la suite d'un conflit avec un membre de la famille royale. Transféré par mesure disciplinaire dans une garnison de Bessarabie, il entra en contact avec des éléments communistes. Sous leur influence, Bodnaras devint agitateur communiste au sein de l'armée. Condamné à cinq ans de prison, il s'évada, franchit la frontière russo-roumaine et se fixa en URSS.

Rentré avec l'Armée rouge en 1944, il fut nommé, en mars 1945, lors de la formation du gouvernement Groza, secrétaire général à la présidence du Conseil et entra au Politbureau du Parti communiste. Chargé tout particulièrement de l'organisation de la police politique secrète, il garda cette fonction jusqu'à l'abdication du roi Michel. En décembre 1947, il fut nommé ministre de la Défense nationale et vice-président du conseil des ministres.

Il accompagna G. Dej à la conférence des pays communistes à Varsovie en mai 1955. Lors du remaniement gouvernemental d'octobre 1955, il céda à son adjoint le

ministère de la Défense nationale et conserva le poste du premier vice-président du gouvernement.

Red Horizons: The True Story of Nicolae and Elena Ceausescus' Crimes, Lifestyle, and Corruption By Lt Ion Mihai Pacepa

Published 1990 Regnery Publishing ISBN 0895267462

pp 255-256 to summarize Ceausescu's fictional account of Bodnaras influential role in distancing Romania from USSR (GGD-Hru->Ceaus-Stal)

pp 357-358

Between Ceausescu and Bodnaras there existed long-standing and very close ties. As one who had been given political asylum during World War II in the Soviet Union, where he became a member of the Soviet Communist Party, Bodnaras was made general and minister of defense after the Communists took over Romania. One of his priorities as new minister of defense was to dispatch a small team of fanatic Romanian Communists to a special military school in Moscow to be hastily trained and to become his closest aides. Among them was the young Nicolae Ceausescu. When the team graduated, Moscow indicated that Ceausescu was the most dedicated and asked that he be made general and appointed to the most important job at that time, "political commisar of the military forces." (footnote: In those days, the Romanian name for this position was chief of the General Political Directorate. The name of this body was changed later to Higher Political Council, as it is called today {my note: at the time of the publishing}. As of 1985, its chief was Ceausescu's brother, Ilie Ceausescu.)

Thus Ceausescu became Bodnaras's closest collaborator and the most zealous general involved in transforming the traditional Romanian military forces into a Soviet-style Red Army. In April 1954, during the tense days following Stalin's death and the fight to wash away all public trace of his hideous personality cult, the Kremlin proposed that Bucharest abolish the position of general secretary of the Party and replace it with a four-man secretariat. At Bodnaras's suggestion, the Kremlin insisted that the Moscow-educated General Ceausescu to be one of the four, and that he supervise the military and security forces.

pp 130-131

(about Ceausescu '65->) A few other leaders from the "old guard" were blackmailed, recruited, and finally installed as the "new guard". Compromising materials and microphones were kept hanging over their heads like swords of Damocles to ensure their loyalty. The most important of them was a four-star general, Emil Bodnaras, who was a member of the Politburo, former minister of national defense, and Ceausescu's mentor. Blackmailed for his personal admiration of Stalin and for his secret memebership in Lavrenti Beria's state security organization, Bodnaras agreed to transfer his loyalty to his former subordinate. The microphones installed all around him proved that he really did remain loyal the rest of his life.

The Communist States at the Crossroads Between Moscow and Peking By Adam Bromke

Published 1965 p 247

The Soviet-trained Emil Bodnaras is still a full member of the Politburo and enjoys considerable influence.

Eastern Europe in Transition By Kurt London, Institute of Social Studies (Netherlands)

Published 1966 Johns Hopkins Press p 101

Emil Bodnaras, who was born in the Bukovina of a Ukrainian father and a German mother, resided in the Soviet Union most of the time between 1933 and 1944, and who remains to this day a prominent member of the nativist leadership.

Romania, Most Favored Nation Status: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on European Affairs of the ...

By United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Subcommittee on European Affairs Published 1986

{page missing} In Rumania it was Emil Bodnaras. a former colonel in the I Soviet Army during World War II whose real name was Bodnarenko {my note: confusion with Pantiusha?}. In 1945, backed by the Red Army, he had been the main person behind the overthrow of the recently elected Rumanian democratic government.

Between past and future: civil-military relations in the post-communist Balkans By Biljana Vankovska, Håkan Wiberg

Published 2003 I.B.Tauris ISBN 1860646247 p 115

Gradually, the Romanian military estabilishment was reorganized in accordance with the Soviet model. Soviet surveillance was strengthened through the appointment of Emil Bodnaras as the first post-war defence minister in 1947. Given his exile in Moscow during the war years, he was considered as a reliable cadre. When the Soviet troops voluntarily withdrew, the Soviet leadership trusted the RCP because of its appropriate behavior during the crises in Eastern Germany and Hungary. However, the Soviet confidence had been built on false assumptions. The successful consolidation of the RCP's power and the strengthening of its self-confidence increased nationalism. This was first evidences by Romania's change of course in foreign policy and afterwards by dramatic internal reforms. The stress on the primacy of national goals resulted in antagonism with the USSR. Romania gained the reputation of being "a deviant state" or "a naughty boy" among the WHO members. This kind of turnabout had been predicted to a smaller degree during the period when Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, the leader of the post-war epoch, headed the Party and the state. The political transformation was definitely completed after his death in 1965, when Nicolae Ceausescu estabilished absolute power.

Rovine

CMH

The Cambridge Medieval History, vol. IV, The Eastern Roman Empire (717-1453), Macmillan, New York, 1923

J. B. Bury (planned by), J. R. Tanner, C. W. Previte-Orton, Z. N. Brooke (eds.)

p561

Bājazīd's next object was to crush Mirčea. Followed by his unwilling Serbian dependents, "the king's son, Marko", and Constantine, he invaded Wallachia, and at Rovine on 10 October 1394 gained a victory with heavy loss of life.

Marele Mircea Voievod

Ion Pătroiu (ed.), Bucureşti, 1987

p379

deci, după întoarcerea sultanului acasă şi "cu dînşii", deci, "cu românii", fără specificarea numelui voievodului.

Ajunşi în acest punct, trebuie să facem precizarea ca numele lui Vlad, cu domnia sa efemeră, nu este cunoscut [...] Dincolo de ştirile, pe care le dau [Bonfinus?] şi Thuroczi, despre rivalitatea Mircea-Vlad (confundat cu "Daan"), şi după cererea de ajutor de la otomani, făcută de Vlad 82, mai importante sunt menţiunile surselor oficiale emanate de regalitatea maghiară, implicată în ultima parte a "episodului Vlad". Ne interesează aici două asemenea menţiuni: una (într-o diplomă a lui Sigismund din 8 dec. 1397) potrivit căreia "duşmanosul Vlad voievodul" sau "cel care se da drept voievod" „fusese pus ci ridicat de [...] noastre Ţări Româneşti", cu el aflîndu-se "o mare oaste de turci şi de valahi" 83; a doua (privind pe solul trimis în martie 1396 la Vlad) 84, despre încercarea fostului aliat al lui Mircea de a intra în tratative, în primavara lui 1396, cu Vlad.

Documentele cancelariei maghiare nu vorbesc însă despre vreo plată

[...]

din nou" (eveniment plasat însă înainte de asediul Istanbulului şi de bătalia de la Nikopole) 86. Nu poate fi vorba în aceste condiţii, de o pace propriu-zisă, şi nici de vreo obligaţie asumată de Mircea (tribut etc.), ci de un simplu răgaz, un armistiţiu.

Pentru Orudj bin Adil (mort spre sfîrşitul sec. al XV-lea), care, în mare repetă scenariul lui Enveri, deci, fără să vorbească de o victorie propriu-zisă

p423

teritoriul Ţării Româneşti, cu prilejul expediţiei organizate împotriva acesteiea de Baiazid Yildirim. Dacă din cronicile lui Enveri şi Mehmed Neşri, şi chiar din cea a lui Oruç bin Adil 193 se ştie ca aşa-zisa luptă de la Rovine avusese loc

Philippe de Mézières

Ils les ont conquis par vaillance d'armes et par règle bien gardée en leur host, comme il appert de la de la bataille de l'Amourath, qu'il ot contre ung prince den contrées de la Walaquie, appellé Lazère, eu laquelle bataille l'Amourath fu mors vaillamment, et un ou deux de ses fils, et y perdi plus de XXm Turs qui furent mors, et le dit Lazère perdi aussi environ XXm crestiens, et fu ceste bataille VII ans a ou environ. Et son fils aussi Baxeth, environ trois ans a passés, ot une autre bataille contre les Walaquiens en laquelle il fu desconfis à plain et perdi environ XXXm Turs qui furent mors en la bataille, et grant planté de crestiens aussi furent mors, ne aux dictes deux batailles ne se trouvèrent hommes d'armes françois, anglois ne alemans, qui en pompes et en orgueil se reputent si vaillans.

Other Google Books

Books with full pages (in full or partial view of the entire book):

Kenneth Meyer Setton - The Papacy and the Levant 1204-1571, vol I (esp. p. 341)
Pete F. Sugar - Southeastern Europe Under Ottoman Rule, 1354-1804 (A History of East-Central Europe, vol. V) (esp. p. 22)
N.P. Zacour - The impact of the Crusades on Europe (1989) (esp. pp. 250-252)