User talk:Claudia Paez/sandbox
You have a lot of great information in this article and many useful sources. I did note some grammatical errors that I have listed below. I think it would be beneficial to list relevant species here, and to expand the Function section out a bit. An interesting thing about this adaptation is how it might benefit the fungi and how it utilizes resources where there is no food. Overall, I think you have a great basis for your page and I am excited to see the finished product.
Below I have outlined some things that I think can help you produce a strongly worded Wikipedia article. These are pieces of quotes from your wikipedia sandbox and the general information is not my own but is simply quoted to convey grammatical changes.
First section: “Rhizomorph are a special morphological adaptation root like form”
“These root like forms are composed of a differentiated…some species of fungi, such as…”
“Species of fungi that are well known and studied for their easy production…”
“This genus is known to be a pathogen…”
“…most complex structures produced by fungi, due to this highly differentiated tissue. Fungi that are composed of these structure…”
Rhizomorph are sometimes called mycelial cords, although they have…”
What is the citation “R. A. Koch & Aime…” in paragraph 3? Is this formatted correctly?
Development section: “…submerged thallus that produces mycelium…increase of oxygen, morphogenesis occurs giving rise to pseudo…”
“…surrounded by a thick, mealanized wall that…”
“…inner part is composed of what is called the medulla and central line.”
“…flatter unmelanized form is more common…can be found in the root systems of trees.”
Function section: “Rhizomorph act as a system of underground fungi that invade and decay roots and wood.”
“It is able to access places where food resources are not available, giving certain advantages.”
“These root-like adaptations…”
Evolution section: “…in the Armillaria group is the species.”
“…mushroom forming species that produced unmelanized rhizomorph in-vitro, but no rhizomorph formation in nature.”
“…sp. Is exposed…melanized rhizomorph, these conditions…”
“in nature, and it is thought that the function of melanin is responsible for the survival and protection of rhizomorph…”
Good luck in your writing and I hope these suggestions have been helpful. KristinDunn (talk) 16:20, 20 February 2019 (UTC)
Comments from Emily
[edit][As your peer review partner noted, you have a lot of great content here, but there are quite a few places where the grammar isn't quite correct. She made a lot of notes of these on your talk page, above, please go through and read those sentences again and correct the wording. I will also try to bold some of these areas below, that need your attention.]
Rhizomorph
[edit]Rhizomorph are a special morphological adaptation root like form [grammar, and wording at the end needs to be clarified, and you need to say at the end of this first sentence that these are structures found in fungi, since most people will assume they are found in plants.]. These root like form [do you mean root-like structures? That is probably a better way to describe them] are composed of a differentiated aggregation [this is too technical for wikipedia, find a more basic way of describing this] of hyphae that are found in some species of fungi [1], such as Meruliporia, Serpula and Armillaria species.[Are these the only genera of fungi that have these structures? How widespread is rhizomorph occurrence across fungi, and how well has it been studied? You need to give more information about how much we know about their occurrence in fungi here/][2]. Species of fungi that are well known and studied for their easy production ["easy" is not the right word to use here; do you mean "abundant"?] of these structures in-vitro belong to Armillaria genus, which is known to be a pathogen and saprotroph of trees and shrubs [3].
Rhizomorphs are known to be the most complex structures produced by fungi, due to their' highly differentiated tissue You haven't described what you mean by differentiated tissue, you need to do that before this statement. A basic description of what these structures are needs to come before this point in the text.] [4]. Fungi that possess these structures can compete and grow [grow, not growth] in harsh conditions [5]. These root-like adaptations can also'cause destruction to homes, and plantations like Meruliporia and Serpula species [more information is needed here, and this needs to be rephrased. For example, it should say something like "plantations of crop plants, such as X and Y", but are there other examples of ways that these plants are destructive? And HOW are they destructive? It's not immediately obvious how little fungal hyphae can cause damage, you need to explain this.].[4].
[This paragraph should be moved to the development and morphology section below, it would fit better there, but it's also not clear why this specific statement about the rhizomorphs in one group is interesting? How does this link to other information about their structure and development?]All fungi species that belongs [grammar] to theArmillaria group form melanized (dark or brown due to formation of melanin) rhizomorphs [when used this way, rhizomorph is plural, and you need to put an 's' at the end of the word in nature with exception of Desarmillaria tabescence (formerly, Armillaria tabescence) but they produce unmelanized rhizomorph in culture[6].
Rhizomorph are sometimes called mycelial cords, although, [remove comma] they [it is not clear who this "they" is referring to, rhizomorphs or mycelial cords?] have differentiated tissue mycelium [should be mycelia if this is plural], apically dominant growing tips, can transport oxygen [comma needed here] and has [should be "have"] the characteristic to have [remove these words and just say "have a water resistant surface] water resistant surface, while mycelial cord this is plural, s is needed at the end of the word] are undifferentiated aggregation same thing, please make sure you are using plurals appropriately] of hyphae [4]. Both structures serve as nutrient, water absorption and translocation as well as a colonizer to new substrate [please fix the grammar here][4].
Development and Morphology
[edit]The development of the' rhizomorph begins with a submerged thallus that produces mycelium (hypha biomass) and when there is a nutrient deprivation and increase of oxygen, morphogenesis occurs giving rise to pseudo or microsclerotia [what are these? Brief description here is needed], which precede rhizomorph development [7]. Concentrations of oxygen play an important role in the production of rhizomorphs, please be sure you are making this plural', [this should be a period and start a new sentence with "when". When there is high concentration of oxygen in the atmosphereadd comma rhizomorph production increases [8].As well as soil moisture, temperature and pH [5] [this is a sentence fragment, please add it to the previous sentence appropriately]
Rhizomorphs contain more than five types of tissues, all with different functions [5]. The outer layers are mucilage surrounded by a thick, melanized wall that serves as protection for the colonization of other microorganism [this doesn't make sense; they are protecting the colonization of other microorganisms, meaning they are protecting those microorganisms and making it possible for them to colonize? Or are they protecting AGAINST colonization by other microorganisms? please clarify] [5]. The inner part its composed of what is called the medulla and central line [5] [You've described three tissues here, not five. Please clarify what ALL FIVE are and describe them separately].
Rhizomorphs can be cylindrical or flatter type, [please find a more scientific way of saying this] melanized or unmelanized, respectively [adding "respectively" means that melanized is only associated with cylindrical, and unmelanized is only associated with the flatter type. If that is correct, fine, but if no, please remove the word "respectively"]. The flatter, comma needed unmelanized form is more common under the bark of trees and the cylindrical melanized rhizomorph can be found in the root systems of trees[1].
Function
[edit]Rhizomorphs act as a system of underground fungi that invade and decay roots and wood, respectively [here this word is definitely not appropriate, please remove it] [9]. It is [So at this point rhizomorphs definitely needs to be treated as plural, please make sure you update the grammar accordingly] able to access places where food resources are not available [5], giving certain advantages to the fungi that produce them in terms of competition and diversification [has it actually been shown that fungi with rhizomorphs diversify at a higher rate? If not, then please remove this word and just say "competition"] [9]. They act as an extension of Armillaria species [It's not just Armillaria, so why use this specific genus name here? This is how they behave in all the fungi where they occur, right, so just say they act as an extension of the fungal body and allow it to infect, etc. There is no reason to reference a specific genus] to the host and allow the fungus to infect, disseminate and survive for long periods of time[5].
This root-like adaptations possess [grammar] a medulla and central line which are responsible for water, nutrient, and gas transportation[5]. The transportation of oxygen occurs from the base of rhizomorphs to the growing part of the fungi (tips), rhizomorphs that live under free oxygen condition are able to absorb and transport nutrients [this needs to be a separate sentence][5] . [it's not clear why these sentences are separate from the above paragraphs, please integrate them into what's above]
Evolution of rhizomorph [again, need an "s" here] in Armillaria species
[edit]One of the earliest divergent [please don't use these words] genera in the Armillaria group is the specie Desarmillaria tabescens[6]. Desarmillaria [just say "This"] specie is known to be an exanulated (no ring-like structure) [please fix grammar here to make this a complete thought, e.g., "it does not produce a ring-like structure" (and what do you mean by ring-like structure??)] mushroom forming species that produced [grammar] unmelanized rhizomorphs in-vitro, but no rhizomorphs formation [you do not need this word, you've already used the word "forming" earlier in the sentence] in nature[10]. Although when Desarmillaria specie is exposed to high levels of oxygen and moisture can produce melanized rhizomorph [11], these conditions together are not found in nature, where these fungi it’s present [several grammatical issues in this sentence, please fix][6]. The next lineage to diverge after Desarmillaria belong to Africa and has shown minimum production of rhizomorph in nature but always present in-vitro [12] [please rephrase this sentence and remove entirely the words "the next lineage to diverge". Just name specifically the other genera and whether or not they have rhizomorphs.]
Rhizomorph traits can be found in all species of the Armillaria group [what about other fungi??] but it appears that the most recently diverged species are adapted to melanized rhizomorph [What is the significance of this? you haven't discussed melanin's role at all, only to mention that they either are or are not melanized. You need to have some discussion above, in the development and structure section, about what the supposed role of melanin is, and then that would be the appropriate place to include this melanin-specific information, rather than putting it here.] in nature[10], and it is thought that the function of melanin is responsable [fix spelling] for the survival and protection of rhizomorph or any other structures that have melanin [ok, but how and why? More information is needed for this to make sense] [13].
- ^ a b Webster, John; Weber, Roland (2007). Introduction to Fungi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780511809026.
- ^ Yafetto, Levi; Davis, Diana J.; Money, Nicholas P. (2009). "Biomechanics of invasive growth by Armillaria rhizomorphs". Fungal Genetics and Biology. 46 (9): 688–694. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2009.04.005. ISSN 1087-1845.
- ^ Shattock, Richard (2006). "Diseases of Trees and Shrubs, 2nd edn - Wayne A. Sinclair and Howard H. Lyon". Plant Pathology. 55 (3): 468–468. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2006.01404.x. ISSN 0032-0862.
- ^ a b c d Yafetto, L. "The structure of mycelial cords and rhizomorphs of fungi: A minireview" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i Jr., Orson K. Miller; Shaw, Charles G.; Kile, Glen A. (1992). "Armillaria Root Disease, Agriculture Handbook No. 691". Mycologia. 84 (2): 270. doi:10.2307/3760266. ISSN 0027-5514.
- ^ a b c Koch, Rachel A.; Wilson, Andrew W.; Séné, Olivier; Henkel, Terry W.; Aime, M. Catherine (2017-01-25). "Resolved phylogeny and biogeography of the root pathogen Armillaria and its gasteroid relative, Guyanagaster". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 33. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0877-3. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5264464. PMID 28122504.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Lopez-Real, J.M.; Swift, M.J. (1977). "Formation of pseudosclerotia ('zone lines') in wood decayed by Armillaria mellea and Stereum hirsutum". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 68 (3): 321–325. doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(77)80183-6. ISSN 0007-1536.
- ^ Rishbeth, J. (1978). "Effects of soil temperature and atmosphere on growth of Armillaria rhizomorphs". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 70 (2): 213–220. doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(78)80033-3. ISSN 0007-1536.
- ^ a b Townsend, Brenda B. (1954). "Morphology and development of fungal Rhizomorphs". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 37 (3): 222–233. doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(54)80004-0. ISSN 0007-1536.
- ^ a b Henkel, Terry W.; Smith, Matthew E.; Aime, M. Catherine (2010). "Guyanagaster, a new wood-decaying sequestrate fungal genus related to Armillaria (Physalacriaceae, Agaricales, Basidiomycota)". American Journal of Botany. 97 (9): 1474–1484. doi:10.3732/ajb.1000097. ISSN 0002-9122.
- ^ Mihail, Jeanne D.; Bruhn, Johann N.; Leininger, Theodor D. (2002). "The effects of moisture and oxygen availability on rhizomorph generation by Armillaria tabescens in comparison with A. gallica and A. mellea". Mycological Research. 106 (6): 697–704. doi:10.1017/s0953756202005920. ISSN 0953-7562.
- ^ SWIFT, M. J. (1972). "The Ecology of Armillaria mellea Vahl (ex Fries) in the Indigenous and Exotic Woodlands of Rhodesia". Forestry. 45 (1): 67–86. doi:10.1093/forestry/45.1.67. ISSN 0015-752X.
- ^ Rizzo, D. M.; Blanchette, R. A.; Palmer, M. A. (1992). "Biosorption of metal ions by Armillaria rhizomorphs". Canadian Journal of Botany. 70 (8): 1515–1520. doi:10.1139/b92-190. ISSN 0008-4026.