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Women's Action Alliance

What is missing from the original article on Wikipedia?

• What the Women's Action Alliance accomplished
• How did they go about their political agendas and succeed where they did?
• Who were some key players? Possibly some more about Gloria Steinem and Dorothy Pitman Hughes.
• Why did it dissolve in 1997?

SOURCES (so far)

• Toce, Sarah. "Gloria Steinem recounts 'Life on the Road,' legacy." Windy City Times, 14 Oct. 2015, p. 13+. Gender Studies Collection, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=PPGB&sw=w&u=northwestern&v=2.1&id=GALE%7CA432273562&it=r. Accessed 9 Oct. 2017.
• Wagner, Bernadette. "'Women's' work unnoticed, unrecognized, unpaid." Canadian Dimension, May-June 2007, p. 16+. Gender Studies Collection, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=PPGB&sw=w&u=northwestern&v=2.1&id=GALE%7CA164628763&it=r. Accessed 9 Oct. 2017.
• Whittier, Nancy. "PERSISTENCE and TRANSFORMATION Gloria Steinem, the Women's Action Alliance, and the Feminist Movement, 1971 - 1997." Journal of Women's History, vol. 14, no. 2, Summer2002, pp. 148-150. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=fmh&AN=6969475&site=ehost-live.
• Miller, Marla R. "Tracking the Women's Movement through the Women's Action Alliance." Journal of Women's History, vol. 14, no. 2, Summer2002, pp. 154-156. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=fmh&AN=6969326&site=ehost-live.
• Williamson, Jane, et al. Women's Action Almanac : A Complete Resource Guide. Women's Action Almanac : a Complete Resource Guide., 1980. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=fmh&AN=ERI-EWRI009360&site=ehost-live.
• Feminist Coalitions
• Alcohol and Drugs Are Women's Issues

Women's Action Alliance

The Women's Action Alliance (WAA) was a feminist organization in the United States, founded in 1971 during the Women's Movement. It was founded by Gloria Steinem and Dorothy Pitman-Hughes. Steinem is a noted journalist, activist, and feminist leader. Upon its founding the Women's Action Alliance announced to the press its mission: "to assist women working on practical, local action projects; projects that attack the special problems of social dependence, discrimination, and limited life alternatives they face because they are women". The founders noted that the group was the "natural result of the success of the Women's Movement to date," now that both women and men had begun to see "depth and destructiveness of sex-role conditioning". By marshaling their considerable access to expertise in many fields, the founding members of the WAA sought to serve the "large numbers of women who want to change their lot in life." It made many contributions to the Women's Movement and to American women, including helping to open the first battered women's shelters.

The board of directors of the Women's Action Alliance included several notable feminists such as Bella Abzug and Shirley Chisholm. Gloria Steinem chaired the board from 1971-1978.

The Women's Action Alliance was dissolved in 1997.

The WAA's Establishment

The formation of the National Organization for Women (NOW)

Women's Action Alliance's Initiatives

The Women's Action Alliance was known to many women and was a source of help to them. Women would write to them to "change their lot in life" and ask about services the feminist organization could steer them towards. A lot of early correspondence was sent to the WAA asking for referrals to women or feminist professionals of all kind (psychologists, lawyers, doctors, etc.) and some even asked about starting feminist organizations or chapters in their vicinities. A way that the WAA came up with all of these referrals and sources to send to these women who asked for such things was to gather from other women directly. Pamphlets would be sent out asking that any woman who belongs to a women's group to send their work and info so the WAA could direct other women in their areas to them when prompted. The same went for those women and feminist doctors and lawyers; women would send in names of women professionals and those specifically interested in helping women.

National Women's Agenda

One goal the Alliance had was to create a national agenda to move towards more feminist legislation. The WAA members and other women organizations were wary about the government’s control over certain aspects of women’s lives such as reproductive rights and other laws. In January of 1975, President Gerald Ford founded the National Commission on the Observance of International Women’s Year (IWY Commission). This, along with other commissions that began during the John F. Kennedy administration, issued reports that would impose change in the federal and state government but many groups including the National Organization for Women (NOW) and other independent feminist groups continued to push "hard from the outside to ensure that the government's cautious advocacy for women did not remain the only vehicle to improve women's status and expand their opportunities." This led the Women's Action Alliance to mobilize and create the National Women's Agenda.

After writing to many organizations such as the National Women's Political Caucus (NWPC), the Girl Scouts, the National Conference of Puerto Rican Women and the National Council of Negro Women, they had 70 groups respond by May and 24 eventually participated in creating this agenda. The agenda they came up with advocated for a ton of different causes and problems women and marginalized people faced. It touched on fair representation in different aspects of the government and other areas, end to racial and cultural stereotyping, working women as well as homemakers as workers, women in poverty (who they deemed as the most vulnerable), women affected by the criminal justice system especially those pertaining to victimless crimes (i.e. prostitution), and bodily autonomy and integrity.

The group had issues with representation, racism and diversity within those planning the agenda as well but was able to get 94 organizations from an expansive group of women's groups and labor unions, including

• American Association of University Women (AAUW)
• National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs
• Lutheran Church Women
• Girls Clubs
• Planned Parenthood
• National Association of Social Workers
• National Association for Women Deans, Administrators, and Counselors
• Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
• Future Homemakers of America
• NCJW
• National Coalition of American Nuns
• Women Strike for Peace
• YWCA
• Amalgamated Clothing Workers
• American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (AFSCME)
• NOW
• National Abortion Rights Action League (NARAL)
• NWPC
• National Association of Commissions for Women
• Citizen's Advisory Council on the Status of Women
• Feminist Press
• Women's Legal Defense Fund
• Federally Employed Women
• National Gay Task Force
• Lesbian Feminist Liberation
• Mattachine Society
• National Council of Negro Women
• National Conference of Puerto Rican Women
• National Black Feminist Organization
• National Institute of Spanish-Speaking Women
• Mujer Integrate Ahora (MIA)
• National Committee on Household Employment (NCHE)
• National Congress of Neighborhood Women

The NWA was eventually overshadowed by the National Plan of Action (the Plan) created by the National Women's Conference in Houston, which had gained the approval of 2,000 delegates at this federally funded national women's conference (the first of its kind). There were differences between the two; one was the language used to express their plans and expectations, with the Houston plan being more "expansive" and the NWA being more "terse." The Plan also talked more about minority women while the NWA in turn had "a clearer statement on a welfare program." The NWA had a more structured and forward stance on health care whereas the Houston plan had more specific words regarding "abortion, asserting support for the Supreme Court decisions and proposing inclusion in all plans to provide health care." The National Women's Agenda Project collapsed in 1980 while the WAA continued for almost 20 more years.

Non-Sexist Childhood Development Initiative

One initiative WAA had was to combat what they saw as the sexist way children - boys and girls - were being taught in preschools. In September of 1977, Barbara Sprung, director of the Non-Sexist Child Development Project, wrote about the initiative in Parents Magazine. This project was started because of the aforementioned letters they received from women across the United States; some expressing concerns because of the sexism in their children's school when it came to gender roles and gender conformity. The group did some digging into the "unfair sex-role-stereotyping" that went on in early childhood development and after finding problems, decided to start this project. The program received funding from different foundations.

To investigate this sex-role conditioning, WAA directors Carol Shapiro and Catherine Samuels started setting up programs to address this sexism in preschools issue. They saw that the "sex stereotypes have already been learned" by the time children got to higher grade levels, after having been fed this "sexist" ideals of life. This is when they put Sprung in charge of the project, as she used to be a teacher in early childhood development. In the fall of 1973, they launched the program in four childhood education centers in New York.

Sprung writes that they believe this gender typecasting is harmful to both genders of young children. They cite that boys are taught not to cry and don't play with certain toys like dolls, whereas girls are expected to play quietly and stay clean.

The program stood on four components.

• "In-Service teacher training": This was a way for WAA staff could teach the current teachers and school staff on the harmful effects that were currently being taught. This allowed for them to (theoretically) keep going after the WAA left the schools.
• "Parent education": This helped parents of the students identify what was harmful to teach children to break this cycle of sexist learning and conditioning. This would also bring these principles home and keep the education for the children going.
• "Curriculum development": Along with teaching current, local staff about the initiative, they also came up with a curriculum to essentially teach the core lesson to children. This lesson was "to help children understand that men and women do all kinds of work both inside and outside the home, and that human beings are free to choose what the want to be regardless of their sex and race."
• "The development of non-sexist, multi-racial materials": To combat this sex-stereotyping that was going on in preschools, the WAA wanted to include diverse, positive, non-sexist representation in the learning materials, toys and books surrounding the children.

As a result of these four components, the WAA in these four preschools did many things like take the children to see different genders in "unusual" jobs, unusual just based on what society has taught them was normal up to this point (i.e. a woman in a boss-like position). As stated before, once the WAA left these facilities, they still expected the work to continue and one of the ways they helped this along was with the development of a curriculum guide called Non-Sexist Education for Young Children: A Practical Guide. This was monumental as providing the first non-sexist early education materials for the classroom.

Women's Alcohol and Drug Education Project

Established in 1987 by the Women's Action Alliance, the Women's Alcohol and Drug Education Project was intended to meet the lacking need of substance abuse help for women, especially women of color and those in poverty.  Paula Roth who was director of the project in 1990, wrote a book titled "Alcohol and Drugs Are Women's Issues." It is two volumes and had a goal of expressing these two issues in a way to start a new conversation around these abused substances. Another goal of these books was to highlight the fact that these were "critical women's issues."

Much like with the preschool initiative, the project set up model programs to test at six women's centers across America. The main reach was to set up and integrate an alcohol and drug component into the work already being done with the women at these shelters. Substance abuse prevention was also a priority along with intervention activities. They put substance abuse in the context of women's issues, stating that whether it was the woman who was addicted or a person in her life, current events or news on this topic wouldn't reach the women in these shelters due to the fact that the women there wouldn't consume that media or information (due to lack of access to it).

In the 1970s, most rehabilitation and preventive programs were for men who were predominantly white with health insurance. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) awarded 40 grants for treatment programs specifically for women. Due to blocked state grants in 1981, projects such as this one weren't able to be funded until the late 80's.

The Women's Action Almanac

The Women's Action Alliance published a book in 1979 titled, "Women's Action Almanac; A Complete Resource Guide."  It was partly funded by the Merit Gasoline Foundation, which fueled their research and compilation of resources. Written and put together by the WAA and edited by Jane Williamson, Diane Winston and Wanda Wooten, this guide to women's issues and programs is organized by subject and includes lists of women's organizations.

The sections in the book had a strict formula when being written: summary of the "prevailing feminist perspective," background information, importance and status and current data followed by relevant women's organizations (national and local if it applied) ending with any resources that need to be listed. It carried information on the following subjects (in the order they appear in the almanac):

• Abortion
• Affirmative Action
• Battered Women
• Birth Control
• Breast Cancer
• Career Development
• Childbirth
• Child Care
• Child Support
• Commissions on the Status of Women
• Continuing Education for Women
• Credit
• Criminal Justice
• DES
• Disabled Women
• Displaced Homemakers
• Divorce
• Earnings Gap
• Employment Equal Pay for Equal Work
• Equal Rights Amendment
• Estrogen Replacement Therapy
• Executive Order 11246/11375
• Feminist Spirituality
• Financial Aid for Education
• Flexible Work Schedules
• Health Care
• Higher Education
• History
• Homemakers
• Incest
• Insurance
• International Women's Day
• International Women's Year (Includes National Plan of Action)
• Jewish Women
• Labor Union Women
• Language
• Legal Status
• Lesbian Mothers
• Lesbians
• Marriage and Equality
• Minority Women
• Name Changes
• Nonsexist Education
• Nontraditional Occupations
• Older Women
• Ordication of Women
• Pacifism and Feminism
• Politics
• Pornography
• Pregnancy Benefits
• Prostitution
• Psychology and Women
• Rape
• research and Information
• Right-Wing Attacks
• Rurual Women
• Self-Defense
• Sex Discrimination in Education
• Sex Roles
• Sex-Typing of Occupations
• Sexual Harassment on the Job
• Sexuality
• Socialist Feminism
• Social Security
• Sports
• Sterilization Abuse
• Substance Abuse
• Title IX
• Title VII
• Veterans' Preference
• Vocational Education
• Volunteerism
• Welfare and Poverty
• Women and Poverty
• Women and Development
• Women and Religion
• Women and Owners
• Women Business Owners
• Women's Arts and Media
• Women's Bookstores
• Women's Centers
• Women's Educational Equity Act
• Women's Movement
• Working-class Women

The aforementioned letters sent to the WAA from women across the country asking for advice or information sparked this almanac because they realized women needed this resource to find solutions for themselves.

This was also a place for the WAA to have a comprehensive directory of resources and services for women who need them. Their main goal with it was to "provide answers to questions on women's issues and program," and it has two parts: the above list of subjects concerning women and the second is a directory of "national women organizations and women's caucuses or divisions of national organizations."

Other Initiatives

Women didn't just write to the WAA about sexism in their schools. Due to all these inquiries and issues sent in by their followers, the WAA had many, many programs going on. "Beginning Equal," for example, was similar to the above project about gender roles in preschool in that it also started at this early development level. This one however doesn't really have as explicit a cause; it just was an observation of preschoolers, their teachers and parents, most likely a preliminary stage to the bigger project above. A couple other projects were Women With Non-Traditional Occupations and Children of Single Parents in the Schools. "Computer Equity" focused its attention on computer use by boys and girls in six states. After their research on this, they went on to use it to encourage girls to become more comfortable with technology, which is something that may not have been imposed on them as much as it was to boys. Later on, other programs like the Teenage Pregnancy Prevention project became more centralized around healthcare. This particular program mainly revolved around gathering data and information about teen pregnancy by surveying a vast number of agencies that served this demographic.

The Sophia Smith Collection of Women's Action Alliance Archives

The Women's Action Alliance, due to the extensive amount of letters it received and consistent notes taken members of the organization, there is currently a 117.25 feet of records (taking up 318 boxes) located at the Sophia Smith Collection in Northampton, Massachusetts. It is the Sophia Smith Collection's "largest processed collection" to date. Everything from the group's inception in 1971 to its disbandment in 1997 is in these files and can be viewed at the facility today.