User:Xian Sun/Nitrate
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Lead
[edit]Nitrate plays a pivotal role in plant growth and the development of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, facilitating crucial biological processes and agricultural productivity. [1] Excessive nitrate deposition resulting from human activities like fertilizer use and fossil fuel combustion poses significant environmental challenges.[2] Sustainable management practices are essential to mitigate its impact on ecosystem health and balance.
Biological roles
[edit]Nitrate is a chemical compound that serves as a primary form of nitrogen for many plants. This essential nutrient is used by plants to synthesize proteins, nucleic acids, and other vital organic molecules.[3] The transformation of atmospheric nitrogen into nitrate is facilitated by certain bacteria and lightning in the nitrogen cycle, which exemplifies nature's ability to convert a relatively inert molecule into a form that is crucial for biological productivity.[4]
Nitrates are used as fertilizers in agriculture because of their high solubility and biodegradability. The main nitrate fertilizers are ammonium, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium salts. Several billion kilograms are produced annually for this purpose.[5] The significance of nitrate extends beyond its role as a nutrient since it acts as a signaling molecule in plants, regulating processes such as root growth, flowering, and leaf development.[6]
While nitrate is beneficial for agriculture since it enhances soil fertility and crop yields, its excessive use can lead to nutrient runoff, water pollution, and the proliferation of aquatic dead zones.[7] Therefore, sustainable agricultural practices that balance productivity with environmental stewardship are necessary. Nitrate's importance in ecosystems is evident since it supports the growth and development of plants, contributing to biodiversity and ecological balance.[8]
Human Impacts on Ecosystems through Nitrate Deposition
[edit]Nitrate deposition into ecosystems has markedly increased due to anthropogenic activities, notably from the widespread application of nitrogen-rich fertilizers in agriculture and the emissions from fossil fuel combustion.[9] Annually, about 195 million metric tons of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers are used worldwide, with nitrates constituting a significant portion of this amount.[10] In regions with intensive agriculture, such as parts of the U.S., China, and India, the use of nitrogen fertilizers can exceed 200 kilograms per hectare.[10]
The impact of increased nitrate deposition extends beyond plant communities to affect soil microbial populations.[11] The change in soil chemistry and nutrient dynamics can disrupt the natural processes of nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification, leading to altered microbial community structures and functions. This disruption can further impact the nutrient cycling and overall ecosystem health.[12]
References
[edit]- ^ Wang, Junjie; Liu, Xiaochen; Beusen, Arthur H. W.; Middelburg, Jack J. (2023-12-05). "Surface-Water Nitrate Exposure to World Populations Has Expanded and Intensified during 1970–2010". Environmental Science & Technology. 57 (48): 19395–19406. doi:10.1021/acs.est.3c06150. ISSN 0013-936X. PMC 10702521. PMID 38050814.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Bashir, Ishrat; Lone, F. A.; Bhat, Rouf Ahmad; Mir, Shafat A.; Dar, Zubair A.; Dar, Shakeel Ahmad (2020), Hakeem, Khalid Rehman; Bhat, Rouf Ahmad; Qadri, Humaira (eds.), "Concerns and Threats of Contamination on Aquatic Ecosystems", Bioremediation and Biotechnology, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–26, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35691-0_1, ISBN 978-3-030-35690-3, PMC 7121614, retrieved 2024-04-18
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Zhang, Guo-Bin; Meng, Shuan; Gong, Ji-Ming (2018-11-09). "The Expected and Unexpected Roles of Nitrate Transporters in Plant Abiotic Stress Resistance and Their Regulation". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 19 (11): 3535. doi:10.3390/ijms19113535. ISSN 1422-0067. PMC 6274899. PMID 30423982.
- ^ Chuang, Hui-Ping (2018-11-26). "Insight on transformation pathways of nitrogen species and functional genes expression by targeted players involved in nitrogen cycle". Impact. 2018 (8): 58–59. doi:10.21820/23987073.2018.8.58. ISSN 2398-7073.
- ^ Laue W, Thiemann M, Scheibler E, Wiegand KW (2006). "Nitrates and Nitrites". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a17_265. ISBN 978-3527306732.
- ^ Liu, Bohan; Wu, Junyu; Yang, Shuaiqi; Schiefelbein, John; Gan, Yinbo (2020-07-25). Xu, Guohua (ed.). "Nitrate regulation of lateral root and root hair development in plants". Journal of Experimental Botany. 71 (15): 4405–4414. doi:10.1093/jxb/erz536. ISSN 0022-0957. PMC 7382377. PMID 31796961.
- ^ Bashir, Ishrat; Lone, F. A.; Bhat, Rouf Ahmad; Mir, Shafat A.; Dar, Zubair A.; Dar, Shakeel Ahmad (2020), Hakeem, Khalid Rehman; Bhat, Rouf Ahmad; Qadri, Humaira (eds.), "Concerns and Threats of Contamination on Aquatic Ecosystems", Bioremediation and Biotechnology, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–26, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35691-0_1, ISBN 978-3-030-35690-3, retrieved 2024-05-07
- ^ Kirchmann, Holger; Johnston, A. E. Johnny; Bergström, Lars F. (August 2002). "Possibilities for Reducing Nitrate Leaching from Agricultural Land". AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment. 31 (5): 404–408. Bibcode:2002Ambio..31..404K. doi:10.1579/0044-7447-31.5.404. ISSN 0044-7447. PMID 12374048.
- ^ Kanakidou, M.; Myriokefalitakis, S.; Daskalakis, N.; Fanourgakis, G.; Nenes, A.; Baker, A. R.; Tsigaridis, K.; Mihalopoulos, N. (2016-05-01). "Past, Present, and Future Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 73 (5): 2039–2047. doi:10.1175/JAS-D-15-0278.1. ISSN 0022-4928. PMC 7398418. PMID 32747838.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ a b "Global fertilizer consumption by nutrient 1965-2021". Statista. Retrieved 2024-04-20.
- ^ Li, Yuekun; Zou, Nan; Liang, Xiaojie; Zhou, Xuan; Guo, Shuhan; Wang, Yajun; Qin, Xiaoya; Tian, Yehan; Lin, Jin (2023-01-10). "Effects of nitrogen input on soil bacterial community structure and soil nitrogen cycling in the rhizosphere soil of Lycium barbarum L." Frontiers in Microbiology. 13. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.1070817. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 9871820. PMID 36704567.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Melillo, Jerry M. (2021-04). "Disruption of the global nitrogen cycle: A grand challenge for the twenty-first century: This article belongs to Ambio's 50th Anniversary Collection. Theme: Eutrophication". Ambio. 50 (4): 759–763. doi:10.1007/s13280-020-01429-2. ISSN 0044-7447. PMC 7982378. PMID 33534057.
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