Jump to content

User:Xeldarith/sandbox

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Xeldarith/sandbox
Clinical data
Pronunciation/ˈlækt[invalid input: 'jʉ']loʊz/
Trade namesCholac, Generlac, Consulose, and other
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682338
Routes of
administration		Oral
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability3% (minimal)
Metabolism100% in colon by enteric bacteria
Onset of action8 to 48 hours
Elimination half-life1.7-2 hours
ExcretionFecal
Identifiers
  • 4-O-β-D-Galactopyranosyl-β-D-fructofuranose
    OR
    (2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-((2R,3S,4S,5R)-4,5-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl) tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC12H22O11
Molar mass342.296 g/mol g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O[C@H]2[C@H](O[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O)[C@H](O[C@]2(O)CO)CO
  • InChI=1S/C12H22O11/c13-1-4-6(16)7(17)8(18)11(21-4)22-9-5(2-14)23-12(20,3-15)10(9)19/h4-11,13-20H,1-3H2/t4-,5-,6+,7+,8-,9-,10+,11+,12-/m1/s1 checkY
  • Key:JCQLYHFGKNRPGE-FCVZTGTOSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Lactulose is a non-absorbable sugar used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.[1][2] It can be used either orally or rectally depending on the condition being treated.[1] It generally begins working after eight to twelve hours but may take up to two days to improve constipation.[3][4]

Lactulose is classified as an osmotic laxative and works by increasing the water content of stool. In the intestine lactulose is broken down into organic acids, which cause the osmotic effect of the drug. It is these acids that are also believed to mediate the effects of lactulose in hepatic encephalopathy.

The most common side effects include abdominal bloating and cramps, which may improve with continued use. Higher dosages may result in diarrhea and fluid and electrolyte loss.[1]

Lactulose was first made in 1929 and has been used in humans as a medical therapy since the 1950s.[5] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.[6]

Medical uses

[edit]

Constipation

[edit]

Lactulose is used in the treatment of chronic constipation in patients of all ages as a long-term treatment.[7] Lactulose is used for chronic idiopathic constipation, i.e. chronic constipation occurring without any identifiable cause. Lactulose may be used to counter the constipating effects of opioids, and in the symptomatic treatment of hemorrhoids as a stool softener.

The dosage of lactulose for chronic idiopathic constipation is adjusted depending on the constipation severity and desired effect, from a mild stool softener to a strong, irresistible bowel movement. Dosage is reduced in case of galactosemia as most preparations contain the monosaccharide galactose due to its synthesis process.

Hyperammonemia

[edit]

Lactulose is useful in treating hyperammonemia (high blood ammonia), which can lead to hepatic encephalopathy. Lactulose helps trap the ammonia (NH3) in the colon.[8] It does this by using gut flora to acidify the colon, transforming the freely diffusible ammonia into ammonium (NH4+) which can no longer diffuse back into the blood.[9] It is also useful for preventing hyperammonemia caused as a side effect of administration of valproic acid.[10]

Lactulose for hepatic encephalopathy generally requires relatively large oral dosages three or four times a day with episodic diarrhea and constant flatulence almost a certain side effect. People who take lactulose at this level of dosage generally end up wearing an adult diaper and plastic pants for any activities away from home or at night (with a chux pad for the bed) because the diarrhea can occur swiftly and without much warning.

Small intestine bacterial overgrowth

[edit]

Lactulose is used as a test of small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). Recently the reliability of it for diagnosing SIBO has been seriously questioned.[11][12][13][14] A large amount of it is given with subsequent testing of molecular hydrogen gas in the breath. The test is positive if an increase in exhaled hydrogen occurs before that which would be expected by normal colonocyte digestion. An earlier result has been hypothesized to indicate digestion occurring within the small intestine. An alternate explanation for differences in results is the variance in small bowel transit time among tested subjects.[14]

Special Populations

[edit]

No evidence of harm to the baby has been found when used during pregnancy.[1] It is generally regarded as okay during breastfeeding.[15] It is classified as an osmotic laxative.[16]

Adverse effects

[edit]

Common side effects of lactulose are abdominal cramping, borborygmus, meteorism and pungent, noisy flatulence that some people find difficult to control in social situations. In normal individuals, overdose is considered uncomfortable, but not life-threatening.[17] Uncommon side effects are nausea and vomiting.

In sensitive individuals, such as the elderly or people with reduced kidney function, excess lactulose dosage can result in dehydration and electrolytic disturbances such as high sodium levels.

Ingestion of lactulose does not cause a weight gain because it is a nondigestible, low calorie sugar that contains only about one calorie per millitre.

Although lactulose has less potential to cause dental caries than sucrose, there is a minimal potential because it is a sugar. This should be taken into consideration when taken by people with a high susceptibility to this condition.

Pharmacology

[edit]

Mechanism of action

[edit]

It is a disaccharide (double-sugar) formed from one molecule each of the simple sugars (monosaccharides) fructose and galactose. Lactulose is not normally present in raw milk, but is a product due to the heat-processes:[18] the more the heat, the more the presence of this substance (from 3.5 mg/l in low temperature pasteurized milk to 744 mg/l in in-container sterilized milk).[19] It is produced commercially by isomerization of lactose.

Lactulose is not absorbed in the intestine nor broken down by human enzymes, and thus stays in the digestive bolus through most of its course, causing retention of water through osmosis leading to softer, easier to pass stool. It has a secondary laxative effect in the colon, where it is fermented by the gut flora, producing metabolites which have osmotic powers and peristalsis-stimulating effects (such as acetate), but also methane involved in flatulence.

Lactulose is metabolized in the colon by bacterial flora to short chain fatty acids including the production of the lactic acid and acetic acid. This partially dissociates, acidifying the colonic contents (increasing the H+ concentration in the gut).[9] This favors the formation of the nonabsorbable NH4+ from NH3, trapping NH3 in the colon and effectively reducing plasma NH3 concentrations.

The effectiveness of lactulose in treating hepatic encephalopathy is somewhat controversial.[20][21] However, lactulose can effectively be used as secondary prophylaxis of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis.[22] Moreover, recent studies showed improved cognitive functions of cirrhotic patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy treated with lactulose.[23]

Lactulose is not absorbed, does not affect the absorption of spironolactone, and may be used by diabetics. It is used in people with cirrhosis/hepatic encephalopathy to limit the proliferation of ammonia-forming gut organisms and increase the clearance of protein load in the gut.

Pharmacokinetics

[edit]

New Info To Add

[edit]

Lactulose is generally available as a pharmaceutical preparation in most countries, and occasionally as a food additive in speciality dietary products.[24]

Lactulose has been used as a food additive in some countries, such as Italy, Japan and the Netherlands, where it is used as an additive in infant formula or as a pure prebiotic.[25]


References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "Lactulose". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved Aug 11, 2015.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Ham2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Goldman, edited by Ann; Hain, Richard; Liben, Stephen (2006). Oxford textbook of palliative care for children (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 352. ISBN 9780198526537. {{cite book}}: |first1= has generic name (help)
  4. ^ Helms, Richard A. (2006). Textbook of therapeutics : drug and disease management (8 ed.). Philadelphia, Pa. [u.a.]: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1310. ISBN 9780781757348.
  5. ^ Schumann, Christian (2002-10-01). "Medical, nutritional and technological properties of lactulose. An update". European Journal of Nutrition. 41 (Supplement 1): I17. doi:10.1007/s00394-002-1103-6. PMID 12420112. S2CID 20487660. Retrieved 18 August 2015. {{cite journal}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  6. ^ "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  7. ^ Lactulose, MedlinePlus Drug Information
  8. ^ Shukla, S; Shukla, A; Mehboob, S; Guha, S (Mar 2011). "Meta-analysis: the effects of gut flora modulation using prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics on minimal hepatic encephalopathy". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 33 (6): 662–71. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04574.x. PMID 21251030. S2CID 37455679.
  9. ^ a b Patil DH, Westaby D, Mahida YR, Palmer KR, Rees R, Clark ML, Dawson AM, Silk DB (March 1987). "Comparative modes of action of lactitol and lactulose in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy". Gut. 28 (3): 255–9. doi:10.1136/gut.28.3.255. PMC 1432706. PMID 3570029.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Gerstner, T (Sep 2006). "Valproic acid induced encephalopathy--19 new cases in Germany from 1994 to 2003--a side effect associated to VPA-therapy not only in young children". Seizure : The Journal of the British Epilepsy Association. 15 (6): 443–8. doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2006.05.007. PMID 16787750. S2CID 3185454. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Vanner S (April 2008). "The lactulose breath test for diagnosing SIBO in IBS patients: another nail in the coffin". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 103 (4): 964–5. PMID 18371132.
  12. ^ Barrett JS, Irving PM, Shepherd SJ, Muir JG, Gibson PR (July 2009). "Comparison of the prevalence of fructose and lactose malabsorption across chronic intestinal disorders". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 30 (2): 165–74. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04018.x. PMID 19392860. S2CID 31378290.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Grover M, Kanazawa M, Palsson OS, Chitkara DK, Gangarosa LM, Drossman DA, Whitehead WE (September 2008). "Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in irritable bowel syndrome: association with colon motility, bowel symptoms, and psychological distress". Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 20 (9): 998–1008. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2008.01142.x. PMC 3856223. PMID 18482250.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ a b Yu D, Cheeseman F, Vanner S (March 2011). "Combined oro-caecal scintigraphy and lactulose hydrogen breath testing demonstrate that breath testing detects oro-caecal transit, not small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with IBS". Gut. 60 (3): 334–40. doi:10.1136/gut.2009.205476. PMID 21112950. S2CID 6749287.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Jones, Wendy (2013). Breastfeeding and Medication. Routledge. p. 127. ISBN 9781136178153.
  16. ^ Whitlow, Charles (2009). Improved Outcomes in Colon and Rectal Surgery. New York: Informa Healthcare. p. 366. ISBN 9781420071535.
  17. ^ http://www.usp.org/pdf/EN/referenceStandards/msds/1356803.pdf
  18. ^ M. Luzzana, D. Agnellini, P. Cremonesi, G. Caramenti, S. De Vita (September–October 2003). "Milk lactose and lactulose determination by the differential pH technique" (PDF). Le Lait. 83 (5): 409–16. doi:10.1051/lait:2003022.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ E. Marconi, M. C. Messia, A. Amine, D. Moscone, F. Vernazza, F. Stocchi, G. Palleschi (2004). "Heat-treated milk differentiation by a sensitive lactulose assay" (PDF). Food Chemistry. 84 (3): 447–50. doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00268-1. hdl:2108/12457.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Als-Nielsen B, Gluud LL, Gluud C (2004). Als-Nielsen, Bodil (ed.). "Nonabsorbable disaccharides for hepatic encephalopathy". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD003044. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003044.pub2. PMID 15106187.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ Shawcross DL, Jalan R (July 2004). "Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy: it's not lactulose". BMJ. 329 (7457): 112, author reply 112. doi:10.1136/bmj.329.7457.112. PMC 449830. PMID 15242927.
  22. ^ Sharma BC, Sharma P, Agrawal A, Sarin SK (September 2009). "Secondary prophylaxis of hepatic encephalopathy: an open-label randomized controlled trial of lactulose versus placebo". Gastroenterology. 137 (3): 885–91, 891.e1. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.05.056. PMID 19501587.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Prasad S, Dhiman RK, Duseja A, Chawla YK, Sharma A, Agarwal R (March 2007). "Lactulose improves cognitive functions and health-related quality of life in patients with cirrhosis who have minimal hepatic encephalopathy". Hepatology. 45 (3): 549–59. doi:10.1002/hep.21533. PMID 17326150. S2CID 22686421.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ Schumann
  25. ^ Branen
[edit]

Category:Laxatives Category:Gastroenterology Category:Disaccharides

Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=User:Xeldarith/sandbox&oldid=983281637"