User:Wikiwikichrissy/Real estate
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[edit]Real estate is property consisting of land and the buildings on it, along with its natural resources such as crops, minerals or water; immovable property of this nature; an interest vested in this (also) an item of real property, (more generally) buildings or housing in general.[1][2] In terms of law, real is in relation to land property and is different from personal property while estate means the "interest" a person has in that land property.[3]
Real estate is different from personal property, which is not permanently attached to the land, such as vehicles, boats, jewelry, furniture, tools and the rolling stock of a farm.
In the United States, the transfer, owning, or acquisition of real estate can be through business corporations, individuals, nonprofit corporations, fiduciaries, or any legal entity as seen within the law of each U.S. state.[4]
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[edit]History of real estate
[edit]The natural right of a person to own property as a concept can be seen as having roots in Roman law as well as Greek philosophy.[5]The profession of appraisal can be seen as beginning in England during the 1500's as agricultural needs required land clearing and land preparation. Textbook's on the subject of surveying began to be written and the term "surveying" was used in England, while the term "appraising" was more used in North America.[6] Natural law which can be seen as "universal law" was discussed among writters of the 15th and 16th century as it pertained to "property theory" and the inter-state relations dealing with foreign investments and the protection of citizens private property abroad. Natural law can be seen as having an influence in Emerich de Vattel's 1758 "Law of Nations" which conceptualized the idea of private property.[7] One of the largest initial real estate deals in history known as the "Louisiana Purchase" happened in 1803 when the Louisiana Purchase Treaty was signed. This treaty paved the way for western expansion and made the U.S. the owners of the "Louisiana Territory" as the land was bought from France for fifteen million, making each acre roughly 4 cents.[8] The oldest real estate brokrage firm was established in 1855 in Chicago, IL and was initially known as "L. D. Olmsted & Co." but is now known as "Baird & Warner."[9] In 1908, the National Association of Realtors was founded in Chicago and in 1916, the name was changed to the National Association of Real Estate Boards and this was also when the term "realtor" was coined to identify real estate professionals.[10] The stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression in the U.S. caused a major drop in real estate worth and prices and ultimately resulted in depreciation of 50% for the four years after 1929.[11] Housing financing in the U.S. was greatly affected by the Banking Act of 1933 and the National Housing Act in 1934 because it allowed for morgage insurance for home buyers and this system was implemented by the Federal Deposit Insurance as well as the Federal Housing Administration.[12] In 1938, an amendment was made to the National Housing Act and Fannie Mae which was a government agency was established which served as a secondary market for mortgages and gave lenders more money in order for new homes to be funded.[13] Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act in the U.S. which is also known as the Fair Housing Act was put into place in 1968 and dealt with the incorporation of African Americans into neighborhoods as the issues of discrimination were anlyzed with the renting, buying, and financing of homes.[14] Internet real estate as a concept began with the first appearance of real estate platforms on the World Wide Web and occured in 1999.
Residential real estate
[edit]Residential real estate may contain either a single family or multifamily structure that is available for occupation or for non-business purposes.[15]
Residences can be classified by and how they are connected to neighbouring residences and land. Different types of housing tenure can be used for the same physical type. For example, connected residences might be owned by a single entity and leased out, or owned separately with an agreement covering the relationship between units and common areas and concerns.[16]
According to the Congressional Research Service, in 2021, 65% of homes in the U.S. are owned by the occupier.[17]
- Major categories
- Attached / multi-unit dwellings
- Apartment (American English) or Flat (British English) – An individual unit in a multi-unit building. The boundaries of the apartment are generally defined by a perimeter of locked or lockable doors. Often seen in multi-story apartment buildings.
- Multi-family house – Often seen in multi-story detached buildings, where each floor is a separate apartment or unit.
- Terraced house (a. k. a. townhouse or rowhouse) – A number of single or multi-unit buildings in a continuous row with shared walls and no intervening space.
- Condominium (American English) – A building or complex, similar to apartments, owned by individuals. Common grounds and common areas within the complex are owned and shared jointly. In North America, there are townhouse or rowhouse style condominiums as well. The British equivalent is a block of flats.
- Cooperative (a. k. a. co-op) – A type of multiple ownership in which the residents of a multi-unit housing complex own shares in the cooperative corporation that owns the property, giving each resident the right to occupy a specific apartment or unit.
- Tenement is a type of building shared by multiple dwellings, typically with flats or apartments on each floor and with shared entrance stairway access found in Britain.
- Semi-detached dwellings
- Duplex – Two units with one shared wall.
- Detached dwellings
- Portable dwellings
- Mobile homes, tiny homes, or residential caravans – A full-time residence that can be (although might not in practice be) movable on wheels.
- Houseboats – A floating home
- Tents – Usually temporary, with roof and walls consisting only of fabric-like material.
The size of an apartment or house can be described in square feet or meters. In the United States, this includes the area of "living space", excluding the garage and other non-living spaces. The "square meters" figure of a house in Europe may report the total area of the walls enclosing the home, thus including any attached garage and non-living spaces, which makes it important to inquire what kind of surface area definition has been used. It can be described more roughly by the number of rooms. A studio apartment has a single bedroom with no living room (possibly a separate kitchen). A one-bedroom apartment has a living or dining room separate from the bedroom. Two bedroom, three bedroom, and larger units are common. (A bedroom is a separate room intended for sleeping. It commonly contains a bed and, in newer dwelling units, a built-in closet for clothes storage.)
Other categories
The size of havelis and chawls is measured in Gaz (square yards), Quila, Marla, Beegha, and acre.
See List of house types for a complete listing of housing types and layouts, real estate trends for shifts in the market, and house or home for more general information.
Real estate and the environment
[edit]Real estate can be valued or devalued based on the amount of environmental degradation that has occurred. Environmental degradation can cause extreme health and safety risks. There is a growing demand for the use of site assessments (ESA's) when valuing a property for both private and commercial real estate.[18]
According to the International Energy Agency, real estate in 2019 was responsible for 39 percent of total emissions worldwide and 11 percent of those emissions were due to the manufacturing of materials used in buildings.[19]
As an investment
[edit]
In markets where land and building prices are rising, real estate is often purchased as an investment, whether or not the owner intends to use the property. Often investment properties are rented out, but "flipping" involves quickly reselling a property, sometimes taking advantage of arbitrage or quickly rising value, and sometimes after repairs are made that substantially raise the value of the property.
Luxury real estate is sometimes used as a way to store value, especially by wealthy foreigners, without any particular attempt to rent it out. Some luxury units in London and New York City have been used as a way for corrupt foreign government officials and businesspeople from countries without strong rule of law to launder money or to protect it from seizure.[20]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Real estate": Oxford English Dictionary online: Retrieved September 18, 2011
- ^ James Chen (May 2, 2019). "What Is Real Estate?". investopedia.com. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
- ^ Real Estate. Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia, 1. 2018.
- ^ Real Estate. Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia, 1. 2018.
- ^ Alvik, Ivar (2018). "Protection of Private Property in the Early Law of Nations". Journal of the History of International Law. 20: 220.
- ^ Klaasen, R. L. (1976). "Brief History of Real Estate Appraisal and Organizations". Appraisal Journal. 44(3): 376–381.
- ^ Alvik, Ivar (2018). "Protection of Private Property in the Early Law of Nations". Journal of the History of International Law. 20: 218–227.
- ^ "Louisiana Purchase: Primary Documents in American History". Library of Congress Research Guides.
- ^ Richardson, Patricia (June 2, 2003). "Father-son team scores big at home; Nearly 150 years old, family-owned Baird & Warner Inc. is a dominant force in the area's residential real estate industry, and shows no signs of slowing down or selling out". Crain's Chicago Business.
- ^ "History of National Association of Realtors". National Association of Realtors.
- ^ Nicholas & Scherbina, T. & A. (2013). "Real Estate Prices During the Roaring Twenties and the Great Depression". Real Estate Economics, 41. 2: 280.
- ^ Greer, J. L. (2014). "Historic Home Mortgage Redlining in Chicago". ournal of the Illinois State Historical Society, 107. 2: 205.
- ^ "A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE HOUSING GOVERNMENT-SPONSORED ENTERPRISES" (PDF).
- ^ Taylor, K. Y. (2018). "How Real Estate Segregated America". Dissent: 23–24.
- ^ "Title 16. Conservation; Chapter 1. National Parks, Military Parks, Monuments, and Seashores; Minute Man National Historical Park". US Legal.
- ^ Kimberley Amadeo (March 28, 2019). "Real Estate, What It Is and How It Works". thebalance.com. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
- ^ "Introduction to U.S. Economy: Housing Market" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. May 2021.
- ^ Cutting, Calhoun, Hall, Robert H., Lawrence B, Jack C. (2012). "Location, Location, Location" Should Be "Environment, Environment, Environment": A Market-Based Tool to Simplify Environmental Considerations in Residential Real Estate". Golden Gate University Environmental Law Journal.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Global status report for buildings and construction". International Energy Agency. 2019.
- ^ "Why Manhattan's Skyscrapers Are Empty". The Atlantic. 16 Jan 2020.