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Enhancing Public Safety in the Interior of the United States
Seal of the President of the United States
A map of North America, centred and zoomed in to focus on the Mexico-United States border.
The Mexico–United States border
Executive Order 13767, as published in the Federal Register.
TypeExecutive order
Executive Order number13767
Signed byDonald Trump on January 25, 2017 (2017-01-25)
Federal Register details
Federal Register document number2017-02095
Publication dateJanuary 30, 2017 (2017-01-30)
Document citation82 FR 8793
Summary
  • Calls for construction of a physical wall across the southern border of the United States
  • Calls for the hiring of additional Border Patrol agents

Executive Order 13767, titled Border Security and Immigration Enforcement Improvements, is an executive order issued by United States President Donald Trump on January 25, 2017.[1][2]The order directs a wall to be built along the Mexico–United States border.

Provisions

[edit]

In the order, "Southern Border" is defined as the contiguous land border between the United States and Mexico, inclusive of all entry points. The orders directs "executive departments and agencies to deploy all lawful means to secure the United States' southern border, to prevent further illegal immigration into the United States, and to repatriate illegal aliens swiftly, consistently, and humanely"[3] and directs the Secretary of Homeland Security to "secure the southern Border of the United States of America" using Border Patrol agents and the Attorney General to take measures for prosecution guidelines, for prosecution of illegal immigration or other offenses in connection with the southern border.[3]

Funding

[edit]

The executive order states that a construction of a physical wall "or other similarly secure, contiguous, and impassable physical barrier" on the southern border of the United States must immediately be constructed,[4] and that it be monitored by "adequate personnel" to prevent illegal immigration, drug trafficking and human trafficking, and acts of terrorism.[3] The order did not estimate a cost for the wall project.[5] An internal report by the Department of Homeland Security acquired by Reuters in February 2017 estimated that Trump's proposed border wall would take an estimated 3.5 years to build and cost $21.6 billion, an amount equivalent to budget expenditures on illegal immigrants in California in one year.[6][7][8]

Congress has not appropriated funds for either the wall or the 5,000 additional Border Patrol agents called for by Trump's order.[9][10][11] In the United States, setting the federal budget and appropriating funds is the role of Congress, not the executive branch, and the Antideficiency Act bars the government from expended funds without a congressional appropriation.[10] Thus, despite the executive order's call for "immediate" construction of a border wall,[5] the impact of the order is limited, although the U.S. Department of Homeland Security could engage in initial planning.[10]

Trump has repeatedly vowed that Mexico will pay for the construction of a border wall, but has never explained how the U.S. government would compel Mexico to do so.[11] Trump stated that "there will be a payment; it will be in a form, perhaps a complicated form."[11] The Mexican government has rejected Trump's statements and has declined that Mexico will fund the construction of the wall.[11] Upon signing the order, the Trump administration also suggested that wall construction could be funded by a 20% tariff on Mexico imports, a proposal which immediately encountered objections from members of Congress of both parties.[12] After the negative response, White House Chief of Staff Reince Priebus indicated that the administration was considering "a buffet of options" for funding a wall.[12]

U.S. Representative Michael McCaul, Republican of Austin, Texas, the chairman of the House Homeland Security Committee, said that the Republican-controlled U.S. House of Representatives would seek to pass a special supplemental (emergency) appropriations bill to spend money on initial construction of the wall, a demand of the Trump administration.[5][13] Such a supplemental spending bill is supported by House Speaker Paul Ryan.[13] However, Democrats have expressed confidence that they can block an appropriations bill for wall construction, with the aid of some Republicans who also oppose the construction of a wall due to its enormous cost.[14][15]

 Construction

[edit]

On January 25th of 2017, President Donald Trump stated that "the wall is getting designed right now."[16] By February of 2017, the United States Customs and Border Protection agency announced that it would start accepting proposals due by March 24th for the construction of the United States-Mexico Border Wall.[17][18][19] In April of 2017, various proposed designs were released to the public. These designs included many methods of creating a border wall with many different ideas including the infusion of solar panels, artwork, ballistics resistance, sensors for above ground and below ground penetration, and even the creation of a "co-nation" where the border is maintained by both countries in an open status.[20][21][22]

Implications and reception

[edit]

Impact on Mexico–U.S. relations

[edit]
Further information: Mexico–United States relations

Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto addressed Mexican citizens via a recorded message, in which he condemned Trump's executive order and again said that Mexico would not pay for the wall's construction. Following a Twitter feud between the two men (in which Trump threatened to cancel a planned meeting with Nieto in Washington), Nieto decided to cancel the meeting himself.[23]

Addressing supporters, the Mexican opposition leader Andrés Manuel López Obrador condemned the wall order as an insult to Mexico, and demanded the Mexican government to pursue claims in the United Nations against the Trump administration.[24]

Environmental impacts

[edit]

The construction of a border wall as envisioned in the order, could cause significant environmental damage, including habitat destruction and habitat fragmentation that would harm wildlife. Wall construction would also cause increased greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate change, due to the concrete manufacturing that would be required.[25]

Experts' response

[edit]

Experts "have voiced doubts about whether a wall would actually stem illegal immigration, or if it is worth the billions it is expected to cost."[26] Critics have noted that the number of illegal immigrants in the U.S. had declined for several years before the order was signed, in part because of the Great Recession.[26]

Gil Kerlikowske, the former Commissioner of the Customs and Border Protection,[27] stated that the rugged terrain in the Arizona desert is one of many natural obstacles in the construction of the wall. Kerlikowske also said that the border currently has 700 miles of fencing, and that the border is patrolled by agents by various means, including motorcycles, ATVs and drones. He stated that the current method at the time was more preferable than a wall.[27]

After the executive order was signed, Jason Marczak of the Atlantic Council wrote: "Today's events are dangerous for the immediate and long-term security and economy of the United States. U.S.-Mexico cooperation is far-reaching: from intelligence sharing for the capture of drug traffickers to the flow of commercial goods that support the livelihoods of nearly 5 million American workers."[28]

Ron Johnson, a senator from Wisconsin, stated in an interview with CNN that border walls are effective in curbing illegal immigration citing Israel's 99% success rate after the construction of their border wall on the West Bank in 2003.[29][30][31] His official statement details that Israel "had a real problem with illegal immigrants coming in from the southern border, about 16,000 in one year. In two years, they constructed 143-mile fence, about $2.9 million per mile, and it cut that illegal immigration rate from about 16,000 to I think 18."[31] Politifact, after checking these numbers verified that they were accurate.[31]

A study conducted by the Pew Research Center in February of 2017 found that 62% of the 1,503 individuals surveyed were found to be opposed to the construction of a United States-Mexico Border Wall.[32] This survey consisted of 581 Republicans and 797 Democrats.[33][32] 43% of respondents thought that a border wall would have little to no effect on illegal immigration.[32]

In a separate study conducted by the Pew Research Center, 61% of 4,138 surveyed individuals identified that the construction of a border wall on the United States-Mexico Border was unimportant and would rather allocate resources towards the ongoing effort to deport illegal immigrants.[34] Further detailed results of this survey showed that responding Republicans favored building a border wall with Mexico by a total of 67% whereas Democrats who responded favorably only amounted to 16% of total responders.[34]

Domestic Responses

[edit]

Executive Order 13767, along with another executive order signed by Trump on the same day, drew "furious condemnation" from civil rights organizations and immigrant advocacy groups, who described the orders as "meanspirited, counterproductive and costly and said the new policies would raise constitutional concerns while undermining the American tradition of welcoming people from around the world."[35] Religious leaders were also largely critical of the border-wall proposal.[36][37] Hundreds of citizens gathered at Washington Square Park in New York City to protest the executive order.[38]

In Congress, some Republicans praised Trump's executive order, such as U.S. Representative Lamar S. Smith of San Antonio, who said that "he appreciated Trump 'honoring his commitment' on immigration."[39] Other members of Congress from congressional districts along or close to the Mexican Border were critical, such as U.S. Representatives Will Hurd, Henry Cuellar, and Joaquin Castro.[39] Hurd criticized the order as "the most expensive and least effective way to secure the border" while Castro stated that the wall "a lazy and ineffective strategy" and said: "[Trump] is driving Mexico into China's arms. I expect that whatever President Trump away Mexico, China will step in to offer."[39]

According to an ongoing online poll originating from ISideWith.com, a total of 62% of respondents answered positively towards the construction of some manner of a United States-Mexico Border Wall, totaling at over 270,000 positive responses.[40] According to the displayed detailed results, Republicans overwhelmingly favor a border wall by 88% as of April 2017 and Democrats overwhelmingly oppose a border wall by 86% as of April 2017.[41][42]

International Responses

[edit]

Following the release of the signed executive order, various international bodies responded with their own criticisms.

Benjamin Netanyahu, the prime minister of Israel, praised President Donald J. Trump's executive order and in a public statement reaffirmed the success behind border walls: "I built a wall along Israel's southern border. It stopped all illegal immigration. Great Success. Great idea."[43][44][45] Officials from Mexico in response voiced their displeasure with what was regarded as Israel supporting the construction of a United States-Mexico Border Wall citing deep feelings of disappointment.[43] Hours after Netanyahu gave his response, it was stated in a public release that "the prime minister was addressing Israel's unique circumstances and the important experience we have and which we are willing to share with other nations. There was no attempt to voice an opinion regarding U.S.-Mexico ties."[43][46]

Mexican congressman Braulio Guerra in March of 2017 climbed an existing United States-Mexico Border Wall between San Diego and Tijuana in an attempt to draw attention to the "absurd and unnecessary expense of this project that offense and damages our neighborliness."[47][48][49] Guerra did not cross the border between the United States and Mexico at any point during this display.[47]

  1. ^ "Executive Order: Border Security and Immigration Enforcement Improvements". White House Office of the Press Secretary. Retrieved January 30, 2017. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  2. ^ Jeremy Diamond (January 26, 2017). "Trump orders construction of border wall, boosts deportation force". CNN.
  3. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference ordertext was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ "Trump signs order to begin Mexico border wall in immigration crackdown". The Guardian. January 26, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  5. ^ a b c Bill Lambrecht, Jason Buch & Aaron Nelsen, Trump orders 'immediate' construction of border wall, San Antonio Express-News (January 26, 2017).
  6. ^ Ainsley, Julia Edwards (February 9, 2017). "Exclusive - Trump border 'wall' to cost $21.6 billion, take 3.5 years to build: Homeland Security internal report". Reuters.
  7. ^ "The Fiscal Burden of Illegal Immigration on United States Taxpayers (2013)". www.fairus.org. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
  8. ^ Martin, Jack (July 2010). "the fiscal burden of illegal immigration on United States Taxpayers" (PDF). Federation for American Immigration Reform. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference Diamond was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Apuzzo was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ a b c d Trump signs order for border wall and insists Mexico will reimburse the cost, Associated Press (January 25, 2017).
  12. ^ a b Jeremy Diamond, Trump floats 20% tax on Mexican imports to pay for wall, but considering other options, CNN (January 27, 2017).
  13. ^ a b Tom LoBianco, Manu Raju & Ted Barrett, Republicans eyeing special budget bill for Trump border wall, CNN (January 25, 2017).
  14. ^ Manu Raju & Phil Mattingly, Senate Democrats may block Trump's plan to fund border wall, CNN (January 27, 2016).
  15. ^ Manu Raju, Hill Republicans revolt over Trump's plans to build border wall, CNN (February 6, 2017).
  16. ^ News, VOA. "Trump: Design of Proposed Wall Along US-Mexican Border Underway". VOA. Retrieved April 7, 2017. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  17. ^ "U.S. agency seeks ideas for Trump's proposed border wall". Reuters. February 24, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
  18. ^ "Rush Begins For Contractors Who Want In On Border Wall Construction". NPR.org. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
  19. ^ "Bidding for the Border Wall Begins". Le·gal In·sur·rec·tion. March 7, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
  20. ^ "6 companies reveal the designs they submitted for Trump's border wall". Business Insider. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
  21. ^ "PHOTOS: The Many Possible Shapes Of Trump's Border Wall". NPR.org. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
  22. ^ "Donald Trump's Mexico border wall designs are FINALLY revealed". The Sun. April 5, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
  23. ^ * Azam Ahmed, In a Corner, President Enrique Peña Nieto of Mexico Punches Back, New York Times (January 26, 2017).
  24. ^ "Mexico border wall, Trump could face lawsuit". Euronews. January 27, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
  25. ^ * Erika Bolstad, Trump's Wall Could Cause Serious Environmental Damage, E&E News (republished in Scientific American) (January 26, 2017).
  26. ^ a b Trump just signed an executive order to start building a wall at the border, Agence France-Presse/Public Radio International, The World (January 25, 2017).
  27. ^ a b Glover, Scott (January 25, 2017). "The many challenges facing Trump's wall". CNN. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
  28. ^ Cite error: The named reference Nieto was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  29. ^ "CNN.com - Transcripts". transcripts.cnn.com. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
  30. ^ Steves, Rick (November 18, 2013). "The Security Fence, the Anti-Terrorism Barrier, the Wall". Huffington Post. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
  31. ^ a b c "GOP senator says Israel border fence cut illegal immigration". @politifact. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
  32. ^ a b c "Most Americans continue to oppose U.S. border wall, doubt Mexico would pay for it". Pew Research Center. February 24, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
  33. ^ "Methodology" (PDF). Pew Research Center. February 24, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
  34. ^ a b "Less than half the public views border wall as an important goal for U.S. immigration policy". Pew Research Center. January 6, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
  35. ^ Davis, Julie Hirschfeld (January 25, 2017). "Trump Orders Mexican Border Wall to Be Built and Plans to Block Syrian Refugees". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 5, 2017.
  36. ^ Davis, Julie Hirschfeld (January 25, 2017). "Trump Orders Mexican Border Wall to Be Built and Plans to Block Syrian Refugees". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 5, 2017.
  37. ^ "Refugee ban, border wall: Religious leaders respond". Religion News Service. Retrieved April 5, 2017.
  38. ^ Marino, Joe; Perez, Chris (January 26, 2017). "Hundreds gather for 'emergency' anti-Trump protest". New York Post. Retrieved April 5, 2017.
  39. ^ a b c "Trump orders 'immediate' construction of border wall". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved April 5, 2017.
  40. ^ "Border Wall Poll Results". iSideWith. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
  41. ^ "Border Wall Poll Results for Democrats". iSideWith. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
  42. ^ "Border Wall Poll Results for Republicans". iSideWith. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
  43. ^ a b c "Israel's Netanyahu applauds Trump's plan for wall; Mexico not pleased". Washington Post. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
  44. ^ http://www.washingtontimes.com, The Washington Times. "Netanyahu declares 'Trump is right' as Israeli leader endorses border wall between U.S. and Mexico". The Washington Times. Retrieved April 7, 2017. {{cite news}}: External link in |last= (help)
  45. ^ Jones, Rory (January 29, 2017). "Israel PM Netanyahu Praises Trump's Plan for Mexico Border Wall". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
  46. ^ "Facing Mexico's fury, Israel backtracks on Trump border wall praise". The Times of Israel. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
  47. ^ a b "Mexican Politician Climbed Border Fence to Mock Trump's Wall". Breitbart. March 4, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
  48. ^ News, A. B. C. (March 3, 2017). "Mexican politician climbs border fence to show wall is 'unnecessary'". ABC News. Retrieved April 7, 2017. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  49. ^ "The Arizona lawman challenging President Trump's border wall". USA TODAY. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
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