User:Vale6674/meditation sandbox
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Forms of meditation
[edit]Forms of meditation or techniques can be used alone or combined in practices. In this section, some common categories of techniques will be described. Techniques or forms can be classified by how the attention is directed (focused versus open monitoring), by where the attention is directed (to the breath, a concept, or a mantra, for example), by whether the body is moving or fairly still, or by their effect on brain activity or structure. Practices, in turn, can be classified by their techniques, or by their source (a religion, for example).
Focused vs open monitoring meditation
[edit]In the West, meditation techniques have sometimes been thought of in two broad categories: focused (or concentrative) meditation and open monitoring (or mindfulness) meditation.
One style, Focused Attention (FA) meditation, entails the voluntary focusing of attention on a chosen object, breathing, image, or words. The other style, Open Monitoring (OM) meditation, involves non-reactive monitoring of the content of experience from moment to moment.
Direction of mental attention... A practitioner can focus intensively on one particular object (so-called concentrative meditation), on all mental events that enter the field of awareness (so-called mindfulness meditation), or both specific focal points and the field of awareness.[1]: 130
Focused attention methods
[edit]These include paying attention to the breath, to an idea or feeling (such as mettā (loving-kindness)), or to a mantra (such as in transcendental meditation), and single point meditation.[2][3]
Open monitoring methods
[edit]These include mindfulness, shikantaza and other awareness states.[4]
Practices using both methods
[edit]Some practices use both techniques,[5][6][7] including vipassana (which uses anapanasati as a preparation), samatha/calm-abiding,[8][9] and Headspace.[10]
No thought
[edit]In these methods, "the practitioner is fully alert, aware, and in control of their faculties but does not experience any unwanted thought activity."[11] This is in contrast to the common meditative approaches of being detached from, and non-judgmental of, thoughts, but not of aiming for thoughts to cease.[12] In the meditation practice of the Sahaja yoga spiritual movement, the focus is on thoughts ceasing.[13] Clear light yoga also aims at a state of no mental content, as does the no thought (wu nian) state taught by Huineng,[14] and the teaching of Yaoshan Weiyan.
Automatic self-transcending
[edit]One proposal is that transcendental meditation and possibly other techniques be grouped as an 'automatic self-transcending' set of techniques.[15]
Other typologies
[edit]Other typologies include dividing meditation into concentrative, generative, receptive and reflective practices.[16]
Differences in effects of different methods
[edit]Evidence from neuroimaging studies suggests that the categories of meditation, defined by how they direct attention, appear to generate different brainwave patterns.[15] Evidence also suggests that using different focus objects during meditation may generate different brainwave patterns.[17]
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
bond09was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "10 Those who aspire to the state of yoga should seek the Self in inner solitude through meditation. With body and mind controlled they should constantly practice one-pointedness, free from expectations and attachment to material possessions. 11 Select a clean spot, neither too high nor too low, and seat yourself firmly on a cloth, a deerskin, and kusha grass. 12 Then, once seated, strive to still your thoughts. Make your mind one-pointed in meditation, and your heart will be purified." Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 6 (Practice of Meditation), https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bcnJAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=bhagavad+gita&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj3zKrny_bbAhUS6KQKHcOVCa4Q6AEIKTAA#v=snippet&q=pointedness&f=false
- ^ "Single-pointed concentration (samadhi) is a meditative power that is useful in either of these two types of meditation. However, in order to develop samadhi itself we must cultivate principally concentration meditation. In terms of practice, this means that we must choose an object of concentration and then meditate single-pointedly on it every day until the power of samadhi is attained.""lywa (2 April 2015). "Developing Single-pointed Concentration".
- ^ "Site is under maintenance". meditation-research.org.uk.
- ^ "Mindful Breathing (Greater Good in Action)". ggia.berkeley.edu.
- ^ Shonin, Edo; Van Gordon, William (2016). "Experiencing the Universal Breath: A Guided Meditation". Mindfulness. 7 (5): 1243. doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0570-4.
- ^ Perez-De-Albeniz, Alberto; Jeremy Holmes (March 2000). "Meditation: concepts, effects and uses in therapy". International Journal of Psychotherapy. 5 (1): 49–59. doi:10.1080/13569080050020263. Retrieved 2007-08-23.
- ^ "Deepening Calm-Abiding - The Nine Stages of Abiding". terebess.hu.
- ^ Dorje, Ogyen Trinley. "Calm Abiding".
- ^ "What kind of meditation is Headspace?". Help Center.
- ^ https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2012/350674/
- ^ "There might be a depth of meditation where thinking ceases. This is a refined, refreshing and nourishing state of consciousness. But it is not the goal." Kirsten Kratz, "Calm and kindness" talk, Gaia House, 03/2013, http://www.dharmaseed.org/teacher/387/
- ^ "Mentally, you may initially find that your thoughts wander to the past or are planning future events. Try to watch them and let them go. Some time later, you can get to the interval between two thoughts and reach a state of deep meditation, that is, complete thoughtlessness." https://sahajayogaarmenia.wordpress.com/meditation-armenia/
- ^ "Huineng (Hui-neng) (638—713)". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
- ^ a b Fred Travis; Jonathan Shear (2010). "Focused attention, open monitoring and automatic self-transcending: Categories to organize meditations from Vedic, Buddhist and Chinese traditions". Consciousness and Cognition. 19 (4): 1110–8. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2010.01.007. PMID 20167507.
- ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/customs/meditation_1.shtml
- ^ Dietrich Lehmann; P. L. Faber; Peter Achermann; Daniel Jeanmonod; Lorena R. R. Gianotti; Diego Pizzagalli (2001). "Brain sources of EEG gamma frequency during volitionally meditation-induced, altered states of consciousness, and experience of the self". Psychiatry Research. 108 (2): 111–121. doi:10.1016/S0925-4927(01)00116-0. PMID 11738545.