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User:Universal Life/Original Sephardic Dialects

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There are three variants of Judaeo-Spanish, namely; The Haketia Variant, The Levantine Variant and The Ponentine Variant.

This is a rough classification of Judaeo-Spanish dialects based on the existed/existing communities. The short-term purpose is to make a list of all communities and the long-term purpose is to point out all the differences and variations existing/existed between the variants of the Judaeo-Spanish language spoken by these communities; and then also the dialects can be reclassified accordingly. As the terms variant, subvariant, dialect and subdialect in linguistics are quite indefinite, here, a rather simple and easy approach with the terminology has been applied. The term macrolect here refers to the language of a particular community alone, disregarding whether it's the same subdialect with another community's subdialect or whether it's a dialect or subdialect of its own.

The very often term "spoken" used below, doesn't imply that it's spoken now, but that rather it used to be the original location for that subdialect to be spoken (the original place the community used to live). (In brackets), the names of the places are given in Judaeo-Spanish, however most of them except the Greek cities' names are guesses, therefore needs correction.

The Haketia Variant

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An original letter in Haketia from Tangier, written in 1832.
  • Originally spoken in Morocco.
  • Alternate spellings: Jaquetía, Hakitia, Jhaketía.
  • Now spoken Argentina, Brazil, Canada, France, Israel, Morocco, Spain, United States and Venezuela. [1]
  • The original inicial Latin letter f which disappeared in many dialects and retained in some other; is usually pronounced like a simple (not guttural) aspiration in Haketia, somewhere between the English "h" and the Hebrew "ה". Examples: Hazer, Hijo, Hormiga, Hoja etc.
  • The word para is usually shortened to pa and también to tamién.
  • The /ʃ/ sound (English sh) in the words that came from Hebrew, are pronounced like a simple sibilant "s". Therefore words like Moshé Rabenu, Rosh Ashaná are pronounced like Mosé Rabenu, Ros Asaná etc. Though some subdialects probably retain the "sh" sound.
  • A lot of Arabism is present in the language. It is estimated that 40% of the spoken vocabulary derives from Arabic.
  • The letter "s" in end-syllable position if comes before "t" or "d", the "s" duplicates the following dental letter. Thus, hasta is pronounced as hatta and desde is pronounced as dedde.
  • The diphtongs "ue", "ua" or "uo" coming after the letter "b", changes the sound to "w". Thus Bueno is pronounced as Wueno.
  • The hard "j" in the beginning of the words or after "n", that is usually pronounced as /dj/, is pronounced as a soft /j/ in Haketia. The pronounciation is Jente, Enjuntos, Jugar, Joven and not Djente, Endjuntos, Djugar, Djoven.
  • In some of the subdialects the verbs in the present tense and first person end in "-oy" than the usual ending "-o". Thus we have pensoy, estoy, comoy, voy.
  • The pronounciation of "s" after the letter "i" as /j/ which a common feature in the Levantine variant, is not present in Haketia. Thus we have /vizitar, kize/ instead of /vijitar, kije/.
  • The subdialects are:
    1. The Agadir subdialect (Aggaďir) - spoken in Agadir, Morocco and in the nearby village of Inezgane. [2] [3] [4] - (16th - 20th century)
      • 1,500 of the 2,300 Jews in Agadir and 150 to 200 of the 250 Jews in Inezgane perished in the huge earthquake of 1960. The remaining 750 or 800 people became refugees and were brought to Casablanca. [2] [3] [4]
    2. The Asilah subdialect (Arzila) - spoken in Asilah, Morocco. - (16th - 20th century)
    3. The Azemmour subdialect (Azemmur) - spoken in Azemmour, Morocco. - (16th - 20th century)
    4. The Beni-Mellal subdialect (Beni-Melal) - spoken in Beni-Mellal, Morocco.
    5. The Ceuta subdialect (Cefta) - spoken in Ceuta, Spain.
    6. The Chefchaouen subdialect (Chaven/Xexuan) - spoken in Chefchaouen, Morocco. [5] [6]
    7. The Essaouira subdialect (Mogador) - spoken in Essaouira, Morocco. (18th - 20th century)
      • Jews selected by the Sultan from Tangier, Agadir, Marrakech and some northern cities migrated there at 1764 [7]
    8. The Fes subdialect (Fas/Fez) - spoken in Fes, Morocco - 20.000 Jews died of famine in the 16th century.
    9. The Ksar-el-Kebir subdialect (Alkaçarkebir) - spoken in Ksar-el-Kebir, Morocco.
    10. The Larache subdialect (Laráx) - spoken in Larache, Morocco.
    11. The Marrakech subdialect (Marrakex) - spoken in Marrakech, Morocco.
    12. The Meknes subdialect (Mekines) - spoken in Meknes, Morocco.
    13. The Melilla subdialect (Melilla) - spoken in Melilla, Spain.
    14. The Ouazzane subdialect (Huazzán) - spoken in Ouazzane, Morocco. (18th - 20th century)
    15. The Rabat subdialect (Rabat) - spoken in Rabat, Morocco.
    16. The Safi subdialect (Safi) - spoken in Safi, Morocco. (16th - )
    17. The Tangier subdialect (Tánjer) - spoken in Tangier, Morocco.
      • In this subdialect the letter "ch" is pronounced as /ʃ/ (sh in English). Noche, Leche, Dicho are pronounced as Noshe, Leshe, Disho. [8]
    18. The Taroudannt subdialect (Tarudán) - spoken in Taroudannt, Morocco. [9]
    19. The Tetuan subdialect (Tetuán) - spoken in Tetuan, Morocco.
      • In this subdialect, the sonoric "s" at the end of a word is pronounced like "th" in the English word "the" rather than like "z" in "zebra". Thus, los amigos is pronounced as loth amigos.

Agadir

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View over Agadir, taken from the kasbah.
Le croiseur Berlin devant la forteresse d'Agadir
  • The Agadir city was first founded in the 12th century by the Berber tribe called Ksima. They called it the Port of Mesegina, a synonyme for Ksima. It was then under the Almohad Empire.
  • After the Almohad Empire, the city was under Marinid Dynasty, a Berber dynasty from 13th to mid-15th century.
  • The city is renamed Agadir-el-Arba, from the word Agadir meaning "a wall" in the Shilha language. The change of name occurs the 15th century.
  • Then the city is ruled by the Wattasid dynasty, another Berber dynasty for a few years and then gets captured by the Saadi dynasty, an Arab dynasty towards the ends of the 15th century.
  • In 1505, the Portuguese build a fortress in Agadir-al-Arba and they call it Santa Cruz do Cabo de Aguer, they capture the city and call it Founti, meaning Fountain in Portuguese.
  • In 1541, the Saadi Sultan Mohammed ash-Sheikh captures the city, back from the Portuguese.
  • Sometime in the 16th century, a branch of the Sephardic Jews, expelled from Spain and Portugal, settle in the city.
  • In 1572, a fortress called the Kasbah is constructed by the Sultan and the city is called by the same name. However the city at the same time is called Agadir-N'Ighir by the local people, meaning "the Fortified granary of The Hill" in Shilha.
  • Starting in late 16th century and during 17th century, Agadir N'Ighir becomes a very important city due to its economic activities. Because Agadir is strategically located on both the Atlantic seaboard and near the Sous Valley, it becomes a vital trade depot for European and local merchants. Important caravans passes through Agadir into the Sous and they bring African slaves, gold dust from western Sudan, and ostrich feathers from the southern Sahara Desert. Textile products and leatherwork from Marrakesh also find their way to the Sous through Agadir, as well as European medicines and guns. Sugar, copper and wax is exported to Europe. [10]
  • In 1659, the city is governed by the Tazerwalt kingdom, a kingdom of the local population of the Sous region which includes Agadir. They obtain this opportunity of freedom as the Saadi dynasty is resolving.
  • However, in 1666, Agadir is captured this time by the Alaouites. It's today, the descendents of the Alaouite Sultans that rule Morocco.
  • In 1731, a severe earthquake hits Agadir, destroying most of its infrastructure. The city is rebuild within 15 years by the efforts of the local population and the help of the Dutch, who settled under Kasbah with special permission of the Alaouite Sultan.
  • In the 1750s, the Sous people, the local Berbers, try to rebel in order to obtain a free country. The Sultan, in return decides to grant a special accord of commerce to the port of Mogadir, therefore diminishing the economic importance of Agadir. In order to accomplish it, the Sultan moves 2000 of Agadir's Jewish inhabitants to Mogadir, especially those profession was merchandise. [9]
  • In 1760, the port is closed to trade and Agadir's economic importance decreases drastically. Agadir slowly becomes an unpopulated city of fishermen.
  • In 1881, the port is open again to trade, by the Sultan, in order to counteract any possible cooperation between the Sous and colonialist Europe.
  • In 1991,

The Levantine Variant

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  • Today, the majority of the speakers are using this variant of Judaeo-Spanish. Its original geographical region comprises the Balkans, Turkey and the Middle-East. It has also been called Ottoman Spanish, Yahudidje and many other names depending on the region.
  • It has two subvariants namely, Occidental and Oriental. The distinction between the subvariants is mainly based on the number of vocals. The oriental keeps all the vocals (a-e-i-o-u) and the occidental tends to loose "e" to "i" and "o" to "u" in non-stressed positions.

The Occidental Subvariant

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  • Basicly spoken in the Balkans, a great majority of its speakers have been killed by the Nazis. Most of the remaining speakers have migrated to Israel.
  • The dialects are roughly based on the country of the original settlers.

The Albanian Dialect

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The Bulgarian Dialect

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The Greek Dialect

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The Macedonian Dialect

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The Romanian Dialect

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The Yugoslavian Dialect

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The Oriental Subvariant

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  • Originally spoken in Turkey, the Middle-East and North-Africa except for Morocco. It's the most spoken subvariant and has five dialects; the Bulgarian Dialect, the Greek Dialect, the Middle-Eastern Dialect, the North-African Dialect and the Turkish Dialect.
  • Some researchers divide the oriental subvarient into three branches; the Middle-Eastern Branch, the North-African Branch and the Oriental Branch. In this case the Bulgarian, Greek and the Turkish dialects are classified under the Oriental Branch.

The Bulgarian Dialect

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The Greek Dialect

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The Middle-Eastern Dialect

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The North-African Dialect

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The Turkish Dialect

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Notes

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  • In Austria, it was spoken in Vienna, however the communities in Vienna were a mixture of different communities from the Balkans (both Oriental and Occidental), therefore their language doesn't count as a different dialect, as also they kept themselves separate in groups.
  • Some thing goes for Budapest in Hungary, but probably the speakers there were from the Occidental subvariant.

The Ponentine Variant

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  • It's the least researched and probably the most extinct variant of Judaeo-Spanish. It has three subvariants, namely; the American Subvariant, the Asian Subvariant and the European Subvariant.

The American Subvariant

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The American Dialect

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The Argentinian Dialect

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The Brasilian Dialect

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  • Two known subdialects are;
    1. The Belén subdialect (Belén) - spoken in Belén, Brasil.
    2. The Recife subdialect (Recife) - spoken in Recife, Brasil.

The Mexican Dialect

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The Overseas Dutch Dialect

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The Suriname Dialect

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The Asian Subvariant

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  • It also started through migrations from Europe. However this one didn't survive long.
  • It had two dialects. The dialect spoken in India perished by the 17th or 18th century, under the cultural influence of Judaeo-Marathi and under the persecution of the Portuguese. In India, it had two subdialects: the Goa subdialect and the Kerala subdialect. The other dialect spoken in the Philippines also disappeared in an unknown date.

The European Subvariant

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The British Dialect

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    1. The Gibraltar subdialect (Djibráltar) - spoken in Gibraltar, UK.
    2. The London subdialect (Londra, Londres) - spoken in London, UK.
  • And probably more.

The French Dialect

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The German Dialect

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    1. The Hamburg subdialect (Jhámburg) - spoken in Hamburg, Germany. It was exterminated by the Nazis.

The Italian Dialect

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The Dutch Dialect

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The Polish Dialect

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  1. Information on Moroccon Jews today and their history
  2. Jews of Morocco
  3. Moroccan Jewish Communities

Notes

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  1. Un poquito de Haketia o jaketia
  2. Facebook group about Jhaketía
  3. La Haquetía - El Sefarad
  4. YouTube - Vanessa Paloma - Moses Salio de Misrayim
  5. YouTube - Mashalá! 2006 Documentaire
  6. Ellen Gold Ventura
  7. Ernesto Briceño
  8. Aziz Khodari
  9. YouTube - Donzea Janet&Jak Esim
  10. YouTube - RadioCos - A Voda Búlgara - El Kidushin (Original Bulgar singer)
  11. YouTube - Aaron-La cigale et le fourmi (Story from an original speaker of Jhaketía, from Tetouan)
  12. YouTube - Aaron-Le corbeau et le renard (Story from the same boy from Tetouan)
  13. YouTube - Marlène Samoun, entre chants juifs sépharades et gospel
  14. Marlène Samoun, Judaeo-Spanish Singer
  15. YouTube - Sephardic Jewish Arabic Moroccan Gitano Flamenco song & dance Al-Andalus
  16. YouTube - Chant Sephardic Andalou - Maroc (Maroccan singer first singing an old Galicio-Portuguese song from the 13th century, than singing Morenica in its Salonica style)
  17. YouTube - Chant sefardic - maroc
  18. Françoise Atlan
  19. Jews of Algeria - in French
  20. Diccionario del judeoespañol de los sefardíes del norte de Marruecos
  21. Publications of Alegría Bendelac
  22. Tétouan : Une communauté hispanique parmi les Judéo-Espagnols du Moyen-Orient
  23. Expressions et dictons en haketia
  24. Yad be yad
  25. YahooGroups! of Jaketia
  26. Cuento en Jaquetia, de Larrache
  27. Original writing of Haketia in Rashi script
  28. Claro que te quiero (parodia jaketia de un poema) Australiano
  29. Haketia
  30. Juifs du Maroc, Chansons en Haketia
  31. Haketia
  32. Wikileaks - Jews of Casablanca and of Morocco
  33. Visiting Jewish Morocco
  34. Le Net des Juifs du Maroc
  35. Musée du Judaisme Marocain
  36. Jewish Moroccan Heritage
  37. Global Voices - On Jewish Morocco
  38. Global Voices - Discovering Jewish Morocco
  39. Raphael Elmaleh
  40. Finding Jewish Morocco
  41. Jewish Morocco Blog
  42. Agadir 1960

References

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