User:Universal Life/Original Sephardic Dialects

There are three variants of Judaeo-Spanish, namely; The Haketia Variant, The Levantine Variant and The Ponentine Variant.

This is a rough classification of Judaeo-Spanish dialects based on the existed/existing communities. The short-term purpose is to make a list of all communities and the long-term purpose is to point out all the differences and variations existing/existed between the variants of the Judaeo-Spanish language spoken by these communities; and then also the dialects can be reclassified accordingly. As the terms variant, subvariant, dialect and subdialect in linguistics are quite indefinite, here, a rather simple and easy approach with the terminology has been applied. The term macrolect here refers to the language of a particular community alone, disregarding whether it's the same subdialect with another community's subdialect or whether it's a dialect or subdialect of its own.

The very often term "spoken" used below, doesn't imply that it's spoken now, but that rather it used to be the original location for that subdialect to be spoken (the original place the community used to live). (In brackets), the names of the places are given in Judaeo-Spanish, however most of them except the Greek cities' names are guesses, therefore needs correction.

The Haketia Variant

Originally spoken in Morocco.
Alternate spellings: Jaquetía, Hakitia, Jhaketía.
Now spoken Argentina, Brazil, Canada, France, Israel, Morocco, Spain, United States and Venezuela. ^[1]
The original inicial Latin letter f which disappeared in many dialects and retained in some other; is usually pronounced like a simple (not guttural) aspiration in Haketia, somewhere between the English "h" and the Hebrew "ה". Examples: Hazer, Hijo, Hormiga, Hoja etc.
The word para is usually shortened to pa and también to tamién.
The /ʃ/ sound (English sh) in the words that came from Hebrew, are pronounced like a simple sibilant "s". Therefore words like Moshé Rabenu, Rosh Ashaná are pronounced like Mosé Rabenu, Ros Asaná etc. Though some subdialects probably retain the "sh" sound.
A lot of Arabism is present in the language. It is estimated that 40% of the spoken vocabulary derives from Arabic.
The letter "s" in end-syllable position if comes before "t" or "d", the "s" duplicates the following dental letter. Thus, hasta is pronounced as hatta and desde is pronounced as dedde.
The diphtongs "ue", "ua" or "uo" coming after the letter "b", changes the sound to "w". Thus Bueno is pronounced as Wueno.
The hard "j" in the beginning of the words or after "n", that is usually pronounced as /dj/, is pronounced as a soft /j/ in Haketia. The pronounciation is Jente, Enjuntos, Jugar, Joven and not Djente, Endjuntos, Djugar, Djoven.
In some of the subdialects the verbs in the present tense and first person end in "-oy" than the usual ending "-o". Thus we have pensoy, estoy, comoy, voy.
The pronounciation of "s" after the letter "i" as /j/ which a common feature in the Levantine variant, is not present in Haketia. Thus we have /vizitar, kize/ instead of /vijitar, kije/.

The subdialects are:
1. The Agadir subdialect (Aggaďir) - spoken in Agadir, Morocco and in the nearby village of Inezgane. ^[2] ^[3] ^[4] - (16th - 20th century)
  - 1,500 of the 2,300 Jews in Agadir and 150 to 200 of the 250 Jews in Inezgane perished in the huge earthquake of 1960. The remaining 750 or 800 people became refugees and were brought to Casablanca. ^[2] ^[3] ^[4]
2. The Asilah subdialect (Arzila) - spoken in Asilah, Morocco. - (16th - 20th century)
3. The Azemmour subdialect (Azemmur) - spoken in Azemmour, Morocco. - (16th - 20th century)
4. The Beni-Mellal subdialect (Beni-Melal) - spoken in Beni-Mellal, Morocco.
5. The Ceuta subdialect (Cefta) - spoken in Ceuta, Spain.
6. The Chefchaouen subdialect (Chaven/Xexuan) - spoken in Chefchaouen, Morocco. ^[5] ^[6]
7. The Essaouira subdialect (Mogador) - spoken in Essaouira, Morocco. (18th - 20th century)
  - Jews selected by the Sultan from Tangier, Agadir, Marrakech and some northern cities migrated there at 1764 ^[7]
8. The Fes subdialect (Fas/Fez) - spoken in Fes, Morocco - 20.000 Jews died of famine in the 16th century.
9. The Ksar-el-Kebir subdialect (Alkaçarkebir) - spoken in Ksar-el-Kebir, Morocco.
10. The Larache subdialect (Laráx) - spoken in Larache, Morocco.
11. The Marrakech subdialect (Marrakex) - spoken in Marrakech, Morocco.
12. The Meknes subdialect (Mekines) - spoken in Meknes, Morocco.
13. The Melilla subdialect (Melilla) - spoken in Melilla, Spain.
14. The Ouazzane subdialect (Huazzán) - spoken in Ouazzane, Morocco. (18th - 20th century)
15. The Rabat subdialect (Rabat) - spoken in Rabat, Morocco.
16. The Safi subdialect (Safi) - spoken in Safi, Morocco. (16th - )
17. The Tangier subdialect (Tánjer) - spoken in Tangier, Morocco.
  - In this subdialect the letter "ch" is pronounced as /ʃ/ (sh in English). Noche, Leche, Dicho are pronounced as Noshe, Leshe, Disho. ^[8]
18. The Taroudannt subdialect (Tarudán) - spoken in Taroudannt, Morocco. ^[9]
19. The Tetuan subdialect (Tetuán) - spoken in Tetuan, Morocco.
  - In this subdialect, the sonoric "s" at the end of a word is pronounced like "th" in the English word "the" rather than like "z" in "zebra". Thus, los amigos is pronounced as loth amigos.

Agadir

The Agadir city was first founded in the 12th century by the Berber tribe called Ksima. They called it the Port of Mesegina, a synonyme for Ksima. It was then under the Almohad Empire.
After the Almohad Empire, the city was under Marinid Dynasty, a Berber dynasty from 13th to mid-15th century.
The city is renamed Agadir-el-Arba, from the word Agadir meaning "a wall" in the Shilha language. The change of name occurs the 15th century.
Then the city is ruled by the Wattasid dynasty, another Berber dynasty for a few years and then gets captured by the Saadi dynasty, an Arab dynasty towards the ends of the 15th century.
In 1505, the Portuguese build a fortress in Agadir-al-Arba and they call it Santa Cruz do Cabo de Aguer, they capture the city and call it Founti, meaning Fountain in Portuguese.
In 1541, the Saadi Sultan Mohammed ash-Sheikh captures the city, back from the Portuguese.
Sometime in the 16th century, a branch of the Sephardic Jews, expelled from Spain and Portugal, settle in the city.
In 1572, a fortress called the Kasbah is constructed by the Sultan and the city is called by the same name. However the city at the same time is called Agadir-N'Ighir by the local people, meaning "the Fortified granary of The Hill" in Shilha.
Starting in late 16th century and during 17th century, Agadir N'Ighir becomes a very important city due to its economic activities. Because Agadir is strategically located on both the Atlantic seaboard and near the Sous Valley, it becomes a vital trade depot for European and local merchants. Important caravans passes through Agadir into the Sous and they bring African slaves, gold dust from western Sudan, and ostrich feathers from the southern Sahara Desert. Textile products and leatherwork from Marrakesh also find their way to the Sous through Agadir, as well as European medicines and guns. Sugar, copper and wax is exported to Europe. ^[10]
In 1659, the city is governed by the Tazerwalt kingdom, a kingdom of the local population of the Sous region which includes Agadir. They obtain this opportunity of freedom as the Saadi dynasty is resolving.
However, in 1666, Agadir is captured this time by the Alaouites. It's today, the descendents of the Alaouite Sultans that rule Morocco.
In 1731, a severe earthquake hits Agadir, destroying most of its infrastructure. The city is rebuild within 15 years by the efforts of the local population and the help of the Dutch, who settled under Kasbah with special permission of the Alaouite Sultan.
In the 1750s, the Sous people, the local Berbers, try to rebel in order to obtain a free country. The Sultan, in return decides to grant a special accord of commerce to the port of Mogadir, therefore diminishing the economic importance of Agadir. In order to accomplish it, the Sultan moves 2000 of Agadir's Jewish inhabitants to Mogadir, especially those profession was merchandise. ^[9]
In 1760, the port is closed to trade and Agadir's economic importance decreases drastically. Agadir slowly becomes an unpopulated city of fishermen.
In 1881, the port is open again to trade, by the Sultan, in order to counteract any possible cooperation between the Sous and colonialist Europe.
In 1991,

The Levantine Variant

Today, the majority of the speakers are using this variant of Judaeo-Spanish. Its original geographical region comprises the Balkans, Turkey and the Middle-East. It has also been called Ottoman Spanish, Yahudidje and many other names depending on the region.
It has two subvariants namely, Occidental and Oriental. The distinction between the subvariants is mainly based on the number of vocals. The oriental keeps all the vocals (a-e-i-o-u) and the occidental tends to loose "e" to "i" and "o" to "u" in non-stressed positions.

The Occidental Subvariant

Basicly spoken in the Balkans, a great majority of its speakers have been killed by the Nazis. Most of the remaining speakers have migrated to Israel.
The dialects are roughly based on the country of the original settlers.

The Albanian Dialect

Spoken originally in Albania. It has four subdialects:
1. The Berat subdialect (Bérat) - spoken in Berat, Albania.
2. The Durrës subdialect (Durazzo) - spoken in Durrës, Albania.
3. The Elbasan subdialect (Elbassan) - spoken in Elbasan, Albania.
4. The Vlorë subdialect (Avlona) - spoken in Vlorë, Albania.

The Bulgarian Dialect

Spoken originally in the West of Bulgaria. It has nine subdialects:
1. The Nikopol subdialect (Nikopol) - spoken in Nikopol, Bulgaria.
2. The Pernik subdialect (Pernik) - spoken in Pernik, Bulgaria.
3. The Pleven subdialect (Pleven) - spoken in Pleven, Bulgaria.
4. The Ruse subdialect (Russe) - spoken in Ruse, Bulgaria.
5. The Shumen subdialect (Xumen) - spoken in Shumen, Bulgaria.
6. The Silistra subdialect (Silistra) - spoken in Silistra, Bulgaria.
7. The Sofia subdialect (Sofia) - spoken in Sofia, Bulgaria.
8. The Varna subdialect (Varna) - spoken in Varna, Bulgaria.
9. The Vidin subdialect (Viďín) - spoken in Vidin, Bulgaria.

The Greek Dialect

Spoken originally in the West of Greece. It has six subdialects:
1. The Corfu subdialect (Korfú) - spoken in Corfu, Greece.
2. The Ioannina subdialect (Yanina) - spoken in Ioannina, Greece.
3. The Kastoria subdialect (Kastoriá) - spoken in Kastoria, Greece.
4. The Larissa subdialect (Larissa) - spoken in Larissa, Greece.
5. The Trikala subdialect (Tríkala) - spoken in Trikala, Greece.
6. The Veria subdialect (Veria) - spoken in Veria, Greece.

The Macedonian Dialect

Spoken originally in Macedonia. It has five subdialects:
1. The Bitola subdialect (Monastir) - spoken in Bitola, Macedonia.
2. The Ohrid subdialect (Ajhrida) - spoken in Ohrid, Macedonia. Later spoken in Balat, Istanbul, Turkey, merged within that subdialect.
3. The Kumanovo subdialect (Kumanovo) - spoken in Kumanovo, Macedonia.
4. The Skopje subdialect (Skopia) - spoken in Skopje, Macedonia.
5. The Štip subdialect (Xtip) - spoken in Štip, Macedonia.

The Romanian Dialect

Spoken originally in Romania. It has five subdialects:
1. The Bucharest subdialect (Bukarest) - spoken in Bucharest, Romania.
2. The Craiova subdialect (Krayova) - spoken in Craiova, Romania.
3. The Turnu-Severin subdialect (Turnú-Severin) - spoken in Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Romania.
4. The Giurgiu subdialect (Djurdju) - spoken in Giurgiu, Romania.
5. The Ploieşti subdialect (Ploësti) - spoken in Ploieşti, Romania.

The Yugoslavian Dialect

Spoken originally in the ex-Yugoslavia. The region of the original settlers today coincides with the territories of four countries, namely: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Serbia.
It has twenty-two subdialects:
1. The Banja Luka subdialect (Baña Luka) - spoken in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
2. The Belgrade subdialect (Belogrado) - spoken in central Belgrade, Serbia and in Zemun, Belgrade.
3. The Doboj subdialect (Dóboy) - spoken in Doboj, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
4. The Dubrovnik subdialect (Dubróvnik) - spoken in Dubrovnik, Croatia.
5. The Kragujevac subdialect (Kragguyévatz) - spoken in Kragujevac, Serbia.
6. The Leskovac subdialect (Leskóvatz) - spoken in Leskovac, Serbia.
7. The Mitrovica subdialect (Mitrovitza) - spoken in Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovo.
8. The Mostar subdialect (Móstar) - spoken in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
9. The Niš subdialect (Nix) - spoken in Niš, Serbia.
10. The Novi Pazar subdialect (Novi Pazar) - spoken in Novi Pazar, Serbia.
11. The Pirot subdialect (Pirot) - spoken in Pirot, Serbia.
12. The Požarevac subdialect (Pojarévatz) - spoken in Požarevac, Serbia.
13. The Pristina subdialect (Prixtina) - spoken in Pristina, Kosovo.
14. The Šabac subdialect (Xábatz) - spoken in Šabac, Serbia.
15. The Sarajevo subdialect (Sarayevo) - spoken in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
16. The Smederevo subdialect (Smeďerevo) - spoken in Smederevo, Serbia.
17. The Split subdialect (Split) - spoken in Split, Croatia.
18. The Travnik subdialect (Trávnik) - spoken in Travnik, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
19. The Vlasenica subdialect (Vlassenitza) - spoken in Vlasenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
20. The Zagreb subdialect (Zaggreb) - spoken in Zagreb, Croatia.
21. The Zavidovići subdialect (Zavidovichi) - spoken in Zavidovići, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
22. The Zenica subdialect (Zenitza) - spoken in Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The Oriental Subvariant

Originally spoken in Turkey, the Middle-East and North-Africa except for Morocco. It's the most spoken subvariant and has five dialects; the Bulgarian Dialect, the Greek Dialect, the Middle-Eastern Dialect, the North-African Dialect and the Turkish Dialect.
Some researchers divide the oriental subvarient into three branches; the Middle-Eastern Branch, the North-African Branch and the Oriental Branch. In this case the Bulgarian, Greek and the Turkish dialects are classified under the Oriental Branch.

The Bulgarian Dialect

Spoken originally in the East of Bulgaria. It has ten subdialects:
1. The Burgas subdialect (Burgas) - spoken in Burgas, Bulgaria.
2. The Dupnitsa subdialect (Dupnitza) - spoken in Dupnitsa, Bulgaria.
3. The Haskovo subdialect (Jhaskovo) - spoken in Haskovo, Bulgaria.
4. The Karnobat subdialect (Karnóbat) - spoken in Karnobat, Bulgaria.
5. The Kyustendil subdialect (Kyusténdil) - spoken in Kyustendil, Bulgaria.
6. The Pazardzhik subdialect (Pazárdjik) - spoken in Pazardzhik, Bulgaria.
7. The Plovdiv subdialect (Plóvdiv) - spoken in Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
8. The Samokov subdialect (Samókov) - spoken in Samokov, Bulgaria.
9. The Sliven subdialect (Esliven) - spoken in Sliven, Bulgaria.
10. The Yambol subdialect (Yámbol) - spoken in Yambol, Bulgaria.

The Greek Dialect

Spoken originally in the East of Greece. It has nine subdialects:
1. The Athens subdialect (Atena) - spoken in Athens, Greece.
2. The Chios subdialect (Kíos) - spoken in Chios, Greece.
3. The Crete subdialect (Gírit) - spoken in Crete, Greece.
4. The Didymoteicho subdialect (Dimotika) - spoken in Didymoteicho, Greece.
5. The Komotini subdialect (Komotiní) - spoken in Komotini, Greece.
6. The Rhodes subdialect (Roddos) - spoken in Rhodes, Greece.
7. The Serres subdialect (Serres) - spoken in Serres, Greece.
8. The Thessaloniki subdialect (Salónika) - spoken in Thessaloniki, Greece.
9. The Volos subdialect (Volos) - spoken in Volos, Greece.

The Middle-Eastern Dialect

Also called the medio-oriental dialect. The region spoken comprises cities that today are in the territories of four countries, namely: Israel, Lebanon, Palestinian territories and Syria.
It has seven subdialects:
1. The Aleppo subdialect (Alepo) - spoken in Aleppo, Syria.
2. The Beirut subdialect (Beyrut) - spoken in Beirut, Lebanon.
3. The Damascus subdialect (Xam) - spoken in Damascus, Syria.
4. The Hebron subdialect (Jhevrón) - spoken in Hebron, the Palestinian territories. Native speakers of this subdialect have been killed by Arabs in the first half of the 20th century.
5. The Jerusalem subdialect (Yeruxaláyim) - spoken in Jerusalem, Israel.
6. The Safed subdialect (Safeď) - spoken in Safed, Israel.
7. The Tiberias subdialect (Teveriá) - spoken in Tiberias, Israel.

The North-African Dialect

The region spoken comprises cities that today are in the territories of four countries, namely: Algeria, Egypt, Libya and Tunisia.
It has eighteen subdialects: ^[11]
1. The Alexandria subdialect (Aleksandria) - spoken in Alexandria, Egypt.
2. The Algiers subdialect (Aljiers) - spoken in Algiers, Algeria.
3. The Annaba subdialect (Annaba) - spoken in Annaba, Algeria.
4. The Béjaïa subdialect (Bejaya) - spoken in Béjaïa, Algeria.
5. The Biskra subdialect (Biskra) - spoken in Biskra, Algeria.
6. The Blida subdialect (Blida) - spoken in Blida, Algeria.
7. The Bou Saâda subdialect (Bu Saada) - spoken in Bou Saâda, Algeria.
8. The Cairo subdialect (Kayro) - spoken in Cairo, Egypt.
9. The Constantine subdialect (Konstantín) - spoken in Constantine, Algeria.
10. The Djelfa subdialect (Djelfa) - spoken in Djelfa, Algeria.
11. The Messaâd subdialect (Messaad) - spoken in Messaâd, Algeria.
12. The Mostaganem subdialect (Mostaganem) - spoken in Mostaganem, Algeria.
13. The M'zab subdialect (Mzab) - spoken in M'zab, Algeria.
14. The Oran subdialect (Oran) - spoken in Oran, Algeria.
15. The Sétif subdialect (Setif) - spoken in Sétif, Algeria.
16. The Tlemcen subdialect (Tlemsen) - spoken in Tlemcen, Algeria.
17. The Tripoli subdialect (Trípoli) - spoken in Tripoli, Libya.
18. The Tunis subdialect (Tunis) - spoken in Tunis, Tunisia.

The Turkish Dialect

Spoken originally in the Turkey in the following sixteen cities: Adana, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Aydın, Bursa, Çanakkale, Çorlu, Edirne, İstanbul, İzmir, Kırklareli, Manisa, Muğla, Tekirdağ and Tokat.
It's the most spoken dialect today and most preserved subdialects are those spoken in Istanbul.
It has twenty-four subdialects;
1. The Adana subdialect (Aďana) - spoken in Adana, Turkey.
2. The Amasya subdialect (Amasya) - spoken in Amasya, Turkey.
3. The Ankara subdialect (Ánkara) - spoken in Ankara, Turkey.
4. The Antalya subdialect (Antalya) - spoken in Antalya, Turkey.
5. The Aydın subdialect (Áydin) - spoken in Aydın, Turkey.
6. The Balat subdialect (Bálat) - spoken in Balat, Istanbul, Turkey.
7. The Bergama subdialect (Bergama) - spoken in Bergama, Izmir, Turkey.
8. The Bursa subdialect (Bursa) - spoken in Bursa, Turkey, and also in Mudanya, Bursa, Turkey.
9. The Çanakkale subdialect (Chanákale) - spoken in central Çanakkale, Turkey.
10. The Çorlu subdialect (Chórlu) - spoken in Çorlu, Turkey.
11. The Edirne subdialect (Eďarne) - spoken in Edirne, Turkey, and also in Uzunköprü, Edirne, Turkey.
12. The Galata subdialect (Gálata) - spoken in Galata, Istanbul, Turkey.
13. The Gelibolu subdialect (Gelíbolu) - spoken in Gelibolu, Çanakkale, Turkey.
14. The Izmir subdialect (Ísmir, Ismirna) - spoken in central Izmir, Turkey.
15. The Hasköy subdialect (Jhásköy) - spoken in Hasköy, Istanbul, Turkey.
16. The Kadiköy subdialect (Kaďíköy) - spoken in Kadiköy, Istanbul, Turkey.
17. The Karataş subdialect (Karatax) - spoken in Karataş, Izmir, Turkey.
18. The Kırklareli subdialect (Kirkláreli) - spoken in Kırklareli, Turkey.
19. The Kuzguncuk subdialect (Kuzgúndjuk) - spoken in Kuzguncuk, Istanbul, Turkey.
20. The Manisa subdialect (Manissa) - spoken in Manisa, Turkey and also in Akhisar, Manisa, Turkey.
21. The Muğla subdialect (Mula) - spoken in the city Muğla of Turkey and prominantly in the districts such as Milas, Bodrum etc.
22. The Ortaköy subdialect (Ortáköy) - spoken in Ortaköy, Istanbul, Turkey.
23. The Tekirdağ subdialect (Tekirda) - spoken in Tekirdağ, Turkey.
24. The Tokat subdialect (Tókat) - spoken in Tokat, Turkey.

Notes

In Austria, it was spoken in Vienna, however the communities in Vienna were a mixture of different communities from the Balkans (both Oriental and Occidental), therefore their language doesn't count as a different dialect, as also they kept themselves separate in groups.
Some thing goes for Budapest in Hungary, but probably the speakers there were from the Occidental subvariant.

The Ponentine Variant

It's the least researched and probably the most extinct variant of Judaeo-Spanish. It has three subvariants, namely; the American Subvariant, the Asian Subvariant and the European Subvariant.

The American Subvariant

It started through migrations from Netherlands to the Americas in the 16th century. The dialects and subdialects can not be clearly distinguished. Originally spoken in Argentina, Brasil, Mexico, overseas Netherlands, Suriname, United States of America and may be more.

The American Dialect

The Argentinian Dialect

The Brasilian Dialect

Two known subdialects are;
1. The Belén subdialect (Belén) - spoken in Belén, Brasil.
2. The Recife subdialect (Recife) - spoken in Recife, Brasil.

The Mexican Dialect

One known subdialect is;
1. The Nuevo León (Muevo León) - spoken in Nuevo León, Mexico.

The Overseas Dutch Dialect

Two known subdialects are;
1. The Aruba subdialect (Aruva) - spoken in Aruba, Netherlands.
2. The Curaçao subdialect (Kuraçao) - spoken in Curaçao, Netherlands.

The Suriname Dialect

The Asian Subvariant

It also started through migrations from Europe. However this one didn't survive long.
It had two dialects. The dialect spoken in India perished by the 17th or 18th century, under the cultural influence of Judaeo-Marathi and under the persecution of the Portuguese. In India, it had two subdialects: the Goa subdialect and the Kerala subdialect. The other dialect spoken in the Philippines also disappeared in an unknown date.

The European Subvariant

It has different backgounds but is usually characterised by later migrations from the Iberian peninsula. It has a varying degree of Portuguese influence on it.
Originally spoken in six countries, namely; France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, and the United Kingdom.

The British Dialect

1. The Gibraltar subdialect (Djibráltar) - spoken in Gibraltar, UK.
2. The London subdialect (Londra, Londres) - spoken in London, UK.
And probably more.

The French Dialect

1. The Bayonne subdialect (Bayón) - spoken in Bayonne, France.
2. The Bordeaux subdialect (Borddo) - spoken in Bordeaux, France.
3. The Paris subdialect (París) - spoken in Paris, France.
4. The Rouen subdialect (Ruén) - spoken in Rouen, France.
And probably more.

The German Dialect

1. The Hamburg subdialect (Jhámburg) - spoken in Hamburg, Germany. It was exterminated by the Nazis.

The Italian Dialect

It has eight subdialects;
1. The Ancona subdialect (Ankona) - spoken in Ancona, Italy.
2. The Ferrara subdialect (Ferrara) - spoken in Ferrara, Italy.
3. The Florence subdialect (Florencia) - spoken in Florence, Italy.
4. The Livorno subdialect (Livorno) - spoken in Livorno, Italy.
5. The Naples subdialect (Nápoli) - spoken in Naples, Italy.
6. The Palermo subdialect (Palermo) - spoken in Palermo, Italy.
7. The Rome subdialect (Roma) - spoken in Rome, Italy.
8. The Venice subdialect (Venezia) - spoken in Venice, Italy.

The Dutch Dialect

1. The Amsterdam subdialect (Amstérdam) - spoken in Amsterdam, Netherlands.
And probably more.

The Polish Dialect

1. The Kraków subdialect (Krakov) - spoken in Kraków, Poland.

External Links

Notes

References

[1] By The Intrigues of Hakitia

[Jta-2] 1960 Earthquake Survivors

[Ynet-3] Ynet news about Agadir

[IJCP-4] Agadir IJCP

[5] El Kantoniko de Haketia

[6] The Magazine US - Foreign News:In Morocco

[7] Mogador, JVL

[8] En la Escuela de la Alianza

[Antiatlas-9] Agadir and the Anti-Atlas

[10] Agadir - Jewish Virtual Library

[11] Jews of Algeria - Orientation

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]