User:Umer Al-Amerikee/Islamophobia

Armstrong, Karen (1992). Muhammad. San Francisco: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 0062508865. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

Armstrong, Karen (1992). Muhammad. San Francisco: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 0062508865.

Historical perspective

Imam Dr Abduljalil Sajid, one of the members of the Runnymede Trust's Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia which published the 1997 report argued that:

"Hostility towards Islam and Muslims has been a feature of European societies since the eighth century of the Common Era. It has taken different forms, however, at different times and has fulfilled a variety of functions. For example, the hostility in Spain in the fifteenth century was not the same as the hostility that had been expressed and mobilised [[[sic]]] in the Crusades. Nor was the hostility during the time of the Ottoman Empire or that which was prevalent throughout the age of empires and colonialism. It may be more apt to speak of 'Islamophobias' rather than of a single phenomenon. Each version of Islamophobia has its own features as well as similarities with, and borrowings from, other versions."