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The Nobel Prizes from 2004-2024 have been awarded by the Nobel Foundation, based in Sweden. Six categories are awarded: Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences.[1]

Nobel Week takes place from December 6 to 12, including programming such as lectures, dialogues, and discussions. The award ceremony and banquet for the Peace Prize takes place in Oslo on December 10, while the award ceremony and banquet for all other categories takes place on the same day in Stockholm.[2][3]

2017 Nobel Prizes

[edit]
Award Awardee(s) Nationality Criteria
Physics Rainer Weiss

(b. 1932)

American "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves" [4]
Kip Thorne

(b. 1940)

Barry Barish

(b. 1936)

Chemistry Jacques Dubochet

(b. 1942)

Swiss "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution" [5]
Joachim Frank

(b. 1940)

German

American[6]

Richard Henderson

(b. 1945)

British
Phisiology or Medicine Jeffrey C. Hall

(b. 1945)

American "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm" [7]
Michael Rosbash

(b. 1944)

Michael W. Young

(b. 1949)

Literature Kazuo Ishiguro

(b. 1954)

 United Kingdom (born in Japan) "who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world" [8]
Peace International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons

(founded 2007)

Swiss "for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons." [9]
Economic Sciences Richard Thaler

(b. 1945)

American "for his contributions to behavioural economics" [10]

2016 Nobel Prizes

[edit]
Prize Awardee(s) Nationality Criteria
Physics David J. Thouless

(1934–2019)

British "for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter" [11]
Duncan Haldane

(b. 1951)

John M. Kosterlitz

(b. 1943)

British

American

Chemistry Jean-Pierre Sauvage

(b. 1944)

French "for the design and synthesis of molecular machines" [12]
Fraser Stoddart

(b. 1942)

British

American

Ben Feringa

(b. 1951)

Dutch
Physiology or Medicine Yoshinori Ohsumi

(b. 1945)

 Japan "for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy" [13]
Literature Bob Dylan

(b. 1941)

 United States "for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition" [14]
Peace Juan Manuel Santos

(born 1951)

 Colombia "for his resolute efforts to bring the country's more than 50-year-long civil war to an end." [15]
Economic Sciences Richard Thaler

(b. 1945)

 United States "for his contributions to behavioural economics" [16]

2015 Nobel Prizes

[edit]
Award Awardee(s) Nationality Criteria
Physics Takaaki Kajita

(b. 1959)

Japanese "for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass" [17]
Arthur B. McDonald

(b. 1943)

Canadian
Chemistry Tomas Lindahl

(b. 1938)

Swedish

British

"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair" [18]
Paul L. Modrich

(b. 1946)

American
Aziz Sancar

(b. 1946)

Turkish
Physiology or Medicine William C. Campbell

(b. 1930)

 Ireland

 United States

"for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites" [19]
Satoshi Ōmura

(b. 1935)

 Japan
Tu Youyou

(b. 1930)

 China "for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against malaria" [19]
Literature Svetlana Alexievich

(b. 1948)

 Belarus

(born in Soviet Ukraine)

"for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time" [20]
Peace Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet

(2013–2014)

 Tunisia "for its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia in the wake of the Jasmine Revolution of 2011." [21]
Economic Sciences Angus Deaton

(b. 1945)

 United Kingdom

 United States

"for his analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare" [22]

Controversies

[edit]

Physics

[edit]

While the Physics Prize wasn't inherently disputed, some scientists discussed whether the Nobel Foundation's written citation for Kajita and McDonald's awarding was correct, leading to a technical debate about the definition of a "neutrino oscillation" and whether their experiments showed such a phenomenon.[23]

Physiology or Medicine

[edit]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the awarding of Ivermectin was sometimes invoked in order to justify the medication's usage as a treatment for the Coronavirus. However, Campbell and Ōmura had been awarded for Ivermectin's effectiveness specifically against parasitic infections.[24]

2014 Nobel Prizes

[edit]
Award Awardee(s) Nationality Criteria
Physics Isamu Akasaki

(1929–2021)

Japanese "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources" [25]
Hiroshi Amano

(b. 1960)

Shuji Nakamura

(b. 1954)

Japanese

American

Chemistry Eric Betzig

(b. 1960)

American "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy" [26]
Stefan W. Hell

(b. 1962)

Romanian[27]

German

William E. Moerner

(b. 1953)

American
Physiology or Medicine John O'Keefe

(b. 1939)

 United States

 United Kingdom

"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain" [28]
May-Britt Moser

(b. 1963)

 Norway
Edvard I. Moser

(b. 1962)

Literature Patrick Modiano

(b. 1945)

 France "for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the Occupation" [29]
Peace Kailash Satyarthi

(born 1954)

 India "for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education." [30]
Malala Yousafzai

(born 1997)

 Pakistan
Economic Sciences Jean Tirole

(b. 1953)

 France "for his analysis of market power and regulation" [31]

Controversies

[edit]

Physics

[edit]

Some questioned the award's lack of recognition for other scientists who helped pioneer light-emitting diodes such as Oleg Losev, Nick Holonyak, Gertrude Neumark.[32][33] In particular, it was mentioned that materials scientist Herbert Paul Maruska could be credited with first developing the blue LED.[34][35]

2013 Nobel Prizes

[edit]
Award Awardee(s) Nationality Criteria
Physics François Englert

(b. 1932)

Belgian "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider" [36]
Peter Higgs

(1929–2024)

British
Chemistry Martin Karplus

(b. 1930)

Austrian

American

"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems" [37]
Michael Levitt

(b. 1947)

South African

American British Israeli[38]

Arieh Warshel

(b. 1940)

Israeli

American

Physiology or Medicine James E. Rothman

(b. 1950)

 United States "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells" [39]
Randy W. Schekman

(b. 1948)

Thomas C. Südhof

(b. 1955)

 Germany

 United States

Literature Alice Munro

(1931–2024)

 Canada "master of the contemporary short story" [40]
Peace Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

(founded 1997)

 The Netherlands[41] "for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons." [42]
Economic Sciences Eugene F. Fama

(b. 1939)

 United States "for their empirical analysis of asset prices" [43]
Lars Peter Hansen

(b. 1952)

Robert J. Shiller

(b. 1946)

2012 Nobel Prizes

[edit]
Award Awardee(s) Nationality Criteria
Physics Serge Haroche

(b. 1944)

French "for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems." [44]
[[[David J. Wineland]]

(b. 1944)

American
Chemistry Robert Lefkowitz

(b. 1943)

American "for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors" [45]
Brian Kobilka

(b. 1955)

Physiology or Medicine Sir John B. Gurdon

(b. 1933)

 United Kingdom "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent" [46]
Shinya Yamanaka Shinya Yamanaka

(b. 1962)

 Japan
Literature Mo Yan

(b. 1955)

 China "who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary" [47]
Peace European Union

(founded 1958)

European Union "for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe." [48]
Economic Sciences Alvin E. Roth

(b. 1951)

 United States "for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design" [49]
Lloyd S. Shapley

(1923–2016)

Controversies

[edit]

Peace

[edit]

The Peace Prize's awarding to the European Union drew various criticisms from Eurosceptics and both Europe's far-left and far-right; detractors questioned the union's alleged record of peacemaking activities and peace outcomes.[50][51][52] Previous laureates Desmond Tutu, Mairead Maguire and Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, in an open letter written to the Nobel Foundation, also criticized the awarding on the basis of the European Union's imposition of "... security based on military force and waging wars rather than insisting on the need for an alternative approach".[53]

2011 Nobel Prizes

[edit]
Award Awardee(s) Nationality Criteria
Physics Saul Perlmutter

(b. 1959)

American "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae" [54]
Brian P. Schmidt

(b. 1967)

Australian
Adam G. Riess

(b. 1969)

American
Chemistry Dan Shechtman

(b. 1941)

Israeli

American

"for the discovery of quasicrystals" [55]
Physiology or Medicine Bruce A. Beutler

(b. 1957)

 United States "for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity" [56]
Jules A. Hoffmann

(b. 1941)

 France
Ralph M. Steinman

(1943–2011)

 Canada "for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity" (awarded posthumously)[57][58]
Literature Tomas Tranströmer

(1931–2015)

 Sweden "because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality" [59]
Peace Ellen Johnson Sirleaf

(born 1938)

 Liberia "for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work." [60]
Leymah Gbowee

(born 1972)

Tawakkul Karman

(born 1979)

 Yemen
Economic Sciences Thomas J. Sargent

(b. 1943)

 United States "for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy" [61]
Christopher A. Sims

(b. 1942)

Controversies

[edit]

Physiology or Medicine

[edit]

Steinman passed away from cancer shortly before the awards ceremony, creating a technical complication for the Nobel Foundation regarding its policy of prohibiting posthumous awards. Ultimately, the committee ruled that Steinman's naming as a recipient prior to his death resolved the posthumous question.[62]

Over 20 immunologists, in an open letter published in Nature, applauded the foundation's recognition of "the field of innate immunity" but lamented the lack of acknowledgement for scientists Charles Janeway and Ruslan Medzhitov whose discoveries constituted a "Nobel-standard breakthrough" in regards to said field.[63]

Hoffman's awarding was questioned by Bruce Lemaitre, a scientist who worked in Hoffman's lab in the nineties during the course of Hoffman's immunology research. On a website launched after the award's announcement, Lemaitre claimed that he himself did much of the work on immunity while Hoffman was originally uninterested in his project and later "inappropriately" took credit for it as a group effort.[64]

Peace

[edit]

Many questioned Sirleaf's awarding of the Peace Prize, pointing to her record as a head of state involving violent and corrupt leadership, as well as her past affiliation to Charles Taylor prior to her tenure as president.[65] Fellow laureate, Gbowee, also criticized Sirleaf's administration on similar lines.[66] However, others pushed back against said criticisms, stating that her advocacy of women's rights in Liberia has still been groundbreaking and influential.[67]

2010 Nobel Prizes

[edit]
Award Awardee(s) Nationality Criteria
Physics Andre Geim

(b. 1958)

Russian

British

"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene" [68]
Konstantin Novoselov

(b. 1974)

Chemistry Richard F. Heck

(1931–2015)

American "for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis" [69]
Ei-ichi Negishi

(1935–2021)

Japanese
Akira Suzuki

(b. 1930)

Physiology or Medicine Sir Robert G. Edwards

(1925–2013)

 United Kingdom "for the development of in vitro fertilization" [70]
Literature Mario Vargas Llosa

(b. 1936)

 Peru

 Spain

"for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat" [71]
Peace Liu Xiaobo[A]

(1955–2017)

 China "for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China." [72]
Economic Sciences Peter A. Diamond

(b. 1940)

 United States "for their analysis of markets with search frictions" [73]
Dale T. Mortensen

(1939–2014)

Christopher A. Pissarides

(b. 1948)

 Cyprus

 United Kingdom

A Liu Xiaobo's Prize was awarded in absentia because he was imprisoned in China.[74]

Controversies

[edit]

Peace

[edit]

Led by pressure from China, several countries boycotted the awards ceremony in Sweden due to the Peace Prize's awarding to Liu. China also announced the inauguration of their own peace prize, the Confucius Peace Prize, to be awarded the day before the Nobel Prizes award ceremony.[75]

2009 Nobel Prizes

[edit]
Award Awardee(s) Nationality Criteria
Physics Charles K. Kao

(1933–2018)

Chinese

British

"for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication" [76]
Willard S. Boyle

(1924–2011)

Canadian "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit—the CCD sensor"
George E. Smith

(b. 1930)

American
Chemistry Venkatraman Ramakrishnan

(b. 1952)

British

American

"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome" [77]
Thomas A. Steitz

(1940–2018)

American
Ada E. Yonath

(b. 1939)

Israeli
Physiology or Medicine Elizabeth H. Blackburn

(b. 1948)

 Australia

 United States

"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase" [78]
Carol W. Greider

(b. 1961)

 United States
Jack W. Szostak

(b. 1952)

 Canada

 United States

Literature Herta Müller

(b. 1953)

 Germany

 Romania

"who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed" [79]
Peace Barack Obama

(born 1961)

 United States "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples." [80]
Economic Sciences Elinor Ostrom

(1933–2012)

 United States "for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons" [81]
Oliver E. Williamson

(1932–2020)

"for his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm"

Controversies

[edit]

Peace

[edit]
Main article: Nobel Prize controversies § Peace

The Peace Prize's awarding to Obama drew widespread criticism on several counts. Polling data on American sentiments regarding its conferment were mixed, and several pointed out that Obama had only served nine months in the White House prior to receiving the prize and therefore it was undeserved or, at least, premature.[82] Opinion across the world, among citizens of different countries as well as many heads of state, was divided.[83] Many, such as those in the Los Angeles Times and The New York Times, saw it less as a celebration of Obama and more so a critique of the presidency of George W. Bush.[84][85] Peter Beinart of the Daily Beast called the decision a "farce"; Noam Chomsky said: "In defense of the committee, we might say that the achievement of doing nothing to advance peace places Obama on a considerably higher moral plane than some of the earlier recipients".[86][87] Some called the Nobel Foundation no longer credible.[88][89]

Later, through Obama's terms as president, public opinion among Americans regarding his deservingness for the prize waned.[90][91] Critics continued to cite the War on Terror as an indictment of his award's citation.[92][93] Some even called for it to be rescinded or returned.[94] Geil Lundestad, the former director of the Nobel Foundation up until 2014, said in his 2015 memoir that Obama failed to live up to the Nobel Committee's expectations.[95][96]

2008 Nobel Prizes

[edit]
Award Awardee(s) Notionality Criteria
Physics Makoto Kobayashi

(b. 1944)

Japanese "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature" [97]
Toshihide Maskawa

(1940–2021)

Yoichiro Nambu

(1921–2015)

Japanese

American

"for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics"
Chemistry Osamu Shimomura

(1928–2018)

Japanese[98] "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP" [99]
Martin Chalfie

(b. 1947)

American
Roger Y. Tsien

(1952–2016)

Physiology or Medicine Harald zur Hausen

(1936–2023)

 Germany "for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer" [100]
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi

(b. 1947)

 France "for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus"
Luc Montagnier

(1932–2022)

Literature Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio

(b. 1940)

 France

 Mauritius

"author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization" [101]
Peace Martti Ahtisaari

(1937–2023)

 Finland "for his important efforts, on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts." [102]
Economic Sciences Paul Krugman

(b. 1953)

 United States "for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity" [103]

Controversies

[edit]

Physiology or Medicine

[edit]

Zur Hausen's award for the Physiology or Medicine Prize was overshadowed by a brief investigation into possible corruptive influences between the Nobel Foundation and AstraZeneca, a pharmaceutical company that had major stake in HPV vaccines. Although it was revealed that two senior officials on the selection committee had ties to AstraZeneca, no formal indictment happened.[104] Many also showed dismay at the lack of acknowledgement for Robert Gallo's contributions to HIV/AIDS research.[105]

2007 Nobel Prizes

[edit]
Award Awardee(s) Nationality Criteria
Physics Albert Fert

(b. 1938)

French "for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance" [106]
Peter Grünberg

(1939–2018)

German
Chemistry Gerhard Ertl

(b. 1936)

German "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces" [107]
Physiology or Medicine Mario R. Capecchi

(b. 1937)

 Italy

 United States

"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells." [108]
Sir Martin Evans

(b. 1941)

 United Kingdom
Oliver Smithies

(1925–2017)

 United Kingdom

 United States

Literature Doris Lessing

(1919–2013)

 United Kingdom

(born in Iran)

"that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny" [109]
Peace Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

(founded 1988)

United Nations "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change." [110]
Al Gore

(born 1948)

 United States
Economic Sciences Leonid Hurwicz

(1917–2008)

 Poland

 United States

"for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory" [111]
Eric S. Maskin

(b. 1950)

 United States
Roger Myerson

(b. 1951)

Controversies

[edit]

Chemistry

[edit]

Ertl, who solely won the Chemistry Prize, showed both surprise and disappointment that Gábor Somorjai, a foundational pioneer in modern surface science and catalysis, wasn't named for the prize alongside him.[112][113] Somorjai and Ertl had previously shared the Wolf Prize for Chemistry in 1998. The Nobel Foundation's decision to exclude Somorjai was criticized in the scientific community.[114]

2006 Nobel Prizes

[edit]
Awards Awardee(s) Nationality Criteria
Physics John C. Mather

(b. 1946)

American "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation" [115]
George Smoot

(b. 1945)

Chemistry Roger D. Kornberg

(b. 1947)

American "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription" [116]
Physiology or Medicine Andrew Z. Fire

(b. 1959)

 United States "for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA" [117]
Craig C. Mello

(b. 1960)

Literature Orhan Pamuk

(b. 1952)

 Turkey "who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures" [118]
Peace Muhammad Yunus

(b. 1940)

 Bangladesh "for their efforts to create economic and social development from below." [119]
Grameen Bank

(founded 1983)

Economic Sciences Edmund S. Phelps

(b. 1933)

 United States "for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy" [120]

Controversies

[edit]

Physiology or Medicine

[edit]

Some scientists observed that Fire and Mello's discoveries in RNA interference in Caenorhabditis elegans had similarly been previously studied by plant biologists like David Baulcombe and that more acknowledgement should've been given.[121]

References

[edit]
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