# ^ Bat Ye'or (1985), p. 45
# ^ Lewis (1984), p.62; Lewis (2002), p. 101
# ^ Al-Mawardi (2000), p. 158
# ^ Lewis (1984), p. 10
# ^ Tritton (1970), p. 49
# ^ a b c d e Lewis (1984), p. 17–18; Stillman (1979), p. 27
# ^ Wehr (1976), p. 312
# ^ Bravmann (1967), p. 307
# ^ Al-Mawardi (2000), p. 158; Bat Ye'or (2202), p. 51; Lewis (1984), p. 14
# ^ Lewis (1984), pp. 10–11; Bat Ye'or (2002), p. 41
# ^ a b c d e f g The provisions of the Pact of Umar are cited as translated in Stillman (1979), pp. 157–158
# ^ Tritton (1970); Lewis (1984), pp. 24–25; Bat Ye’or (1985), p. 48; Goddard (2000), p. 46
# ^ Bat Ye’or (2003), p. 111; Lewis (1984), pp. 18–19; Stillman (1979), p. 26; Goddard (2000), p. 47
# ^ Bat Ye’or (1985), p. 68
# ^ Bat Ye’or (2003), pp. 111–113
# ^ a b Al-Mawardi (2000), p. 161
# ^ Lewis (1984), p. 16
# ^ Friedmann (2003), p. 35
# ^ Bat Ye’or (2002), p. 40
# ^ Lewis (1984), p. 4
# ^ Stillman (1979), p. 87
# ^ Stillman (1979), p. 99; Lewis (1984) p. 39–40
# ^ Lewis (1984), p. 32
# ^ Stillman (1979), p. 109
# ^ Lewis (1984), pp. 49–51
# ^ Lewis (1984), p. 9; Bat Ye'or (2002), p. 66
# ^ Lewis (1984), pp. 94–95
# ^ Lewis (1984), p. 52; Stillman (1979), p.77
# ^ a b c d e Bat Ye'or (2002), p. 88
# ^ Stillman (1979), p.78
# ^ Lewis (1984), p. 100; Bat Ye'or (2002), p. 88
# ^ Lewis (1984), p. 40
# ^ Lewis (1984), p. 152; Littman (1979), p. 3
# ^ a b Littman (1979), p. 4
# ^ Littman (1979), p. 4; Lewis (1984), p. 168; Stillman (1979), p.76
# ^ a b c Bat Ye'or (1985), p. 61
# ^ Bat Ye'or (2002), pp. 88–89
# ^ Stillman (1979), pp. 37–39
# ^ Stillman (1979), pp. 304–305; see also Stillman (1979), pp. 201–203, for examples of specific incidents.
# ^ Bat Ye’or (2002), pp. 83–85
# ^ Ibn Kathir, Tafsir. URL accessed on April 30, 2006
# ^ Al-Mawardi (2000), p. 162; see also Bat Ye’or (1985), p. 179
# ^ Lewis (1984), p. 39
# ^ Stillman (1979), p. 103; Lewis (1984), p. 40
# ^ Lewis (1984), p. 40
# ^ Lane, Edward William (1871). An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians, p. 305. Quoted in Lewis (1984), p. 40
# ^ Bat Ye’or (1985), p. 60
# ^ a b c Lewis (1984), pp. 14–15
# ^ Lewis (1984), pp. 30–31; see Bat Ye’or (1985), p. 170, for a full English translation of the letter
# ^ Lewis (2002), p. 81
# ^ a b c
# ^ Stillman (1979), p. 28
# ^ Friedmann (2003), pp. 35–36
# ^ Bat Ye’or (2002), p. 74
# ^ Bat Ye’or (2002), p. 75
# ^ Bat Ye’or (2002), p. 79
# ^ Lewis (1984), pp. 26–27; see also Friedmann (2003), p. 35
# ^ Bat Ye’or (1985), p. 62
# ^ Al-Mawardi (2000), p. 66; the expression in quotes is from al-Sarakhsi, translated in Lewis (1984), p. 199; see also Friedmann (2003), p. 36
# ^ "Djizya (i)", Encyclopaedia of Islam Online
# ^ Lewis (1984), p. 199
# ^ Lewis (1984), p. 32
# ^ a b Lewis (1984), p. 36
# ^ Lewis (1984), p. 168
# ^ Stillman (1979), p. 104
# ^ Stillman (1979), p. 102
# ^ Lewis (2002), p. 90
# ^ Wehr (1976), p.515,516
# ^ Ibn Kathir. Tafsir. Retrieved on 2006-05-14.
# ^ Bat Ye'or (2002), p. 89
# ^ Ibn Naqqash, English translation in Bat Ye'or (1985), p. 188
# ^ Bat Ye'or (2002), p. 90; Stillman (1979), p. 73
# ^ a b c Lewis (1984), p. 14
# ^ Al-Nawawi, Minhadj, quoted in Bat Ye’or (2002), p. 70
# ^ Kitab al-Wagiz fi Fiqh Madhab al-Imam al-Safi’i, English translation cited in Andrew Bostom (2005), p. 199.
# ^ Ahmad ad-Dardi el-Adaoui. Fetowa [1772]: ‘Réponse à une question’ Translated into French by François-Alphonse Belin. Journal Asiatique, 4th ser. 19 (1852): 107-8. English translation from Bat Ye’or (1996), p. 361-362.
# ^ Georges Vajda. “Un Traité maghrébin ‘Adversus Judaeos’. Ahkam ahl al-Dhimma [Laws relating to the dhimmis] du Shaykh Muhammad b. Abd al-Karim al-Maghili.” In Etudes d’Orientalisme dédiées à la mémoire de Lévi-Provençal. 805-813. Paris: Masionneuve & Larose. English translation from Bat Ye’or (1996), p. 361
# ^ Tabari, Ja:mi ’al-Baya:n …, ed. M. Sha:kir (Beirut, 1421/2001), vol. 10. Pp. 125-6. English translation from Andrew Bostom (2005), p. 128.
# ^ From Al-Suyuti’s Durr al-Manthu:r … (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 3, p.228. English translation from Andrew Bostom (2005), p. 127.
# ^ Lewis (1984), p. 15
# ^ Stillman (1979), p. 214; "Kird" Encyclopaedia of Islam Online
# ^ Jewish History Sourcebook: Islam and the Jews: The Status of Jews and Christians in Muslim Lands, 1772 CE. Retrieved on 2006-05-13.
# ^ Bat Ye’or (1985), p. 64; see Lewis (1984), pp. 164–166, Stillman (1979), pp. 315–316 for some specific examples.
# ^ Bat Ye’or (1985), p. 64
# ^ Al-Nawawi, Minhadj, quoted in Bat Ye’or (2002), p. 91
# ^ a b Bat Ye’or (2002), pp. 91–96
# ^ Bat Ye’or (2002), p. 97
# ^ Lewis (1984), p. 36
# ^ Stillman (1979), p. 471
# ^ a b Bat Ye’or (1985), p. 63
# ^ Stillman (1979), p. 417
# ^ Bat Ye’or (2002), p. 98
# ^ Al-Mawardi (2000), p. 161
# ^ Bat Ye’or (1985), p. 62
# ^ Al-Tabari, Ta'rikh al-Rusul wa 'l-Muluk, translated in Stillman (1979), p. 167
# ^ Al-Maliki, Riyad an-Nufus, translated in Bat Ye’or (1985), p. 186; see also "Kird", Encyclopaedia of Islam Online (2006)
# ^ Bat Ye’or (1985), p. 64
# ^ Lewis (1984), p. 28
# ^ Al-Mawardi (2000), p. 161; Friedmann (2003), p. 161; Lewis (1984), p. 27; Bat Ye'or (1985), p. 62
# ^ Friedmann (2003), pp. 161–162
# ^ Lewis (1984), p. 27
# ^ Bat Ye'or (1985), p. 62; Friedmann (2003), p. 163
# ^ Al-Mawardi (2000), p. 243
# ^ Friedmann (2003), pp. 163–164
# ^ Lewis (1984), p. 34
# ^ Official website of Grand Ayatollah Fazel Lankarani URL accessed on April 27, 2006
# ^ Lewis (1984), pp. 33–34; Bat Ye’or (2002), p. 103; Littman (1979), p. 3
# ^ Spencer (2005), p. 51
# ^ "1839-61", The Encyclopedia of World History Online
# ^ "1839 Nov. 3", The Encyclopedia of World History Online
# ^ "1856, Feb. 18", The Encyclopedia of World History Online
# ^ Lapidus (1988), p. 599
# ^ Lapidus (2002), p. 495
# ^ Spencer (2005), p. 59
