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For Captain-class battleship, see HMS Captain (1869).
HMS Balfour
HMS Balfour, an example of the Buckley class.
Class overview
Builderslist error: <br /> list (help)
Boston Navy Yard
Mare Island Navy Yard
Bethlehem-Hingham
Operators Royal Navy
Subclasseslist error: <br /> list (help)
Buckley class
Evarts class
In service1943–1956
Completed78
Lost7
General characteristics
Displacementlist error: <br /> list (help)
1,140 long tons (1,158 t) (Evarts)
1,400 long tons (1,422 t) (Buckley)
Lengthlist error: <br /> list (help)
289 ft 6 in (88.24 m) (Evarts)
306 ft (93 m) (Buckley)
Beamlist error: <br /> list (help)
35 ft (11 m) (Evarts)
36 ft 9 in (11.20 m)(Buckley)
Draft9 ft (2.7 m)
PropulsionSee text
Speedlist error: <br /> list (help)
20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) (Evarts)
24 knots (44 km/h; 28 mph) (Buckley)
Rangelist error: <br /> list (help)
5,000 nautical miles (9,300 km; 5,800 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph) (Evarts)
5,500 nautical miles (10,200 km; 6,300 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph) (Buckley)
Complementlist error: <br /> list (help)
156 (Evarts)
186 (Buckley)
Sensors and
processing systems		list error: <br /> list (help)
SA & SL type radars
Type 144 series Asdic
MF Direction Finding antenna
HF Direction Finding Type FH 4 antenna
Armamentlist error: <br /> list (help)
3 × 3 in (76 mm) /50 Mk.22 guns
1 × twin Bofors 40 mm mount Mk.I
7-16 × 20 mm Oerlikon guns
Mark 10 Hedgehog A/S projector
Depth charges
QF 2 pounder naval gun

The Captain class was a designation given to 78 frigates of the Royal Navy, constructed in the United States of America, launched in 1942–1943 and delivered to the United Kingdom under the provisions of the Lend-Lease agreement (the program under which the United States of America supplied the United Kingdom and other Allied nations with materiel between 1941 and 1945), they were drawn from two subclasses of the American Destroyer Escort (originally British Destroyer Escort) classification; 32 from the Evarts subclass and 46 from the Buckley subclass.

Captain class frigates served in World War II as convoy escorts, anti-submarine warfare vessels or coastal forces control frigates. During the course of World War II this class participated in the sinking of at least 34 German submarines and a number of other hostile craft with 15 of the 78 Captain class frigates being either sunk or written-off as a Constructive Total Loss.

In the Post-war period nearly all of the surviving Captain class frigates were returned to the US Navy as quickly as possible to reduce the amount payable under the provisions of the Lend-Lease agreement.

Early history

[edit]

In June 1941 His Majesty's Government seeking to take advantage of the US lend-lease program asked the United States to design, build and supply an escort vessel that was suitable for anti-submarine warfare in deep open ocean situations.[1] The requested particulars were a length of 300 feet (90 m), a speed of 20 knots (37 km/h), a dual purpose main armament and an open bridge.[2] The United States Navy had been looking into the feasibility of such a vessel since 1939 and Captain E. L. Cochrane of the American Bureau of Shipping - who during his visit to the United Kingdom in 1940 looked at Royal Navy corvettes and Hunt class destroyers - had come up with a design for such a vessel.[3] This design had anticipated a need for large numbers of vessels of this type, and had sought to remove the major bottleneck of production for vessels of this type: reduction gearing required for the steam turbine machinery of destroyers.[2] Production of reduction gears could not be easily increased, as the precision machinery required for their construction alone took over a year to produce.[2] Therefore, a readily available and proven layout of diesel-electric machinery, also used on submarines, was adopted. When the United Kingdom made their request, Admiral Stark (USN) decided to put these plans into motion and recommended that the British order be approved.[4] Gibbs and Cox, the marine architects charged with creating working plans, had to make several alterations to the method of production and to Captain Cochrane's original design, most notably dropping another production bottleneck[2] - the five inch /38 caliber gun - and replacing it with the three inch /50 caliber gun, which allowed a third gun to be added in a superfiring position ("B") forward.[2] The result was a vessel that could be produced at half the cost of a fleet destroyer.[4]

On August 15, 1941 President Franklin D. Roosevelt authorised the construction of 50 of the new Evarts-class design as BDE 1–50 (British Destroyer Escort)[2] as part of the 1799 program (a plan to supply 1799 ships to the Royal Navy),[5] The turbo-electric powered Buckley class were not part of the first order and were authorised later by Public Law 440 effective February 6, 1942.[6] The Royal Navy placed orders in November 1941 with four ship yards: Boston Navy Yard, Mare Island Navy Yard, Philadelphia Naval Shipyard and Puget Sound Navy Yard.[4] When the United States entered the war, they too adopted the BDE design.[4] The BDE designation was retained by the first six destroyer escorts (BDE 1, 2, 3, 4, 12 and 46) transferred to the United Kingdom. Of the initial 50 ordered, these were the only ones the Royal Navy received; the rest were reclassified as destroyer escort (DE) on January 25, 1943 and taken over by the United States Navy.[4] By the end of World War II the Royal Navy had received 32 Evarts and 46 Buckleys[4] from Boston Navy Yard, Mare Island Navy Yard and Bethlehem-Hingham.[2]

Te Royal Navy classified these ships as frigates, as they lacked the torpedo tubes necessary to be classified as destroyers.[7] For those used to Admiralty-designed ships the Captains were unfamiliar: they had no break forward of the forecastle and a graceful shear to deck-line from the forecastle to midship, and the Evarts had daringly rakish cowls on top of the funnels.[8] Those that served on these ships came to view these features as being very handsome. [8] Amongst the differences with British designed vessels were the provision of bunks rather than hammocks,[9] and the use of welds rather than rivets in the design.[10]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Franklin. The Buckley-Class Destroyer Escorts. p. 5.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Lenton, British and Empire Warships of World War II, pp. 198-199
  3. ^ Franklin. The Buckley-Class Destroyer Escorts. pp. 6–7.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Franklin. The Buckley-Class Destroyer Escorts. p. 7.
  5. ^ Morison. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 10: The Atlantic Battle Won, May 1943-May 1945. p. 34.
  6. ^ Franklin. The Buckley-Class Destroyer Escorts. pp. 11–12.
  7. ^ Donald. The Captain Class Frigates in the Second World War. p. 33.
  8. ^ a b Donald. The Captain Class Frigates in the Second World War. p. 7.
  9. ^ Donald. The Captain Class Frigates in the Second World War. p. 20.
  10. ^ Donald. The Captain Class Frigates in the Second World War. p. 17.

Sources

[edit]
  • Franklin, Bruce Hampton. The Buckley-Class Destroyer Escorts Chatham Publishing, (1999). ISBN 086176118X Parameter error in {{ISBN}}: checksum.
  • Collingwood, Donald. The Captain Class Frigates in the Second World War Leo Cooper, (1998). ISBN 085052 615 9.
  • Lenton, H T. British and Empire Warships of the Second World War Greenhill Books / Naval Institute Press, (1998). ISBN 1-85367-277-7.
  • Lenton, H T. British Escort Ships Macdonald and Jane's, (1974). ISBN 0-356-08062-5.
  • Niestle, Axel. German U-Boat Losses During World War II United States Naval Inst, (1998). ISBN 1557506418.
  • Ould, Vic. Last but not least Arcturus Press, (2004). ISBN 0-907322-93-X.
  • Ruegg, Bob and Hague, Arnold. Convoys to Russia 1941-1945 World Ship Society, (1993). ISBN 0-905617-66-5.
  • Elliott, Peter The Lend-Lease Captains. Warship International No.3 1972: N3/72:255. §N1/73:5.

On August 15, 1941 President Franklin D. Roosevelt authorised the construction of 50 of the new Evarts-class design as BDE 1 - 50 (British Destroyer Escort)[1] as part of the 1799 program (a plan to supply 1799 ships to the Royal Navy),[2] The turbo-electric powered Buckley class were not part of the first order and were authorised later by Public Law 440 effective February 6, 1942.[3] The Royal Navy placed orders in November 1941 with four ship yards: Boston Navy Yard, Mare Island Navy Yard, Philadelphia Naval Shipyard and Puget Sound Navy Yard.[4] When the United States entered the war, they too adopted the BDE design.[4] The BDE designation was retained by the first six destroyer escorts (BDE 1, 2, 3, 4, 12 and 46) transferred to the United Kingdom. Of the initial 50 ordered, these were the only ones the Royal Navy received; the rest were reclassified as destroyer escort (DE) on January 25, 1943 and taken over by the United States Navy.[4] By the end of World War II the Royal Navy had received 32 Evarts and 46 Buckleys[4] from Boston Navy Yard, Mare Island Navy Yard and Bethlehem-Hingham.[1]

The Royal Navy classified these ships as frigates, as they lacked the torpedo tubes necessary to be classified as destroyers.[5] For those used to Admiralty-designed ships the Captains were unfamiliar: they had no break forward of the forecastle and a graceful shear to deck-line from the forecastle to midship, and the Evarts had daringly rakish cowls on top of the funnels.[6] Those that served on these ships came to view these features as being very handsome. [6] Amongst the differences with British designed Royal Navy vessels were the provision of bunks rather than hammocks,[7] and the use of welds rather than rivets in the design.[8]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference BEWWW2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Morison. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 10: The Atlantic Battle Won, May 1943-May 1945. p. 34.
  3. ^ Franklin. The Buckley-Class Destroyer Escorts. pp. 11–12.
  4. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference Bruce I was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Donald. The Captain Class Frigates in the Second World War. p. 33.
  6. ^ a b Donald. The Captain Class Frigates in the Second World War. p. 7.
  7. ^ Donald. The Captain Class Frigates in the Second World War. p. 20.
  8. ^ Donald. The Captain Class Frigates in the Second World War. p. 17.

Sources

[edit]
  • Franklin, Bruce Hampton. The Buckley-Class Destroyer Escorts Chatham Publishing, (1999). ISBN 086176118X Parameter error in {{ISBN}}: checksum.
  • Collingwood, Donald. The Captain Class Frigates in the Second World War Leo Cooper, (1998). ISBN 085052 615 9.
  • Lenton, H T. British and Empire Warships of the Second World War Greenhill Books / Naval Institute Press, (1998). ISBN 1-85367-277-7.
  • Lenton, H T. British Escort Ships Macdonald and Jane's, (1974). ISBN 0-356-08062-5.
  • Niestle, Axel. German U-Boat Losses During World War II United States Naval Inst, (1998). ISBN 1557506418.
  • Ould, Vic. Last but not least Arcturus Press, (2004). ISBN 0-907322-93-X.
  • Ruegg, Bob and Hague, Arnold. Convoys to Russia 1941-1945 World Ship Society, (1993). ISBN 0-905617-66-5.
  • Elliott, Peter The Lend-Lease Captains. Warship International No.3 1972: N3/72:255. §N1/73:5.
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