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Gaius Julius Caesar [a] (12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman who has had his name associated with various places, monuments,ships, objects, and concepts. This list compiles the such things named after him.
Geographic locations
[edit]- Cáceres, Spain - The name Cáceres is believed to have evolved from the Latin name Norba Caesarina, which was founded in honor of Caesar.[1]
- Casares, Málaga - According to a legend, Caesar founded the city after curing his skin condition by bathing in the thermal baths of La Hedionda.[2][3]
Mount Triglav, the highest peak of Julian Alps - Friuli-Venezia Giulia - The name Friuli originates from the Latin term Forum Julii ('Julius' forum'), a Roman-era commercial hub that corresponds to the modern city of Cividale.[4]
- Forum Julli (mod - Fréjus) - It is located at the mouth of the Argens valley and was founded or expanded by Julius Caesar around 49 B.C. as a market and provisioning center.[5][6]
- Julian Alps - These are a mountain range of the Southern Limestone Alps that stretch from north-eastern Italy to Slovenia, named after Caesar perhaps due to a road built by Julius Caesar and completed by Augustus.[7][8]
Time-keeping
[edit]- Julian calendar - The calendar introduced by Caesar in 45 B.C. was named in his honor. It reformed the Roman calendar to align more closely with the solar year.[9]
- Julian day - It is a continuous count of days from the beginning of the Julian period.
- Julian period - It is a chronological system introduced by Joseph Scaliger, a classical scholar, in 1583, combining three cycles to count years continuously over 7,980 years.[10]
- Julian year (astronomy) - Julian year (symbol: a or aj) is a unit of measurement of time defined as exactly 365.25 days of 86400 SI seconds each. The length of the year is the average length of the year in the Julian calendar.[11]
- July - It is is the seventh month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars, originally known as Quintilis (Latin for five), the month was renamed to July by the Roman Senate in honor of Caesar in 44 B.C., as it was the month of his birth.[12]
Buildings and monuments
[edit]- Basilica Julia - It is present in the Roman Forum and was named after Caesar, who initiated its construction in 54 BC. The basilica was designed to serve as a public building for legal and commercial proceedings.[13][14]
- Caesareum of Alexandria - It is a temple believed to be built by Queen Cleopatra VII in honor of Caesar.[15][b]
- Caesar's Rhine bridges - These were the first two bridges on record to cross the Rhine river, were built by Caesar and his legionaries during the Gallic War in 55 BC and 53 BC. [17]
- Caesar's tower - It is located in Warwick Castle, is believed to be named after Julius Caesar as Shakespeare alludes to the tradition that Caesar built the Tower of London in his play "The Tragedy of Julius Caesar". [18]
- Curia Julia - It is third senate house in the Roman Forum, was named after Caesar, who initiated its construction in 44 BC. Completed by Augustus in 29 BC, it replaced the earlier Curia Hostilia.[19]
- Forum of Caesar - (latin - forum Iulium) - It was named after Caesar in 54 BC, who initiated its construction to celebrate his military triumphs and provide a space for public affairs.[20][21]
- Temple of Divus Julius - It was built in the Roman Forum by Augustus in 29 BC. It was dedicated to Caesar following his posthumous deification by the Roman Senate in 42 BC.[22][23]
Ships
[edit]- Giulio Cesare - It was a Conte di Cavour-class dreadnought battleship of the Regia Marina, was named after Julius Caesar and served from 1914 to 1955, including roles in both World Wars and later as a Soviet training ship.[24]
- HMS Caesar (1896) - It was a Majestic-class pre-dreadnought battleship of the Royal Navy, was named after Caesar and served from 1898 to 1921, including roles in the Mediterranean, Atlantic, and as a depot ship during WWI.[25]
- USS Caesar - It was a collier whose namesake was Caesar and was built in England in 1896 and scrapped in Japan in 1935. In the US Navy she served in various wars like - Spanish–American War, Philippine–American War and First World War. [26]
Celestial bodies
[edit]- 18458 Caesar - It is a minor planet discovered by Freimut Börngen at Karl Schwarzschild Observatory in 1995.[27][28]
- Caesar's Comet - It appeared in 44 BC, following the assassination of Julius Caesar. The Romans believed it symbolized his ascension to divinity, and it was subsequently referred to as "Caesar's Comet" to honor his deification. [29][30]
- Julius Caesar (crater) - A 85 km wide lunar crater named after Caesar and located to the west of Mare Tranquillitatis, and directly southeast of the crater Manilius on the Mare Vaporum.[12]
In popular culture
[edit]- Caesar and Cleopatra (play) - It is a play written in 1898 by George Bernard Shaw that depicts a fictionalized account of the relationship between Julius Caesar and Cleopatra.[31][32]
- Caesar and Pompey - It is a Jacobean era stage play, a classical tragedy written by George Chapman.[33]
- Die Ermordung Cäsars (The Murder of Caesar) - It is a one-act opera by Giselher Klebe, who wrote the libretto based on August Wilhelm von Schlegel's translation of Shakespeare's Julius Caesar.[34]
- Giulio Cesare in Egitto - It is a dramma per musica (opera seria) in three acts composed by George Frideric Handel for the Royal Academy of Music in 1724 whose plot is loosely based on historical events during the Roman Civil War of 49–45 BC.[35][36]
- Julius Caesar (1950 film) - It is a 1950 film adaptation of the Shakespeare play Julius Caesar, directed by David Bradley [37]
- Julius Caesar (1953 film) - It is a 1953 American film adaptation of the Shakespearean play, directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz [37][38]
- Julius Caesar (1970 film) - It is a 1970 film adaptation of William Shakespeare's play of the same name, directed by Stuart Burge.[37]
- Julius Caesar Against the Pirates - It is a 1962 Italian adventure film written and directed by Sergio Grieco which is loosely based on actual events from the early life of Julius Caesar.
- Julius Caesar (miniseries) - It is a historical drama named after Caesar. The series portrays key events from his life and rise to power.
- La morte di Cesare (The Death of Caesar) - It is a three-act opera seria by Francesco Bianchi with a libretto by Gaetano Sertor, inspired by Shakespeare's Julius Caesar.[39]
- The Tragedy of Julius Caesar - It is a history play and tragedy , written by William Shakespeare, and named after the Julius Caesar, whose assassination serves as the central event in the play.
- Young Caesar - It is an opera written in 1970 by Lou Harrison which depicting the younger years of Julius Caesar [40]
Paintings
[edit]
The Death of Julius Caesar (1806) by Vincenzo Camuccini - The death of Caesar (Janssens) - It is a painting by Flemish artist Victor Honoré Janssens between 1658 and 1736 which depicts the assassination of Julius Caesar.[42]
- The Death of Julius Caesar (Camuccini) - It is an 1806 painting by Vincenzo Camuccini depicting the assassination of Julius Caesar.[43]
Others
[edit]- Amanita caesarea - The common name is derived from the title "Caesar" (originally a family name) of the Roman emperors[44]
- Caesarism - In political science, Caesarism refers to an authoritarian and populist ideology modeled after Julius Caesar's autocratic rule as Rome's dictator from 49 to 44 BCE. [45][46]
- Caesarian Section - Though popularly believed to be named after Julius Caesar, the term 'Caesarean section' actually derives from the Latin 'caedere,' meaning 'to cut.' The procedure has no historical link to Caesar's birth. [47][48]
- Caesaropapism - The term "Caesaropapism" is composed of two parts: "Caesar," derived from the cognomen of Julius Caesar, and "Papism."[49]
- Caesar's Cipher - Also known as, Caesar shift, it is one of the simplest and most widely known encryption techniques. It is named after Caesar, who, according to Suetonius, used it with a shift of three (A becoming D when encrypting, and D becoming A when decrypting) to protect messages of military significance.[50][51]
- Caesar (title) - It is is a title of imperial character. It derives from the cognomen of the Roman dictator Gaius Julius Caesar.[52]
- Tsar, Kaiser - Titles for emperors in Russia (tsar) and Germany (kaiser) are directly derived from the Roman emperors' title of Caesar.[53][54]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Pronounced /ˈsiːzər/ SEE-zər, Classical Latin: [ˈɡaːi.ʊs ˈjuːliʊs ˈkae̯sar].
- ^ It is believed to have been initially constructed by Cleopatra VII, in honor of Julius Caesar, but later repurposed by Augustus, possibly to honor himself.[16]
References
[edit]- ^ Stillwell, Richard; MacDonald, William Lloyd; McAllister, Marian Holland (1976). The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press (published 2017). p. 629. ISBN 978-1-4008-8658-6.
- ^ "History". Andalucia.com. 2014-08-12. Archived from the original on 2024-12-03. Retrieved 2024-12-12.
- ^ "Baths of La Hedionda in Casares". 2024-07-15. Retrieved 2024-12-12.
- ^ "Friuli Venezia Giulia: l'origine del nome". UdineToday (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2024-12-04. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
- ^ "The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, FORUM JULII (Fréjus) Var, France". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 2024-12-03. Retrieved 2024-12-03.
- ^ Harvey Sir Paul. (1937). The Oxford Companion To Classical Literature. Osmania University, Digital Library Of India. Oxford At The Clarendon Press. p. 180.
- ^ John W. Eadie; Festus (1967). The Breviarium of Festus. London: Athlone Press. p. 51.
- ^ Samuel Miller Waring (1819). The Traveller's Fire-side: A Series of Papers on Switzerland, the Alps, &c ... New York Public Library. Baldwin.
- ^ Seidelmann 1992, pp. 600–601.
- ^ McCarthy, Dennis D. (October 1998). "The Julian and Modified Julian Dates". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 29 (4): 328–329. doi:10.1177/002182869802900402. ISSN 0021-8286.
- ^ Seidelmann 1992, p. 696.
- ^ a b Coolman, Robert (2014-05-16). "Keeping Time: Months and the Modern Calendar". livescience.com. Archived from the original on 2024-12-08. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
- ^ Platner, Samuel Ball; Ashby, Thomas (1929). A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 78–79.
- ^ Claridge 1998, p. 92-93.
- ^ Fletcher, Joann (2008). Cleopatra the Great (1. publ ed.). London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-340-83155-7.
- ^ "Centre d'Études Alexandrines (2022)". Archived from the original on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
- ^ "BRÜCKEN - Architektur, Technik, Geschichte". www.bernd-nebel.de. Archived from the original on 2024-08-05. Retrieved 2024-12-14.
- ^ Jr, Homer Nearing (September 1949). "The Legend of Julius Caesar's British Conquest". PMLA. 64 (4): 927. doi:10.2307/459639. ISSN 0030-8129.
- ^ Claridge 1998, p. 70.
- ^ Simon Hornblower, Antony Spawforth (1999). The Oxford Classical Dictionary Third Edition. Oxford University Press. p. 607. ISBN 978-0195216936.
- ^ Claridge 1998, p. 164.
- ^ Sumi, Geoffrey S. (May 2015). "Topography and Ideology: Caesar's Monument and the Aedes Divi Iulii in Augustan Rome". The Classical Quarterly. 61 (1): 205–229. doi:10.1017/S0009838810000510. ISSN 0009-8388.
- ^ Claridge 1998, p. 100.
- ^ Silverstone 1984, p. 298.
- ^ Silverstone 1984, p. 219.
- ^ "Caesar". public1.nhhcaws.local. Archived from the original on 2024-05-26. Retrieved 2024-12-10.
- ^ "IAU Minor Planet Center". minorplanetcenter.net. Retrieved 2024-12-14.
- ^ "Small-Body Database Lookup". ssd.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2023-01-19. Retrieved 2024-12-14.
- ^ Evans, James C. "Review of: The Comet of 44 B.C. and Caesar's Funeral Games by John T. Ramsey and A. Lewis Licht". Isis. Faculty Scholarship. University of Puget Sound.
- ^ Grant, Michael (1974). The Roman forum. London ; New York [etc.] : Spring Books. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-600-37556-2.
- ^ Evans, Judith (2003). The politics and plays of Bernard Shaw. Internet Archive. Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-7864-1323-2.
- ^ "Caesar and Cleopatra | George Bernard Shaw, Comedy, Egypt | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 2024-04-21. Retrieved 2024-12-19.
- ^ Chambers, E. K. The Elizabethan Stage. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1923; Vol. 3, p. 259.
- ^ "Giselher Klebe - Die Ermordung Cäsars". www.boosey.com. Archived from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2024-12-19.
- ^ "Giulio Cesare in Egitto (Julius Caesar in Egypt)". web.archive.org. 2018-10-04. Archived from the original on 2018-10-04. Retrieved 2024-12-19.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ "GFHandel.org". web.archive.org. 2014-07-14. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2024-12-19.
- ^ a b c Davies, Anthony, ed. (2002). Shakespeare and the moving image: the plays on film and television (Reprinted ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-521-43573-4.
- ^ "Julius Caesar' and Two Other Arrivals; Shakespeare Tragedy, Filmed by M-G-M With a Notable Cast, Unfolds at Booth (Published 1953)". 1953-06-05. Archived from the original on 2023-02-27. Retrieved 2024-12-19.
- ^ McClymonds, Marita P. (2001). Sertor, Gaetano. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.48307. Archived from the original on 2018-06-01. Retrieved 2024-12-19.
- ^ Rockwell, John (2017-06-13). "Julius Caesar, young and gay: A groundbreaking 1971 opera gets revived for a new era". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2024-12-19. Retrieved 2024-12-19.
- ^ Arbiter, Petronius (1917). "A Great Work of Art: "The Death of Caesar" by Gérôme". The Art World. 2 (5): 447–448. doi:10.2307/25588049. ISSN 2151-2752.
- ^ "Victor Honoré Janssens - The death of Caesar". www.artnet.com. Archived from the original on 2019-11-11. Retrieved 2024-12-17.
- ^ "Web Gallery of Art, searchable fine arts image database". www.wga.hu. Retrieved 2024-12-17.
- ^ Mazza, Giuseppe (2012-01-21). "Amanita caesarea". Monaco Nature Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2024-05-19. Retrieved 2024-12-12.
- ^ Baehr, Peter (2008). Caesarism, charisma and fate: historical sources and modern resonances in the work of Max Weber. New Brunswick (N.J.): Transaction publ. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4128-0813-2.
- ^ "Caesarism", The Free Dictionary, retrieved 2024-12-10
- ^ Todman, Donald (2007). "A history of caesarean section: From ancient world to the modern era". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 47 (5): 357. doi:10.1111/j.1479-828X.2007.00757.x. ISSN 1479-828X.
- ^ The World Encylopedia 2001, p. 86.
- ^ Arifi, Arben (March 2017). "Caesaropapism of Constantine the Great and today's refl ection" (PDF). Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences. 3: 282. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2024.
- ^ Overill, R. E. (2002-06-01). "Codes and Ciphers: Julius Caesar, The Enigma, and the Internet". Journal of Logic and Computation. 12 (3): 2. doi:10.1093/logcom/12.3.543. ISSN 0955-792X. Archived from the original on 2024-07-09. Retrieved 2024-12-09.
- ^ "Divus Iulius". thelatinlibrary.com. Archived from the original on 2024-08-02. Retrieved 2024-12-09.
- ^ Greenidge 1901, p. 353-354.
- ^ Greenidge 1901, p. 353-355.
- ^ The World Encyclopedia 2001, p. 120-121.
Sources
[edit]- Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (1992). Explanatory supplement to the Astronomical almanac (2nd ed.). University Science Books. ISBN 9780935702682.
- Claridge, Amanda (1998). Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press (published 2010). ISBN 9780199546831.
- Greenidge, A.H.J (1901). Roman Public Life. New York ; London: Macmillan Publishers.
- Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 9780711012226.
- The World Encyclopedia (2001). The World Encyclopedia. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-521818-3.