User:Tentontunic/Workshop
In the 1930`s the term was used by the Nazi Party in Germany as part of a propaganda effort to create fear of communism. The Nazi`s blamed communist terrorism for the Reichstag Fire and used this as an excuse to push through legislation which removed personal freedom from all citizens.[1][2] In the 1940`s and 1950`s in various Southeast Asian countries such as Malaya, The Philippines and Vietnam, communist groups began to conduct terrorist operations. In the 1960`s the Sino–Soviet split also lead to a marked increase in terrorist activity in the region. [3] Phillip Deery has written that the Malaysian insurgents were called communist terrorists only as part of a propaganda campaign.[4]
In the late 1960`s in Europe, Japan and in both north and South America various terrorist organizations began operations. These groups which were named the Fighting Communist Organizations (FCO) by Alexander Yonah[5][6] rose out of the student union movement which was at that time protesting against the Vietnam War. In western Europe these groups actions were known as Euroterrorism.[7] The founders of the FCO argued that it would take violence to achieve their idealistic goals and that legitimate protest was both ineffective and insufficient to attain them. [8]Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page). In the 1970`s there were an estimated 50 Marxist/Leninist groups operating in Turkey and an estimated 225 in Italy. Groups also began operations in Ireland and Great Britain.[9] These groups were seen as a major threat by NATO and also by the Italian, German and British governments.[10] The Italian Communist Party were critical of local terrorist actions and condemned them.[11]
Communist Terrorism in the Vietnam War
[edit]At the end of World War II the Viet Minh who had fought the Japanese began operations against the French colonial forces. After the armistice signed between the two forces in 1954 terrorist actions continued.[12] Carol Winkler has written that in the 1950`s Viet Cong terrorism was rife in South Vietnam with political leaders, provincial chiefs, teachers, nurses, doctors and members of the military being targeted. Between 1965 and 1972 terrorists had killed over thirty three thousand people and abducted a further fifty seven thousand. [13][14] In Saigon terrorist actions have been described as "long and murderous" The firing of automatic weapons, planting bombs and throwing grenades were the tactics used. The prime minister of the time Tran Van Huong was shot in an attempted assassination. [15]
The Massacre at Huế has been described as one of the worst communist terrorist actions during the Vietnam War. [16] with some estimates saying up to 5000 dead. [17] The United States Army recorded as killed, "3800 killed in and around Huế, 2786 confirmed civilians massacred, 2226 civilians found in mass graves and 16 non Vietnamese civilians killed. [18] Some apologists have claimed the majority of deaths were caused by US bombing in the fight to retake the city, however the vast majority of dead were found in Mass Graves outside the city.[17]
Historian Douglas Pike has also described as a terrorist act the Dak Son Massacre. On December 6 1967 the Viet Cong used Flame throwers on civilians in the village of Dak Son killing 252 with the majority of those burnt alive being women and children.[19] In May, 1967 Dr. Tran Van-Luy informed the World Health Organisation "that over the previous 10 years Communist terrorists had destroyed 174 dispensaries, maternity homes and hospitals"[20] Ami Pedahzur has written that "the overall volume and lethality of Viet Cong terrorism rivals or exceeds all but a handful (e.g. Algeria, Sri Lanka) of terrorist campaigns waged over the last third of the twentieth century",[21] and that the VC used Suicide Terrorism as an example of Propaganda of the deed.[22]
China
[edit]Valentino has put an estimated death toll between the years 1927-1949 of 1,800,000 to 3,500,000 on terrorist actions carried out during the Chinese Civil War.[23]
References
[edit]- ^ Conway pp17
- ^ Gadberry pp7
- ^ Weinberg pp14
- ^ Phillip Deery. The Terminology of Terrorism: Malaya, 1948–52. Journal of Southeast Asia Studies, Vol. 34, No. 2 (June 2003), pp. 231–247.
- ^ Alexander pp16
- ^ Harmon pp13
- ^ Harmon pp58
- ^ Drake pp102
- ^ Alexander pp51-52
- ^ Paoletti p202
- ^ Richard Drake. Terrorism and the Decline of Italian Communism: Domestic and International Dimensions. Journal of Cold War Studies, Volume 12, Number 2, Spring 2010 1531-3298
- ^ Freeman pp192
- ^ Carol Winkler pp17
- ^ Forest pp82
- ^ Nghia M. Vo pp28/29
- ^ Michael Lee Lanning pp185
- ^ a b T. Louise Brown pp163
- ^ Charles A. Krohn pp126
- ^ Michael Lee Lanning pp185-186
- ^ Rigal-Cellard pp229
- ^ Pedahzur pp116
- ^ Pedahzur pp117
- ^ Valentino p88
Freeman, James M. Hearts of Sorrow: Vietnamese-American Lives Stanford University Press. 30 April 1991. ISBN 978-0804718905