 | Bibliography
As you gather the sources for your Wikipedia contribution, think about the following:
- Is the source from a reliable publication?
- Reliable publications include established newspapers, academic journals and books, textbooks, and other published sources with reputations for accuracy and fact-checking.
- Unreliable sources include blog posts and other self-published works, press releases, and social media posts.
- Is the source verifiable?
- In order for a source to be considered verifiable, other editors should be able to consult the source.
- Is the source independent of the subject?
- Is the source connected in any way to the subject? This is especially important when writing biographies or about organizations.
- For example, if you were writing a biography, sources like the person's webpage or personal blog would not be considered independent.
- Is the source primary or secondary?
- Primary sources include first-hand accounts, autobiographies, and other original content.
- Wikipedia allows limited use of primary sources, but typically only for straightforward, descriptive statements of facts, and only if they are published and verifiable without requiring specialized knowledge.
- Secondary sources should be the main basis for a biography on Wikipedia.
- If you're working on a topic related to medicine or psychology, ensure that your sources follow these special guidelines.
- If you're creating a new article, consider the following:
- Ensure that your topic meets Wikipedia's notability guidelines.
- In order for a topic to meet the notability requirement, you must be able to identify 2-3 sources that are reliable, verifiable, and independent of the subject you're writing about.
- Finding sufficient sources to establish notability can be especially hard when writing about people or organizations.
- Sources that are not independent of the subject might be useful additions, but don't count towards the notability requirement.
- Wikipedia has developed special guidelines for writing about living persons. Please follow these carefully.
- Wikipedia has a series of guidelines for writing about different categories of people, such as academics and artists. If you're trying to create a new entry about a living person, please look at these carefully.
If you're not sure whether a source is reliable, ask a librarian! If you have questions about Wikipedia's sourcing rules, you can use the Get Help button below to contact your Wikipedia Expert.
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Elfers, A. M., & Stritikus, T. (2014). How School and District Leaders Support Classroom Teachers’ Work With English Language Learners. Educational Administration Quarterly, 50(2), 305–344. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X13492797
Keengwe, J., & Onchwari, G. (2019). Handbook of research on assessment practices and pedagogical models for immigrant students . Information Science Reference.
Maxwell, L. A. (2014). Different ELL Programs Found Effective; “Differences in Instructional Models in English Learners’ Academic and English Proficiency Trajectories.” Education Week, 33(26), 5–5.
Pea, R. D. (2004). The Social and Technological Dimensions of Scaffolding and Related Theoretical Concepts for Learning, Education, and Human Activity. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 13(3), 423–451. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327809jls1303_6
Polat, N., & Cepik, S. (2016). An Exploratory Factor Analysis of the Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol as an Evaluation Tool to Measure Teaching Effectiveness. TESOL Quarterly, 50(4), 817–843. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.248
Whiting, J. (2017). Caught Between the Push and the Pull: ELL Teachers’ Perceptions of Mainstreaming and ESOL Classroom Teaching. NABE Journal of Research and Practice, 8(1), 9–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/26390043.2017.12067793
eal_journal. (2016, July 26). What is translanguaging? EAL Journal. Retrieved October 12, 2021, from https://ealjournal.org/2016/07/26/what-is-translanguaging/
Gonzalez, J. (2014, December 11). 12 Ways to Support English Learners in the Mainstream Classroom. Cult of Pedagogy. Retrieved October 12, 2021, from https://www.cultofpedagogy.com/supporting-esl-students-mainstream-classroom/
Teaching diverse learners: Literature Review. (n.d.). Brown University. Retrieved October 12, 2021, from https://www.brown.edu/academics/education-alliance/teaching-diverse-learners/literature-review-1
