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IPA for Standard Mandarin

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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Standard Mandarin (also called Mandarin) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

See Standard Chinese phonology for more detail on the sounds of the language.

Note that English equivalents given in this page may represent only loose approximations to the original pronunciations.

Consonants

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Consonants
IPA Pinyin Wade–Giles Bopomofo Chinese Example English approximation
p b p 幫 (帮) span
p p' pan
m m moon
f f fan
(v) v van [a]
t d t stop
t t' top
n n- noon
-n ㄣ, ㄢ 眞, 咸
l l 來 (来) leaf
k g k skin
k k' kin
ŋ ng- singer [a]
-ng ㄥ, ㄤ 登, 唐 song
x h Scottish English: loch; often weakened to [h] (as in English hat)
t͡ɕ j ch like itchy, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[b]
t͡ɕʰ q ch' like cheap, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized).[b]
(ȵ) gn like niece, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[b][a]
ɕ x hs like sheep, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized).[b]
ʈ͡ʂ zh ch roughly like jaw, with a flat tongue (retroflex).
ʈ͡ʂʰ ch ch' like church, with a flat tongue (retroflex).
ʂ sh like show, with a flat tongue (retroflex).
ʐ r- j like vision, with a flat tongue (retroflex); sometimes pronounced as [ɻ] like red.
ts z ts roughly like seats
t͡sʰ c ts' tsunami (with t pronounced)
s s same
Semivowels
j y / yi [c] ㄧ (弋) yes; also transcribed as []
w w water; also transcribed as []
ɥ yu French: nuit; [y] and [w] pronounced simultaneously; also transcribed as []

Vowels

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Vowels
IPA Pinyin Wade–Giles Bopomofo Chinese Example English approximation
ä a General American: cot; sometimes pronounced as [a].
an
ɑ ang father; sometimes pronounced as [a].
er êrh [d]
ə en ên about
ɤ eng êng RP: long ago
i i [c] see
ɨ zhi, chi, shi, ri ih [e] 之, 吃, 師 (师), 日 roughly like glasses [f]
ɯ zi, ci, si û [g] 子, 次, 私 California: goose [f]
ʊ ong ung foot
u u shoe
y ü / u [h] ü German: ü; French: tu
Diphthongs
ai fight; sometimes pronounced as [ai̯]
ei face; sometimes pronounced as [ei̯]
ɑʊ ao like out; sometimes pronounced as [au̯]
ɤʊ ou 歐 (欧) roughly like "O"; sometimes pronounced as [ou̯] like fought.
iong iung ㄩㄥ like dew
ia ㄧㄚ like Russia; sometimes pronounced as [ia].
iang ㄧㄤ like young; sometimes pronounced as [ia].
ie ieh ㄧㄝ like yes
ian ien ㄧㄢ
ue üeh ㄩㄝ Sometimes pronounced as [yœ].
uan [h] üan ㄩㄢ
ua ㄨㄚ like quality; sometimes pronounced as [ua].
uan ㄨㄢ
uang ㄨㄤ quality; sometimes pronounced as [ua].
un [i] ㄨㄣ
o / uo [j] ㄛ / ㄨㄛ roughly like quote; sometimes pronounced as [o] in snow
ɯʌ e ê / o [k] Sometimes pronounced as [ɤ] in long ago (RP)
Triphthongs
iɑʊ iao ㄧㄠ like meow
iɤʊ iu [i] ㄧㄡ like show
uaɪ uai ㄨㄞ like quiet
ueɪ ui [i] ㄨㄟ Sometimes pronounced as [uei̯]

Tones

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Tones
IPA Pinyin Wade–Giles Bopomofo Chinese Example Description
á ā a1 tone 1: high: ˥ (55)
ǎ á a2 ˊ tone 2: mid rising: ˧˥ (35)
à ǎ a3 ˇ tone 3:
medially, low: ˩ (11)
initially, mid falling: ˧˩ (21)
finally, low rising: ˩˧ (13)
in isolation, dipping: ˧˩˧ (214)
â à a4 ˋ tone 4: high falling: ˥˩ (51)
a a a0 ˙ "toneless":
low after the high falling tone ˥˩;
mid after other tones
Note: Pinyin uses the same diacritics as IPA but with different values.

IPA for Colloquial Mandarin

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Syllabic consonants
IPA Pinyin Wade–Giles Bopomofo Chinese Example English approximation
ɻ̩ zhi, chi, shi, ri ih [e] 之, 吃, 師 (师), 日 roughly like glasses[l]
ɹ̩ zi, ci, si û 子, 次, 私
Vowels
IPA Pinyin Wade–Giles Bopomofo Chinese Example English approximation
a a ㄚ, ㄢ, ㄤ 阿, 安, 盎 father
er êrh
ɛ yan/-ian yen/-ien ㄧㄢ Varies between /e/ and /a/
yuan/-üan ㄩㄢ
e ye/-ie, yue/-üe eh 也, 月 yes
ə en,[i] eng ên, êng ㄣ, ㄥ 本, 冷 about
ɤ e ê / o[m]
o wo/-uo[n] o[o] war in British English
i yi/-i see
ʊ -ong -ung ㄨㄥ, ㄩㄥ 冬, 用 Varies between /o/ and /u/
u wu/-u shoe
y yu/-ü[h] yü/-ü German: ü; French: tu
Semivowels
y-/-i- yes
w-/-u- water
yu-/-ü-[h] yü-/-ü- French: nuit
Diphthongs
ai̯ ai time
au̯ ao out
ei̯ ei[i] face
ou̯ ou[i] 歐 (欧) show
Rhotic vowel
ɚ er êrh sir (American English) [p]

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c [v], [ŋ], and [ȵ] are only used in Old National Pronunciation.
  2. ^ a b c d [ɕ, tɕ, tɕʰ] are always followed by [i] or [y].
  3. ^ a b ⟨y⟩ [j / i] is spelled ⟨yi⟩ before ⟨n, ng⟩.
  4. ^ ⟨er / êrh⟩ is sometimes pronounced as [ɚ] like air (American English).
  5. ^ a b can be pronounced both as [ɨ] and [ɯ]. Note that this symbol is rarely used, usually omitted during writing. Cite error: The named reference "rare sym" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  6. ^ a b Syllabic approximants [ɨ] and [ɯ], also transcribbed as [ɹ̩] and [ɻ̩] or [ʐ̩], [], reflect the character of the preceding consonant.
  7. ^ ⟨tsû, ts'û, sû⟩ are also spelled as ⟨tzu, tz'u, ssu⟩ in Wade–Giles.
  8. ^ a b c d ⟨ü⟩ [y / ɥ] is spelled ⟨u⟩ after ⟨y, j, q, x⟩ in Pinyin since [u] and [w] cannot occur after them. ⟨ü⟩ is occationally spelled as ⟨v⟩ when ⟨ü⟩ is not supported.
  9. ^ a b c d e f ⟨wei, you, wen⟩ are spelled respectively ⟨ui, iu, un⟩ in Pinyin but are pronounced identically when they are preceded by a consonant. Cite error: The named reference "short form" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  10. ^ ㄛ [] is spelled as ㄨㄛ ⟨uo⟩ after ⟨k, k', h, sh⟩ in Wade-Giles.
  11. ^ ⟨ê⟩ is spelled as ⟨o⟩ after ⟨k, k', h⟩ in Wade-Giles.
  12. ^ Voiced continuants (also transcribed [ɨ, ɯ] or [ʐ̩, z̩]) reflecting the character of the preceding consonant
  13. ^ ⟨ê⟩ is spelled as ⟨o⟩ after ⟨k, k', h⟩ in Wade-Giles.
  14. ^ ⟨uo⟩ is spelled ⟨o⟩ after ⟨b, p, m, f⟩ in Pinyin.
  15. ^ ㄨㄛ is spelled as ⟨o⟩, except for ⟨k, k', h, sh⟩ (as ⟨kuo, k'uo, huo, shuo⟩) in Wade-Giles.
  16. ^ The rhotic vowel also appears in erhua.

See also

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References

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